Marine turtles are an ancient group of reptiles that have been used by humans as a source of protein for over 7,000 years. In recent decades, acknowledgement of the various threats to marine turtles, including the deleterious impact of historical and contemporary use on many populations, led the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to list all seven extant species of marine turtle on their Red List of Threatened Species. Consequently, marine turtles are often given protected status in the national legislation of countries around the world, despite the existence of ongoing use cultures in communities that live with marine turtles. Conservation strategies are challenged by the migratory nature of marine turtles, which have complex life histories typically involving the use of habitats in the jurisdictions of multiple sovereign states as well as the high seas. As a result, a suite of multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) list marine turtles in the most highly protective categories. Thus, governments of sovereign states that have acceded to the various MEAs are committed to conservation strategies requiring national action and cooperative multi-lateral action, which can conflict with interests of communities with a tradition of marine turtle consumption. In this thesis I provide examples of how contemporary scientific research methods can elucidate the migratory behaviours of marine turtles, and can help define range of populations subject to national conservation action and use. I examine specific examples of how this information can inform national and multi-lateral conservation policies and strategies; how those policies and strategies interact and impact on traditional cultures of marine turtle use in the UK Overseas Territories in the Caribbean; and provide an example of the potential benefits of engaging stakeholders with contemporary research methods. This thesis highlights the utility of a multi-disciplinary approach to research underpinning marine turtle conservation and management, which acknowledges the limitations of MEAs and national government capacity, and which incorporates participation of those communities engaged in marine turtle consumption.

Road mortality threatens the long-term viability of some wildlife populations, particularly herpetofauna. Wildlife road mortalities were recorded during regular bicycle-based surveys of the 1000 Islands Parkway in south eastern Ontario during 2010 and 2011. These data were grouped with similar data collected in 2008 and 2009 to determine when and where animals were killed along the Parkway to better inform mitigation options. Temporal and spatial clustering was significant for five taxonomic groups: snakes were found dead on the road primarily in September, turtles in June, frogs in July, and birds and mammals in June and July. The majority of turtles found on the Parkway were adult females, which may have implications for long-term population demographics and persistence. Regression tree analysis indicates day-of-year as the most important variable in explaining wildlife road mortality for all taxonomic groups, with higher road mortalities coinciding with higher minimum daily temperature. Precipitation and traffic accounted for little variation in snake road mortality, and had no effect on turtle, frog, bird or mammal road kills. Spatial clustering was found for all taxonomic groups with overlapping areas of significant clustering between years identified as hot spots. In addition, the potential for drainage culverts to reduce wildlife road mortality was tested with two experimental treatments in 2010: (1) blocked culverts to prevent wildlife use, and (2) drift fence installation adjacent to culverts to encourage wildlife use. Wildlife road mortalities at these locations as well as control culverts were compared with 2008 wildlife road mortalities when there were no culvert treatments. The number of road kills in the area of treatments was too low to measure changes for all taxa but frogs, which showed no significant changes in road kills for any culvert treatment. The results of the study are used to evaluate a list of potential options for mitigating wildlife road mortality along the Parkway, and a list of implementable actions is identified. / Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-31 16:33:51.623

Community-based conservation includes natural resource or biodiversity protection by, for and with the local community. However, surprisingly little is known about what enables community-based conservation. The aim of this research was to explore and identify potential motivations of a community-based organization in choosing, in this case, conservation of endangered olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) as their flagship project. Samudram Women’s Federation, a State-level organization working with small-scale fishing communities in Odisha, India, was used as a case to explore questions around collective action for communitybased conservation. Using qualitative methodologies, the study analyzed how the interactions and interests of multiple actors shaped the goals and activities for the conservation initiative. Government prohibition of killing turtles, or any other single factor, could not explain conservation behavior. Rather, many complementary factors (economic, political, environmental, social cultural and spiritual) enabled and/or motivated community conservation and environment / February 2016

As tartarugas na Amazônia são particularmente sensíveis à pressão humana, já que os impactos nas áreas de nidificação podem afetar negativamente a taxa de reprodução das populações. A seleção do local de nidificação é um componente fundamental para o sucesso de desova, no entanto, a associação entre a escolha do local e a aptidão do local escolhido ainda é pouco estudada. Neste trabalho testamos um conjunto de variáveis para explicar os padrões de nidificação em Tracajás (Podocnemis unifilis), com base em dados coletados em 73 locais de nidificação ao longo de 118 km de rio na Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. Modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs) foram usados para avaliar as influências antropogênicas e ambientais nos padrões de seleção do local de nidificação (número de ninhos, densidade de ninhos, distância do ninho à água e variação na distância à água) e adequabilidade do local de nidificação (remoção de ninhos por humanos). Como resultado, encontramos que o número e densidade de ninhos foram fortemente explicados por variáveis ambientais, e a distancia do ninho á água diminuiu com a proximidade as casas. A remoção humana foi o principal responsável pela perda de ninhos (47% dos ninhos foram removidos) principalmente nos trechos do rio com maior atividade humana. Nossos dados sugerem que mudanças antropogênicas estão levando a diferenças entre a escolha de local de nidificação e a sua adequabilidade, assim, nos rios onde humanos tem maior acesso, sinais usados pelas fêmeas para selecionar áreas de nidificação não estão permitindo desovas bem-sucedidas. Ao contrário das previsões nas hipóteses, os achados demonstram que as fêmeas não parecem evitar desovar em locais perigosos e inadequados. Portanto, ações diretas, como a proteção de áreas de nidificação, são vitais para a conservação das tartarugas na Amazônia. / Amazonian freshwater turtles are particurlarly sensitive to human pressure, since impacts on their nesting areas can negatively affect reproductive rate of populations. Nest-site selection is a fundamental component of freshwater turtle nesting success, however, linking oviposition choices to overall suitability of nest-site selection remains poorly tested. We tested a set of variables to explain nesting patterns in the yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), based on data collected from 73 nesting sites along 118 km of river in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. General Linear Models (GLMs) were used to evaluate anthropogenic and environmental influences on patterns in nest-site selection (four responses: number of nests, nest density, distance from nest to water and variation in distance to water) and nest-site suitability (removal of nests by humans). Number and density of nest were largely explained by environmental variables, and distance from nest to water decreased with the proximity to human habitations. Human removal of nests was the primary driver of nest failure (47% of the nests were removed) and removal was higher in sections of river with higher human activity. We show that anthropogenic changes are driving differences between nest-site selection and suitability, whereby the signals used by females to select nesting areas no longer enable successful nesting along rivers accessible to humans. Contrary to predictions from the hypotheses, our findings demonstrate that females do not appear to avoid nesting in dangerous and unfit sites. Therefore, direct actions including the protection of nesting areas are vital for the conservation of Amazonian freshwater turtles.

The impact of agricultural practices on wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) movements and survivorship was investigated in a fragmented agri-forest landscape over two years. Agricultural activities and machinery contributed to the death of 20% of radio-tracked turtles. Annual survivorship of adults was 0.904 and 0.868 and for juveniles it was 0.815 and 0.831 for 1998 and 1999, respectively. Mutilation rates in adults were 90% +/- 3% in both years; in contrast, the maximum rate in juveniles was 57%. Setting the cutting height of disc mowers to 100 mm would increase harvest yields, reduce wear on machinery, decrease soil erosion, and reduce turtle mortality and mutilation rates. The concepts of integral, statistical, and linear range are introduced as distinct estimators of turtle movements. Since integral ranges include all habitats critical to survival, they provide an important contribution to our knowledge of imperiled species. Statistical ranges are stable and easily promote within and between study comparisons. Linear ranges quantify migratory and ranging movements. Thread-trailing techniques were used to record the fine-scale movements of six adult male G. insculpta translocated to an experimental hayfield patch-matrix. Although patch size had no effect on move length or path sinuosity, habitat structure did. Paths were generally straighter and move length longer in the harvested portion of a hayfield. Apparent habitat boundaries were shown to be permeable. Subjects exhibit three movement phases: agitation dispersal, local search, and ranging. Thus, G. insculpta exhibit predetermined movement patterns and move to maximize the likelihood of locating resources, while minimizing the probability of revisiting previously searched areas. Recent changes in agricultural practices and machinery are having a decidedly negative impact on G. insculpta. This study provides new insights into the movements of G. insculpta. Such knowledge will be an es

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