In the last decade, children who are in the age range between childhood and adolescence, the so called 'tweens', have captured the attention and a great deal of interest of marketers and many commercial stakeholders in different fields of business due to their significant spending power and specific culture. Tweens are now much more strongly targeted by marketers and businesses than were the previous generation; girls in particularly are targeted more than boys. Within a fashion context, tween girls are expanding their influence and their consumer power in the market. Following the global acknowledgement of tweens, in Australia, and in Melbourne in particular, tween fashion retailers have been emerging and evolving recently in response to the market's interest and demand for tween fashion. The tween girls' fashion consumption has a viability and is seen a major emergent marketing phenomenon one that is predicted to expand. There is currently a debate in Australia whether tween girls dress inappropriately as adults. This may be a result of the absence of a particular tween girls fashion sector in fashion industry in Melbourne. Further development will be significant in providing age-appropriate clothing range for the market. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to investigate the market segment. A case study of a Japanese company is used to gain further understanding of current and future developments within the market. The case study will provide some background information to the situation being presented and assist in the analysis of possible suggestions and recommendations. The tween girls fashion industry incorporates many different factors. There is a specific focus on the opportunities for expansion and adaptation in the market segment. This research investigates the tween girls' fashion segment in Australia to identify and understand its relationship with respect to fashion marketing and consumption. It also identifies the gaps or opportunities in the market and proposes business opportunities to address these gaps. This research demonstrates the possibility for the market development of tween girls in Melbourne.

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To ensure effective detection of bio-particles, it is crucial to understand the effects of collection method and archiving conditions on the survivability of bioaerosols, consequently, the survivability of the spore-forming Bacillus globigii (BG) and MG1655 Escherichia coli (E. coli), was determined after collection. The survivability was defined as the culturable fraction of the archived bacteria/culturable fraction of the as-collected bacteria. The bacteria were aerosolized for up to four days at room temperature (RT, 25 degrees C) and at 4 degrees C and collected in a 100 L/min wetted wall cyclone (WWC) and a 12.5 L/min SKC BioSampler. Aqueous solutions of 0.01% Tween-20 and 30% Ethylene Glycol (EG), with or without 0.5% ovalbumin (OA), were used as the collection fluids. Antifoam B (A-F), at a concentration of 0.2% (V:V) was added to the BG samples containing OA. In general, samples archived at 4 degrees C showed higher survivability than at RT. The survivability were more stable in EG than in Tween-20 especially for BG, very likely due to the surfactant effect of the Tween-20, which would remove the spore coat and initiate germination. In the WWC, adding OA significantly increased the survivability of BG in EG and in Tween-20, especially at RT. Similar effect of OA was found for E. coli samples stored in EG, suggesting that OA might be beneficial in maintaining the survivability. Adding A-F increased the survivability of BG in EG. In the SKC, neither the addition of OA nor A-F seems to have a beneficial effect on the survivability of the spores in EG samples. The best collection fluid for maintaining survivability in the WWC is EG+A-F for BG, and EG+OA for E. coli. However, in the SKC, EG is the best for BG collection and Tween-20 for E. coli. Viability transfer ratios, VTR, (cells surviving collection at time zero/viable cells aerosolized) were calculated for both devices. A performance ratio was calculated as the VTR of the WWC/VTR of the SKC. The geometric mean of the performance ratio is 1.51+/-0.83 for BG and 2.60+/-0.16 for E. coli, indicating that viability transfer ratio of the WWC is typically higher than that of the SKC.

"Performing 21st-Century Girlhood: Girls, Postfeminist Discourse, and the Disney Star Machine," explores the economic and discursive functions of contemporary girlhood within Disney Channel's talent-driven transmedia franchises. Ideological, discursive, and narrative textual analyses of Disney Channel programs and paratexts are augmented by examination of the corporate motives and dominant discourses reproduced by Disney personnel in annual reports and in popular and trade publications referencing Disney's stars and girl-driven franchises. This exploration of girls' visibility as Disney performers, media producers, and public citizens brings several disciplines into conversation with one another, addressing issues in girls' cultural studies, media industries scholarship, celebrity studies, and theories of postfeminism. I take an intersectional feminist and critical cultural studies approach to media texts and meaning-making, with particular attention to power relations and cultural contexts. The political and economic aspects of this research demand that I also work to illuminate the significance of media industry logics within the production and distribution of media for girl audiences. I argue that the Walt Disney Company has a vested interest in reproducing certain postfeminist and subjectifying discourses of girlhood, which have become integral to its success in an ever-expanding web of media and consumer markets. While Disney Channel's girl-driven franchises constitute the case studies, my analysis reaches beyond the clear focus on gender and age to theorize girls' increasing visibility in the context of contemporary consumer culture and issues of postracism, citizenship, subjectification, and agency--issues that require continued interrogation as Disney distributes and expands its franchise properties globally. / text

Benzoyl peroxide (BP), used to bleach annatto in cheese whey, was encapsulated within the hydrophobic dispersed phase (phi) of nanoemulsions (NEs) to minimize its degradation and extend its efficacy to minimized usage levels. Three purified, saturated short-chain fatty acids of varying chain lengths: butyric (C4), hexanoic (C6) and octanoic (C8) acid, were chosen as the phi to completely dissolve various concentrations of BP. Stabilization was achieved with different concentrations and combinations of primary emulsifier (E), bovine serum albumin, and coemulsifier (CE), Tween 20. Different ultra-high pressures (UHP) were used to generate a stable NE. The best result was made by keeping these parameters: UHP 210 MPa/phi fraction 4x10-3/ BP 0.04% (w/v) constant, E (without CE) concentration of 0.04% (w/v) for both C4 and C6 or 0.6% (w/v) for C8. Annatto color reduction by 90% was achieved with C4-system using only half the typical concentration of BP used by the industry.

Waste oil generated from industrial operations at a diesel locomotive maintenance facility was investigated to establish its treatability and potential volume reduction. The waste oil and water mixture separated into four distinct layers; free oil, emulsified oil, weathered oil, and wastewater. The research was conducted in a series of three batch experiments and focused on the emulsified and weathered oils. The waste oil was aerobically treated in nutrient amended, 55 gallon (208 L) drums for 38 to 42 days in 10 and 20 % mixtures with sufficient air for mixing and oxygen. Biodegradation, and the role of a synthetic surfactant in promoting biodegradation, was measured using chemical oxygen demand (COD), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses with extractable material. Dewatering of biodegraded oil was measured using capillary suction test (CST), time to filter (TTF), and percent cake solids. Batch 1 examined the role of bioaugmentation by comparing a 10% waste oil mixture that was augmented with a mixture of hydrocarbon degraders to a 10 % mixture of waste oil with no bioaugmentation. Final COD reductions were 59 (± 9) and 38 (±3) % for the bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented reactors, respectively. Chromatographs showed significant reduction in the abundance of peaks by the end of the experiment for both reactors. Overall results suggested that there was no significant difference in biodegradation capabilities between the amended and native microorganisms. Batch 2 was conducted to determine if a synthetic surfactant (Tween-80) could enhance biodegradation of a 10 % waste oil mixture. The surfactant-amended reactor showed COD reduction 3 days before the non-surfactant-amended reactor. Chromatographs showed similar results for both reactors with the non-surfactant-amended reactor showing slightly better degradation by the end of the experiment. The total COD reduction by the end of the experiment was the same in both (R1: 85 ± 20%, R2: 84 ± 16 %), suggesting that exogenous surfactant addition did not have a long-term impact in the biodegradation of the waste oil. Batch 3 examined the effect of different oil phases and concentrations on biodegradation and the dewatering characteristics of post-biodegraded waste oil. The 20 % weathered and emulsified waste oil mixture showed a clear delay in COD reduction (no notable reduction until day 24) compared to the 10 % weathered waste oil mixture. The final COD reductions were the same (R1: 48 ± 13%, R2: 49, ± 23 %). Chromatographs showed similar results for both reactors and indicated that degradation of the waste oil occurred in both reactors. The data suggest that the 20 % waste oil mixture can be degraded to the same extent as the 10 % mixture in 38 days. Dewatering characteristics, as measured by CST, were poor for the 20 % post-biodegraded combined waste oil mixture without conditioning. Conditioning with alum or ferric chloride substantially improved dewatering of the waste oil for the 20 % mixture but was of limited benefit for the 10 % mixture. Percent cake solids for conditioned 10 % post-biodegraded waste oil mixture was 44 (± 0.3) to 50 (± 1.7) % and 34 (± 0.3) to 50 (± 1.8) % for the 20 % mixture. The cake solids for the unconditioned 10 % mixture was 50 to 65 % and 54 to 68 % for the 20 % mixture. The higher percent cake solids for the unconditioned 20 % mixture was countered by the very high TTF (up to 30 min. to filter 50 mL) and the inability to dewater the sludge during the last five sampling events. Conditioning appeared to have a limited effect on the dewatering properties of the 10 % mixture. / Master of Science

In the early 1980s, a particular kind of “tween” (children aged 10-14) ghost story emerged. Through examining multiple examples of tween ghost stories (such as Wait Till Helen Comes by Mary Downing Hahn, Stonewords by Pam Conrad, and Time Windows by Kathryn Reiss), this paper illustrates the ways in which these stories are remarkably consistent in nature, and then investigates this sub-genre’s specific and consistent articulation of the struggle of moving away from childhood and into the teenage years. By using a ghost to create a situation so off balance (a ghost who is stuck, a protagonist who is in flux), the tween ghost story is uniquely and cleverly designed to help the protagonist navigate through the scary situation of growing up.

Fusarium graminearum is one of the most problematic phytopathogens in US agriculture. This fungus causes head blight, foot rot, and damping off on wheat and barley. The infection lowers the grain yield and causes contamination of the grain product with mycotoxins. Effective control measures are lacking, and new fungicides that kill F. graminearum but remain safe and economical to use are needed. Newly synthesized aminoglycosides (JL22, JL38, JL39, JL40, NEOF004, NEOF005), classic aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin A, kanamycin B, neomycin, and ribostamycin), and a lipopeptide, syringomycin E (SRE), were studied to determine their antifungal potential to control F. graminearum. Aminoglycosides are protein synthesis inhibitors that mainly target bacteria, but a few were recently observed to kill fungi. They consist of an aminocyclitol ring bound with two or more amino sugars. Novel aminoglycosides were recently synthesized using novel glycodiversification synthetic schemes involving the replacement of the original amino sugars with unusual amino sugars. SRE is an antifungal lipodepsinonapeptide produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen in a wide range of plant species and produces several fungicidal lipopeptides. SRE forms pores on fungal plasma membrane and causes ion fluxes. An enhancement of its antifungal activity is reported in the presence of rhamnolipid surfactants. The antifungal activities of various aminoglycosides, SRE, and a SRE-rhamnolipids mixture were determined against F. graminearum by measuring in vitro minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and in planta lesion area and chlorosis development using a leaf infection assay protocol. It was determined that using Tween® 20 at 0.2 % (v/v) concentration in the leaf infection assay promotes lesion development by F. graminearum with minimum phytotoxicity. In vitro, SRE, SYRA, and synthetic aminoglycoside JL38 showed the best antifungal activities. With the in planta assay, all three antifungal agents prevented infection by F. graminearum. However, inconsistent phytotoxicities were observed with SRE and SYRA that were influenced by the Tween® 20 surfactant included in the leaf infection assay. How Tween® 20 induces these phytotoxic inconsistencies is not known.

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