名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(課程) 学位授与年月日:平成6年3月25日 服部宇氏の博士論文として提出された

Adipose tissue is an organ that plays an important role in energy storage, nutritional balance and thermogenesis. White and brown adipose tissues have distinct cell morphology and metabolic functions. White adipose tissue (WAT) with unilocular lipid droplets serves as a major site of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) with multilocular lipid droplets plays an important role in thermogenesis via a mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). These cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Newly discovered beige adipocytes are derived from the same MSC precursors as WAT but resemble BAT due to expression of UCP1. Due to side effects of drugs for treating obesity, activation of UCP1 positive beige adipocytes in WAT has become a new therapeutic target. The interaction of extracellular matrix (ECM) with integrin was found to regulate cell specification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via intracellular signaling. However, the role of individual ECM proteins in beige adipogenesis in WAT remains unknown. Therefore, we established a system for culturing stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from inguinal WAT on ECM protein coated plates and differentiating the cells into either white or beige adipocytes. We found that cells cultured on type I collagen had more round cell morphology and higher mRNA expression of thermogenic genes, UCP1 and type II iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2),which was further enhanced in myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA) knockout SVF cells. MRTFA has been reported to regulate beige adipogenesis in BMP-ROCK signaling pathway. Based on our data, we found that type I collagen-integrin signaling regulates beige adipogenesis by controlling the activity of MRTFA in MSCs. Our study has provided an insight into developing therapeutic drugs to enhance beige adipocytes formation in WAT for reducing obesity in the future.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Type I collagen, which consists of two alpha1 chains [α1(I), COL1A1 ] and one alpha2 chain [α2(I), COL1A2 ], is the most abundant member of the collagen family. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which is both an important pro-inflammatory and a anti fibrotic cytokine, coordinately suppresses both α1(I) and α2(I) production primarily at the transcriptional level. Previous work identified a regulatory factor for X-box (RFX) binding site in the first exon of the collagen α2(I) gene. RFX5 complex, consisting of three proteins (RFX5, RFXB, and RFXAP), as well as class II transactivator (CIITA), activates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) transcription during IFN-γ stimulation. This thesis demonstrates that these factors mediate repression of collagen gene transcription in response to IFN-γ. All three RFX5 complex proteins were required for maximum repression of COL1A2 promoter activity. Mutations in regions of RFX5 proteins important for complex formation either reversed repression of collagen transcription or activated collagen transcription, presumably due to dominant negative effects. CIITA, recruited to the collagen transcription start site by RFX5, repressed collagen gene transcription mainly through its acidic and proline-serine-threonine rich domains. Repression of the collagen promoter by CIITA was enhanced in the presence of the RFX5 complex. Inhibition of IFN-γ induced expression of CIITA by RNA interference (RNAi) led to partial alleviation of collagen repression and MHC II activation. IFN-γ decreased collagen transcription at the same time that it increased the expression of RFX5/CIITA complex. In addition, IFN-γ increased the expression of RFXB, but decreased the expression of an RFXB splice variant, RFXBSV. RFXBSV reversed collagen repression by IFN-γ. Both RFX5 and CIITA were present in a large repressor/co-repressor complex containing histone deacetylase (HDAC) and Sin3 proteins. IFN-γ promoted the recruitment of RFX5/CIITA complex as well as HDAC2/Sin3B to the collagen transcription start site, which resulted in the deacetylation of histories surrounding this site. IFN-γ also blocked the occupancy of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on the collagen transcription start site in conjunction with the increase in CIITA binding. Taken together, these data identify the RFX5/CIITA complex as a repressor of collagen gene transcription. / 2031-01-01

yes / Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) promotes adverse myocardial remodeling and increased risk of heart failure; effects that can occur independently of hypertension or coronary artery disease. As cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are key effectors of myocardial remodeling, we investigated whether inherent phenotypic differences exist in CF derived from T2DM donors compared with cells from nondiabetic (ND) donors. Methods Cell morphology (cell area), proliferation (cell counting over 7-day period), insulin signaling [phospho-Akt and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) Western blotting], and mRNA expression of key remodeling genes [real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)] were compared in CF cultured from atrial tissue from 14 ND and 12 T2DM donors undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Results The major finding was that Type I collagen (COL1A1) mRNA levels were significantly elevated by twofold in cells derived from T2DM donors compared with those from ND donors; changes reflected at the protein level. T2DM cells had similar proliferation rates but a greater variation in cell size and a trend towards increased cell area compared with ND cells. Insulin-induced Akt and ERK phosphorylation were similar in the two cohorts of cells. Conclusion CF from T2DM individuals possess an inherent profibrotic phenotype that may help to explain the augmented cardiac fibrosis observed in diabetic patients.

Le terme invadosome regroupe à la fois les podosomes, dans les cellules normales, et les invadopodes, dans les cellules transformées par l’oncogène Src et les cellules cancéreuses. Ces structures sont capables d’interagir avec et de dégrader la matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Ils sont aussi considérés comme des méchanosenseurs car ils sont capables de sentir la rigidité et la nature de la MEC. Mon travail de thèse s’est focalisé sur l’impact du microenvironnement matriciel sur la formation et l’activité des invadosomes. Au cours d’une première étude, nous avons démontré que les cellules endothéliales microvasculaires forment de façon constitutive des podosomes. L’utilisation de matrices de rigidités contrôlées, a permis la mise en évidence d’une corrélation entre l’augmentation de la rigidité augmentait et le nombre de cellules formant des podosomes ainsi que la taille de ces structures. En plus de la rigidité, d’autres propriétés de la MEC, telles que sa composition moléculaire et son organisation pourraient influencer la formation des invadosomes. Dans une seconde et troisième étude, nous avons pu montrer que seul le collagène fibrillaire de type I était capable d’induire la formation de microdomaines d’actine linéaires qui présentent comme les invadosomes, la capacité de dégrader la MEC. Au vu de leur morphologie originale, nous avons nommés ces structures des invadosomes linéaires (LIs). De façon intéressante, nous avons pu établir que la formation et l’activité de dégradation des LIs étaient indépendantes des intégrines β1 et β3. Au contraire, nous avons démontré que les récepteurs à domaine discoïdine (DDRs) contrôlent la formation et l’activité des LIs. De plus, les voies de signalisation classiques associées aux invadosomes classiques ne sont pas impliquées dans la formation des LIs. Une analyse par spectrométrie de masse des interactants de DDR1 dans un contexte collagène de type I fibrilllaire a permis de mettre en évidence des régulateurs clés et de révéler une voie de signalisation potentiellement impliquée dans la formation des LIs.Ainsi, ce travail de thèse a permis d’identifier la rigidité de la matrice comme un inducteur majeur des podosomes mais aussi la capacité intrinsèque des cellules microvasculaires à former ces structures. De plus, nous avons identifié un nouveau type d’invadosome, les LIs, qui sont associés à un nouveau type de récepteur concernant les invadosomes, les DDRs. / Invadosome is a global term including podosome, found in normal cells, and invadopodia observed in Src-transformed and cancer cells. These structures are specialized cell-matrix contacts able to interact with and degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are considered as mechanosensors as they are able to sense the strength, the nature of the extracellular matrix. My PhD work essentially focuses on the understanding of how matrix microenvironment impacts on invadosome formation and activity. In a first study, we demonstrated that microvascular cell types constitutively form podosomes. Thus, using matrices of controlled rigidity, we found that an increase of stiffness was associated with an enhancement in the number of cells forming podosomes and podosome size. In addition to the matrix rigidity, other microenvironment properties, such as the molecular composition and the organization of the matrix are expected to influence the formation of invadosome.In a second and a third part of this wok, we show that fibrillar type I collagen induce the formation of linear actin microdomains which exhibit invadosome characteristics. In view of their original architecture, we named these new structures, linear invadosomes (LIs).Interestingly, we show that the formation and degradation activity of LIs are independent of β1 and β3-integrins but required discoidin domain receptors (DDRs). Moreover, all the signalling pathways known to induce classical invadosome are not required for the LIs induction. A mass spectrometry analysis of DDR1 partners emphasized key regulators and these results highlight a new potential signalling pathway involved in LIs formation. This work allowed us identifying matrix stiffness as a major inducer of podosomes but also the intrinsic capacity of microvascular cells to form these structures. Moreover, we identify a new type of invadosome, the Linear Invadosome associated with DDRs receptors.

<div>Vocal fold scarring is the fibrotic manifestation of most common pathological voice disorders. Voice disorders lead to direct healthcare costs of over $200 million annually and significantly reduce quality of life for patients. Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of vocal fold scarring, effective treatments for scarring and fibrosis remain elusive. The wound-healing cascade associated with vocal fold injury involves complex signaling interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM), which remain largely unexplored due to the lack of a physiologically relevant preclinical model to study them. Traditional preclinical models do not capture the complex 3D microenvironment of the vocal folds, and the use of stem cells or fibroblasts alone in models has resulted in poor reproducibility and predictability of in vitro models. Toward this end, this work describes the development of a preclinical model that strives to take into account cellular interactions between fibroblasts and epithelial cells and achieve a balance in the native vocal fold 3D environment to function as an in vitro model.</div><div><br></div><div>Since a major shortcoming of current in vitro models is the lack of a standardized epithelial fibroblast coculture, initial work focused on developing a coculture system between commercially available tracheal epithelial cells and vocal fold fibroblasts in an in vitro setting that would provide more accurate information about the disease pathophysiology and help design better targeted treatments. We designed a healthy and disease state coculture model that can be induced into a fibroplastic state to overexpress stress fibers using TGFβ1. We also demonstrated that both cell types maintained phenotype in the healthy and disease state coculture models.</div><div><br></div><div>To further transfer this model in a physiologically relevant 3D system, follow-up research characterized 3D matrices to mimic the native ECM of the vocal folds by using natural biomimetic materials found in the vocal folds such as hyaluronic acid, type I collagen, and type III collagen. We hypothesized that the ability to control the viscoelastic and structuralcharacteristics of the scaffold in combination with presenting relevant biological cues to cells will result in a better biomimetic scaffold. This research is expected to lay effective groundwork for developing a functional tissue engineered 3D coculture model that retains the reproducibility necessary to serve as a viable diagnostic and therapeutic screening platform.</div>

Due to its relative avascularity, low cellularity and lack of an undifferentiated cell reservoir, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair when damaged through trauma or disease. Articular cartilage impairment and the resultant reduced joint function affects millions of people at a substantial cost. In the U.S. alone, over 20 million adults are afflicted with osteoarthritis, costing more than $65 billion per year in health care and lost wages. Surgical techniques have been developed to address small, focal lesions, but more critical sized defects remain without a viable solution. Tissue engineering strategies produce cartilage-like constructs in vitro containing living cells in the hope of replacing damaged cartilage and restoring joint function. However, these constructs lack both sufficient integration into the surrounding tissue following implantation and the mechanical properties capable of withstanding the demanding and complex in vivo loading environment. Our central hypothesis is that exposure of engineered cartilage to fluid-induced shear stress increases the collagen content and mechanical properties (tensile and compressive). The overall objective of this project is to modulate the matrix composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage to be more like native tissue using a novel bioreactor. Improving the matrix components and mechanical stability of the tissue to be more similar to that of native tissue may aid in integration into a defect in vivo. The central hypothesis was proven in that shear stress potently altered the matrix composition, gene expression and mechanical properties of both thick and thin engineered cartilage. Modulation was found to be highly dependent on shear stress magnitude, duration, and waveform and affected different matrix constituents and mechanical properties in disparate ways. Our overall objective was satisfied on the basis that the bioreactor created stronger engineered tissues, but with the caveat that the tissues showed an increase in presence of type I collagen. Such an effect would be undesirable for articular cartilage engineered tissues, but could be very beneficial in fibrocartilaginous tissues such as that found in the temporomandibular joint. In conclusion, the novel bioreactor system provides a flexible platform technology for the study of three-dimensional engineered tissues, not just articular cartilage.

Bone consists of collagen/hydroxyapatite (HA) composites in which poorly crystalline carbonated calcium phosphate is intercalated within the fibrillar structure. Normal bone mineral is a carbonated-apatite, but there are limited data on the effect of mineral containing carbonate on cell response. Although the exact biological role of silicate in bone formation is unclear, silicate has been identified at trace levels in immature bone and is believed to play a metabolic role in new bone formation. To mimic the inorganic and organic composition of bone we have developed a variety of bone graft substitutes. In the present body of research, we characterized the surface composition of human cortical and trabecular bone. When then characterized the surface compositions of the following potential bone substitutes: carbonated hydroxyapatite (CO₃²-HA), silicated hydroxyapatite (Si-HA), and collagen sponges mineralized with calcium phosphate using the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process. In the latter substitutes, the PILP process leads to type I collagen fibrils infiltrated with an amorphous mineral precursor upon which crystallization leads to intrafibrillar HA closely mimicking physiological bone mineral. We then determined the osteoblast-like cell response to each bone substitute to characterize the substrate’s effect on osteoblast differentiation. The observations collectively indicate that cells are sensitive to the formatting of the mineral phase of a bone substitute and that this format can be altered to modulate cell behavior.

There are 5 distinct aspects to this study. (i) Two histological stains for collagen were compared against each other for the first time, namely Herovici's technique and picrosirius-polarization. (ii) Skin samples from embalmed cadaveric tissue from human cadavers were compared against samples taken from surgical patients. (iii) Skin samples were studied from different regions of the body to assess if dermal structure correlates with scarring potential. (iv) Skin samples were sectioned in a plane parallel to the epidermis to gain further insight into dermal structure. (v) A novel basement membrane stain was produced. Type I and type III collagen are important structural constituents of dermis and play a crucial role in wound healing. Only two traditional histological methods are thought to differentiate between them, so avoiding the need for antibodies. These were compared against each other for the first time in order to establish differences in image quality and discrimination between Type I and type III collagen. Neither technique requires antibodies, however picrosirius requires polarisation microscopy. to result in a clearer, consistently reproducible collagen staining pattern than the picrosirius method and more importantly did not require elaborate apparatus to analyze. Additionally other cellular elements were visible. Skin samples for research are often obtained from surgical excision. This clearly limits which tissues are available for comparative study to those areas operated on. Studying samples from embalmed medical school cadavers has the great advantage of studying areas of the body not routinely available from common surgical procedures. It was therefore desirable to assess whether embalmed cadaveric tissues exhibited different properties by virtue of their age and the embalming process compared to fresh surgical specimens, in order to give confidence that studies utilising the former would be equally valid. To test this, 58 skin samples from embalmed medical school cadavers were compared to skin samples from 38 fresh operative specimens. The levels of tissue preservation and processing artefacts were similar in both groups. Embalmed medical school cadavers clearly offer an opportunity to study tissue areas not routinely available during surgery. This is the first time such a comparison has been made. Many things will affect the final appearance of the scar, but the single most important determinant is the body region affected. The most common areas for unfavourable scarring, specifically keloid or hypertrophic scarring have been shown to be the ear, deltoid and sternal areas. To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in histological structure of skin that correlates to body region, comparative histology was undertaken exploring the regional variations of skin characteristics in 58 cadaveric samples. Closely comparable samples were taken from the deltoid (9), abdomen (13), sternum (10), post-auricular (5), earlobe (12) and eyelid (9). Epidermal thickness, epidermal appendage density and collagen fibre orientation were examined and qualitative structural differences were assessed for each region Skin samples were then grouped by both topographical location of the body and scarring potential. Skin samples exhibited qualitative and quantifiable regional variations in the characteristics studied. Epidermal thickness and appendage counts did not correlate with scarring potential. Both however were statistically significantly higher in skin sampled from the head compared to the trunk. Bundles of collagen fibres in the reticular dermis were grouped according to their orientation in relation to the coronal plane; either parallel, oblique or perpendicular. The ratio of oblique to parallel fibres was statistically significantly higher in body areas with poorer scarring prognosis. This corresponds to a more disorganised arrangement of collagen fibres in these areas. Further qualitative understanding of dermal collagen fibres came from perpendicular to conventional histological samples. This new method stained basement membranes purple, cytoplasm was stained greenish-brown and nuclei dark brown. Collagen fibres were either thin and blue or thick and green. This method was compared to PAS staining and although required more preparative steps allows greater identification of other cellular structures.

Keratins are a family of structural proteins that can be extracted from a variety of sources including wool, nails, skin, hooves, and hair. Keratin can be processed into different constructs such as coatings, scaffolds, and hydrogels, and has shown favorable results when placed in in vitro and in vivo settings for different tissue regeneration applications. Over three decades, keratin extraction technology has been continuously modified, and these differences in extraction processes have distinct effects on the characteristics of the end product. In this work, we examine the effect of keratin aggregation during a widely-used purification step, dialysis ultra-filtration, on material characteristics of the final keratin product when fabricated into a hydrogel. Two distinct dialysis procedures were applied during the extraction of oxidized keratin (keratose): one promoting protein aggregation and the other mitigating it. Analyses of material properties such as mechanical and enzymatic stability were conducted in addition to observing the differences in solution behavior between products. Data revealed that protein aggregation during the extraction process has a profound effect on keratose hydrogel material properties. After determination of the effect of protein aggregation during extraction on keratose hydrogels, investigation of how a blended material comprised of said keratose and type I collagen was undertaken. It was hypothesized that a blend would result in mixing at the molecular level, resulting in improved properties compared to either pure material alone. A protocol was created to make stable keratose/type I collagen blends and material characterization techniques were applied to determine the inherent properties of samples with differing ratios. Crosslinking density, mechanical properties, enzymatic degradation properties, water uptake capacity, structural architecture, and thermal properties were all assessed. In addition, the ability of this material to maintain cell viability was conducted. Results showed that the addition of type I collagen has a significant effect on the properties of hydrogel blends with keratose compared to the pure keratose system. This was mostly evident with hydrogel mechanical stability and material architecture. Finally, the ability to use this hybrid material as a luminal filler for a nerve conduit during peripheral nerve regeneration was explored in an in vitro setting. The ability of this blend to promote Schwann cell viability was assessed in addition to determining the ability of these cells to attach and migrate through the material matrix. These experiments demonstrate proof-of-concept for the application of using keratose/type I collagen matrices as a luminal filler in peripheral nerve guidance conduits. / Doctor of Philosophy / Keratins are a family of structural proteins that can be extracted from wool, skin, nails, and hair, and that have been investigated in the field of tissue regeneration. Humans make several types of keratins, so it has a natural acceptance by the body and its inflammatory and immune systems. However, keratins can be hard to make and process into useful products. Many methods for producing keratin biomaterials have been developed over the past 30 years, but most of them are not ideal. This work sought to explore a production method that addresses a particular problem, that of protein aggregation during purification. In so doing, methods can be optimized to create more useful keratin biomaterials. Experiments comparing preparation methods that maximize and minimize protein aggregation were compared. Data showed that minimizing aggregation leads to better biomaterial characteristics, thus demonstrating the potential impact of targeting this processing step. However, even after optimization of purification, keratins still have limitations. Most notably their mechanical strength is not as great as some other materials. A typical approach to address this in other systems has been by blending. In the present work, we explored a blend made from keratin and type 1 collagen. A method was developed to effectively blend keratin and collagen and create stable mixtures that yielded protein-to-protein coordination. Such interactions typically yield beneficial material characteristics such as increased strength. Data showed that intimate mixing of the two proteins was achieved, and resulting characteristics were improved compared to either pure material. Finally, studies were conducted to assess the potential for keratin/collagen blends to be used to regenerate injured nerves. A common method is to enclose the ends of a cut nerve into a tube and let the nerve re-grow through the tube to its target muscle. An important characteristic is an ability for cells to populate the interior of the tube and help the nerve fibers grow. In the present study, we investigated the behavior of a particularly important cell, the Schwann cell, to attach, move and grow through a keratin/collagen biomaterial. Data showed good cell behavior, suggesting that the material could be used in a medical product for nerve repair.