No description available.

The present work advances progress on the validation against measurements of linear and nonlinear rotordynamic models for predicting the dynamic shaft response of automotive turbochargers (TCs) supported on floating ring bearings. Waterfall spectra of measured shaft motions at the compressor and turbine ends of a test TC rotor evidences a complex response, showing synchronous (1X) and multiple subsynchronous frequencies along the entire operating speed range (maximum shaft speed ~ 65 krpm). Postprocessing of the raw test data by mathematical software allows filtering the synchronous and subsynchronous vibration components for later comparisons to predicted shaft motions. The static performance of the floating ring bearings is analyzed with in-house software (XLSFRBThermal®), which considers thermal expansion of the shaft and bearing components as well as static loading on the bearing due to lubricant feed pressure. In addition, the program calculates rotordynamic force coefficients for the inner and outer films of the floating ring bearing. The turbocharger Finite Element (FE) structural model for the linear and nonlinear analyses includes lumped masses for the compressor and turbine wheels and the thrust collar. The mass imbalance distribution on the TC rotor is estimated from the test data using a procedure derived from the two-plane balancing method with influence coefficients. The linear model yields predictions of rotor synchronous (1X) response to imbalance and damped eigenvalues. The analysis evidences that the rotor cylindrical-bending mode is unstable at all shaft speeds while the rotor conical model becomes more unstable as lubricant feed pressure decreases. The predicted synchronous (1X) motions agree well with the test data, showing a critical speed at approximately 20 krpm. The linear stability results indicate the existence of three critical speeds occurring at 4, 20 and 50 krpm. The second critical speed corresponds to the rotor cylindrical-bending mode, showing larger amplitudes of motion at the compressor nose than at the turbine end. The third critical speed associated to the rotor first bending modes is well damped. In the nonlinear transient analysis, the nonlinear equations of motion of the system (rotor-FRB) are integrated, and the bearing reaction forces are calculated at each time step in a numerical integration procedure. The model then yields predictions of total motion which is decomposed into synchronous (1X) and subsynchronous motions, amplitudes and frequencies. The nonlinear analysis predicts synchronous (1X) amplitudes that correlate well with the test data at high shaft speeds (> 30 krpm) but underpredicts the imbalance response at low shaft speeds (<30 krpm). The time transient simulations predict multiple frequency subsynchronous motions for shaft speeds ranging from 10 krpm to 55 krpm, with amplitudes and frequencies that are in good agreement with the measurements. Finally, the shaft motion measurements and predictions demonstrate that the turbocharger dynamic response does not depend greatly on the lubricant feed pressure and inlet temperature for the conditions tested.

No description available.

This thesis presents an investigation of the influence of turbocharging on the performance and combustion behaviour of a dual fuelled, spark-ignition engine fuelled with natural gas and gasoline. The investigation was carried out using a combination of experimental and analytical methods. The experimental data was obtained from an instrumented, four cylinder, Toyota engine mounted in a test cell. An electrically driven Roots blower was used to provide compressed air to the engine, and a restriction was placed in the exhaust pipe to simulate the effects of an exhaust-driven turbine. Cylinder pressure data were recorded and analysed using a computer routine in order to provide information on mass burning rates and burning velocities. Computer routines were also developed to simulate the compression, combustion and expansion processes in the engine. It was found that the laminar burning velocity of natural gas is 50% to 60% lower than gasoline, under engine-like conditions of temperature and pressure. Mass-burning rate analyses of measured cylinder pressure data showed that the lower burning velocity of natural gas has its greatest influence during the ignition delay period (up to 1% mass burned) and that it can cause increases in ignition delay of between 50% and 100% relative to gasoline. It was observed that the low burning velocity of natural gas also affects the main combustion period, but to a much lesser extent, increasing it by up to 10% relative to gasoline. It was concluded that the main combustion period is dominated by turbulence effects and that it is relatively unaffected by variations in fuel type, air/fuel ratio or boost pressure. Results from the engine tests and simulation program indicated that it is possible to recover the power loss experienced by an engine running on natural gas by boosting the intake pressure to 3 psig (20 kPa) above that provided when the engine is running on gasoline. This increase in boost pressure does not significantly reduce the efficiency or raise the specific fuel consumption. It was found, however, that the peak cylinder pressures attained can be as much as 20% higher on natural gas than on gasoline at the same power level. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

published_or_final_version / abstract / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

No / This paper presents and compares the most important and often used methods to measure turbine blade vibrations: use of strain gauges and telemetry system which is an intrusive method or, on the other site. The Blade Tip Timing (BTT) method known as Non-Intrusive Stress Measurement (System) NSMS. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages which are described below. This paper focused on synchronous vibrations, which are more important in terms of turbine blades fatigue prediction and design optimization.

Turbocharging the internal combustion (IC) engine is a common technique to increase the power density. If turbocharging is used with the downsizing technique, the fuel consumption and pollution of green house gases can be decreased. In the turbocharger, the energy of the engine exhaust gas is extracted by expanding it through the turbine which drives the compressor by a shaft. If a turbocharged IC engine is compared with a natural aspirated engine, the turbocharged engine will be smaller, lighter and will also have a better efficiency, due to less pump losses, lower inertia of the system and less friction losses. To be able to further increase the efficiency of the IC engine, the understanding of the highly unsteady flow in turbochargers must be improved, which then can be used to increase the efficiency of the turbine and the compressor. The main objective with this thesis has been to enhance the understanding of the unsteady flow in turbocharger and to assess the sensitivity of inflow conditions on the turbocharger performance. The performance and the flow field in a radial turbocharger turbine working under both non-pulsatile and pulsatile flow conditions has been assessed by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). To assess the effects of different operation conditions on the turbine performance, different cases have been considered with different perturbations and unsteadiness of the inflow conditions. Also different rotational speeds of the turbine wheel were considered. The results show that the turbine cannot be treated as being quasi-stationary; for example,the shaft power varies for different frequencies of the pulses for the same amplitude of mass flow. The results also show that perturbations and unsteadiness that are created in the geometry upstream of the turbine have substantial effects on the performance of the turbocharger. All this can be summarized as that perturbations and unsteadiness in the inflow conditions to the turbine affect the performance. The unsteady flow field in ported shroud compressor has also been assessed by using LES for two different operational points. For an operational point near surge, the flow field in the entire compressor stage is unsteady, where the driving mechanism is an unsteadiness created in the volute. For an operational point far away from surge, the flow field in the compressor is relatively much more steady as compared with the former case. Although the stable operational point exhibits back-flow from the ported shroud channels, which implies that the flow into the compressor wheel is disturbed due to the structures that are created in the shear layer between the bulk flow and the back-flow from the ported shroud channels. / QC20100622

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta o desenvolvimento de um trabalho que tem como objetivos avaliar a composição de turbocompressores veiculares para microgeração de energia e desenvolver um modelo de câmara de combustão tubular para equipar microturbinas a gás derivadas de turbocompressores. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, utilizando o software Cycle-Tempo, foi feita a avaliação de possíveis configurações de microturbinas a gás derivadas de turbocompressores, no que diz respeito ao número de eixos e dispositivos de aumento de eficiência térmica (intercooler, recuperador de calor e reaquecedor). No total foram simuladas, dez diferentes configurações, sendo que as análises foram feitas diretamente nos parâmetros de eficiência térmica dos conjuntos avaliando-se a relação entre a energia aportada pelo combustível e a energia entregue num gerador elétrico hipotético. Na sequência são definidos os turbocompressores para compor uma determinada configuração de microturbina a gás e, para tanto, utilizaram-se os mapas de desempenho dos turbocompressores de um fabricante. A partir dos parâmetros de operação dos equipamentos foi desenvolvido um modelo tridimensional de câmara de combustão em software de CAD. O modelo passou por cinco etapas de simulações em Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD). As primeiras três etapas serviram para desenvolver e aprimorar o modelo tridimensional de câmara de combustão e, por limitações do software, não envolveram combustão. Utilizando condições de contorno operacionais, foram avaliados: o perfil de velocidades ao longo da câmara de combustão, a perda de pressão, a intensidade da turbulência, a homogeneização entre os reagentes ar e combustível e a divisão do fluxo mássico em cada seção da câmara de combustão. A partir do modelo tridimensional foi desenvolvido um protótipo da câmara de combustão, construído a partir de tubos comerciais de PVC. O protótipo foi avaliado experimentalmente com escoamento do ar a temperatura ambiente, utilizando o acoplamento em série entre um ventilador centrífugo e um soprador. No experimento foi avaliada a divisão de fluxo mássico de ar em cada seção da câmara de combustão e a perda de pressão. As simulações CFD foram refeitas na quarta etapa, onde as condições de contorno foram os parâmetros de fluxo mássico, pressão e temperatura, obtidos experimentalmente. Com isto, pode ser feita a comparação direta entre os resultados obtidos experimentalmente e os resultados das simulações CFD. Concluindo o trabalho foi realizada a quinta etapa, onde foi inserida uma fonte de calor simulando o aporte de energia da combustão, permitindo a avaliação da temperatura na câmara de combustão. As simulações CFD indicaram resultados semelhantes ao que é previsto em bibliografia, no que diz respeito à divisão do fluxo mássico, perda de pressão e à distribuição de velocidades. Já as avaliações experimentais apresentaram incerteza de medição elevada para a divisão de fluxo mássico. Quanto à perda de pressão o método experimental mostrou-se adequado. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-10-25T17:02:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Vieira Pinto.pdf: 7889874 bytes, checksum: a3dd417da94a3175c511cb73b3577fd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T17:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Vieira Pinto.pdf: 7889874 bytes, checksum: a3dd417da94a3175c511cb73b3577fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-25 / This master's work presents the development of a work that has the objective of evaluating the composition of vehicular turbochargers for microgeneration of energy and to develop a tubular combustion chamber model to equip gas microturbines derived from turbochargers. In the development of the work, using the software Cycle-Tempo, it is made the evaluation of possible configurations of gas micro turbines derived from turbochargers, with respect to the number of axes and devices of increasing thermal efficiency (intercoolers, heat recover e reheater). In total, ten different configurations were simulated, and the analyzes were done directly in the thermal efficiency parameters of the sets, evaluating the relation between the energy contributed by the fuel and the energy delivered in a hypothetical electric generator. Turbochargers are then defined to form a particular gas micro turbine configuration and, being used the turbocharger performance maps from a manufacturer. From the operating parameters of the equipment, a three-dimensional combustion chamber model was developed in CAD software. The model went through five stages of simulations in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first three steps served to develop and improve the three-dimensional model of combustion chamber and, due to software limitations, did not involve combustion. Using operational contour conditions, the velocity profile along the combustion chamber, the pressure loss, the turbulence intensity, the homogenization between the air and fuel reactants and the division of the mass flow in each section of the combustion chamber were evaluated. From the three-dimensional model was developed a prototype of the combustion chamber, built from commercial PVC pipes. The prototype was evaluated experimentally with air flow at room temperature using the coupling in series between a centrifugal fan and a blower. In the experiment the air mass flow division in each section of the combustion chamber and the loss of pressure were evaluated. The CFD simulations were redone in the fourth stage, where the boundary conditions were the parameters of mass flow, pressure and temperature, obtained experimentally. Thus, a direct comparison between the results obtained experimentally and the results of CFD simulations can be made. At the end of the work the fifth step was performed, where a heat source was inserted simulating the energy input of the combustion, allowing the temperature evaluation in the combustion chamber. The CFD simulations indicated results similar to those predicted in the literature, regarding the division of mass flow, pressure loss and velocity distribution. However, the experimental evaluations presented high measurement uncertainty for the mass flow division. Regarding pressure loss, the experimental method proved to be adequate.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta o desenvolvimento de um trabalho que tem como objetivos avaliar a composição de turbocompressores veiculares para microgeração de energia e desenvolver um modelo de câmara de combustão tubular para equipar microturbinas a gás derivadas de turbocompressores. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, utilizando o software Cycle-Tempo, foi feita a avaliação de possíveis configurações de microturbinas a gás derivadas de turbocompressores, no que diz respeito ao número de eixos e dispositivos de aumento de eficiência térmica (intercooler, recuperador de calor e reaquecedor). No total foram simuladas, dez diferentes configurações, sendo que as análises foram feitas diretamente nos parâmetros de eficiência térmica dos conjuntos avaliando-se a relação entre a energia aportada pelo combustível e a energia entregue num gerador elétrico hipotético. Na sequência são definidos os turbocompressores para compor uma determinada configuração de microturbina a gás e, para tanto, utilizaram-se os mapas de desempenho dos turbocompressores de um fabricante. A partir dos parâmetros de operação dos equipamentos foi desenvolvido um modelo tridimensional de câmara de combustão em software de CAD. O modelo passou por cinco etapas de simulações em Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD). As primeiras três etapas serviram para desenvolver e aprimorar o modelo tridimensional de câmara de combustão e, por limitações do software, não envolveram combustão. Utilizando condições de contorno operacionais, foram avaliados: o perfil de velocidades ao longo da câmara de combustão, a perda de pressão, a intensidade da turbulência, a homogeneização entre os reagentes ar e combustível e a divisão do fluxo mássico em cada seção da câmara de combustão. A partir do modelo tridimensional foi desenvolvido um protótipo da câmara de combustão, construído a partir de tubos comerciais de PVC. O protótipo foi avaliado experimentalmente com escoamento do ar a temperatura ambiente, utilizando o acoplamento em série entre um ventilador centrífugo e um soprador. No experimento foi avaliada a divisão de fluxo mássico de ar em cada seção da câmara de combustão e a perda de pressão. As simulações CFD foram refeitas na quarta etapa, onde as condições de contorno foram os parâmetros de fluxo mássico, pressão e temperatura, obtidos experimentalmente. Com isto, pode ser feita a comparação direta entre os resultados obtidos experimentalmente e os resultados das simulações CFD. Concluindo o trabalho foi realizada a quinta etapa, onde foi inserida uma fonte de calor simulando o aporte de energia da combustão, permitindo a avaliação da temperatura na câmara de combustão. As simulações CFD indicaram resultados semelhantes ao que é previsto em bibliografia, no que diz respeito à divisão do fluxo mássico, perda de pressão e à distribuição de velocidades. Já as avaliações experimentais apresentaram incerteza de medição elevada para a divisão de fluxo mássico. Quanto à perda de pressão o método experimental mostrou-se adequado. / This master's work presents the development of a work that has the objective of evaluating the composition of vehicular turbochargers for microgeneration of energy and to develop a tubular combustion chamber model to equip gas microturbines derived from turbochargers. In the development of the work, using the software Cycle-Tempo, it is made the evaluation of possible configurations of gas micro turbines derived from turbochargers, with respect to the number of axes and devices of increasing thermal efficiency (intercoolers, heat recover e reheater). In total, ten different configurations were simulated, and the analyzes were done directly in the thermal efficiency parameters of the sets, evaluating the relation between the energy contributed by the fuel and the energy delivered in a hypothetical electric generator. Turbochargers are then defined to form a particular gas micro turbine configuration and, being used the turbocharger performance maps from a manufacturer. From the operating parameters of the equipment, a three-dimensional combustion chamber model was developed in CAD software. The model went through five stages of simulations in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first three steps served to develop and improve the three-dimensional model of combustion chamber and, due to software limitations, did not involve combustion. Using operational contour conditions, the velocity profile along the combustion chamber, the pressure loss, the turbulence intensity, the homogenization between the air and fuel reactants and the division of the mass flow in each section of the combustion chamber were evaluated. From the three-dimensional model was developed a prototype of the combustion chamber, built from commercial PVC pipes. The prototype was evaluated experimentally with air flow at room temperature using the coupling in series between a centrifugal fan and a blower. In the experiment the air mass flow division in each section of the combustion chamber and the loss of pressure were evaluated. The CFD simulations were redone in the fourth stage, where the boundary conditions were the parameters of mass flow, pressure and temperature, obtained experimentally. Thus, a direct comparison between the results obtained experimentally and the results of CFD simulations can be made. At the end of the work the fifth step was performed, where a heat source was inserted simulating the energy input of the combustion, allowing the temperature evaluation in the combustion chamber. The CFD simulations indicated results similar to those predicted in the literature, regarding the division of mass flow, pressure loss and velocity distribution. However, the experimental evaluations presented high measurement uncertainty for the mass flow division. Regarding pressure loss, the experimental method proved to be adequate.