Urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is a kind of land-developing method in order to execute the land policies and to implement the urban planning. After the Government established this system in 1979, landowners may apply for permits to the Government as per the regulations. However, it has incurred many problems for the past years after the implementation. It has resulted in differences between laws and practices. Besides, disputes among landowners were aroused endlessly. The uncertainty for the Government to acquire land for public facility use makes the function of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector unable to be developed effectively. The purpose of this research is to help the Government timely reviews the defects of this system in order to ensure the landowners¡¦ legal rights of acquisition of properties by impartial, reasonable and legal ways to solve the disputes resulting from the transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector on the basis of equal rights. This dissertation mainly applies the review of literature and refers to the related literature analyses. Firstly, it is to clarify the fundamental legal principles of the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector. It is also to clarify the sources of law for the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector in Taiwan. In addition, the differences between the execution results of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector during the same period shall be compared and verified by cases. Furthermore, the related legal problems are clarified by evaluating the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. The practical examples of juridical judgments are also taken to verify the disputed legal claims, which were often found in the practical cases when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. By the application of legal methods, it is anticipated to make up the ways of claims in order to fairly protect the landowners¡¦ rights when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. This research finds out problems and provides several suggestions to the policy-making authorities for reference: In the aspect of legislation: 1. The ¡¥Regulations for Encouraging Land Owners to Implement Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ shall be upgraded to the legislative level. Alternatively, it may combine with the ¡¥Regulations for the Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ into the complete ¡¥Laws of Urban Land Readjustment¡¦. 2. When the adjustment association is established, it shall be set as a corporation as soon as possible. 3. It shall be clearly regulated that the encouragement of the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is limited to the free-selected areas within the range of urban planning. 4. It is to increase the areas for and number of landowners who agree to execute the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. In the aspect of execution: 1. The increase of burden ratio of public facilities should follow the example of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 2. The calculation of burden ratio of the average shared cost should use a unified, standard formula. 3. The transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not be open to the cities which have no experience in transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 4. The development duration of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not last too long.

Over the last several decades, low-density development and increasing levels of automobile dependence have become two of the major problems facing many urban areas. While they have significantly improved urbanites' mobility, freedom, and social contacts, and have expanded the ranges of economic activities, they have also brought numerous problems and externalities. Mitigating their negative externalities through appropriate policies necessitates the examination of their relationship and the effect of other urban elements. This research examines the relationship between density and automobile dependence and its underlying factors within cities. It examines the effects of quantifiable factors at three levels of analysis: regional, zonal, and household. Several hypotheses and sub-hypotheses concerning density and automobile dependence relationship and its underlying factors are examined. The research findings confirm most of the study hypotheses. With respect to the strength and direction of the relationship between population density and automobile dependence measured in per capita VMT, most of the models constructed confirm the existence of a strong simultaneous relationship between density and VMT. Further, the analysis shows that other land use, economic, demographic, and transportation factors are also important determinants of density and VMT. At different levels of analysis, different factors are more important in explaining density and automobile dependence than others. Finally, the estimated optimal densities tend to be more than double the existing average densities of the study cases. The research conclusions suggest several theoretical and policy implications to guide future policies in land use and transportation.

This research presents models for the analysis of textural and contextual information content of multiscale remote sensing to select an appropriate scale for the correct interpretation and mapping of heterogeneous urban land cover types. Spatial complexity measures such as the fractal model and the Moran’s I index of spatial autocorrelation were applied for addressing the issue of scale, while fuzzy set theory was applied for mapping heterogeneous urban land cover types. Three local government areas (e.g. the City of Perth, the City of Melville and the City of Armadale) of the Perth metropolitan area were selected, as the dominant land covers of these areas are representative to the whole metropolitan area, for the analysis of spatial complexity and the mapping of complex land covers. Characterisation of spatial complexity of the study areas computed from SPOT, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat MSS was used for assessing the appropriateness of a scale for urban analysis. Associated with this outcome, the effect of spectral resolution and land cover heterogeneity on spatial complexity, the performance of fractal measurement algorithms and the relationship between the fractal dimension and Moran’s I were identified. A fuzzy supervised approach of the fuzzy c-means algorithm was used to generate fuzzy memberships of the selected bands of a Landsat-7 ETM+ scene based on the highest spectral separability among different urban land covers (e.g. forest, grassland, urban and dense urban) as determined by a transformed divergence analysis. Fuzzy land cover maps resulting from the application of fuzzy operators (e.g. maximum, minimum, algebraic sum, algebraic product and gamma operators) were evaluated against fuzzy memberships derived from the virtual field reference database (VFRDB). / The performance of fuzzy operators in generating fuzzy categorical maps along with the effect of land cover heterogeneity on fuzzy accuracy measures and sources of classification error were assessed. The analysis of spatial complexity computed from remote sensing images using a fractal model indicated that the various urban land cover types of the Perth metropolitan area are best represented at a resolution of 20 m (SPOT) as the fractal dimension (D) was found higher, as compared to the 25 m and 50 m resolutions of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat MSS, respectively, demonstrated the ability of the fractal model in distinguishing variations in the composition of built-up areas in the green and red bands of the satellite data, while forested areas typical of the urban fringe appear better characterised in the NIR band. Moran’s I of spatial autocorrelation was found useful in describing the spatial pattern of urban land cover types. A comparison between the D and Moran’s I of the study areas revealed a negative correlation, indicating that the higher the Moran’s I, the lesser the fractal dimension indicating a lower spatial complexity. Likewise, the results The accuracy of the fuzzy categorical maps associated with multiple spectral bands of a Landsat-7 ETM+ scene using various fuzzy operators reveals that the fuzzy gamma operator (y = 0.90) outperformed the categorical accuracy measures obtained by applying the fuzzy algebraic sum and other fuzzy operators for the City of Perth, while the accuracy measures of y value of 0.95 were found highest for the City of Melville and the City of Armadale. / A comparison of the accuracy measures of the fuzzy land cover maps of the study areas indicated that the overall accuracy of the City of Perth was up to 13% higher than the overall accuracy of the City of Melville and the City of Armadale which was found 69% and 71%, respectively. The lower accuracy measures of the City of Melville and the City of Armadale was attributed to highly mixed land cover classes resulting in mixed pixels in Landsat-7 ETM+ scene. In addition, the spectral similarity among the class forest and grassland, urban and dense urban were identified as sources of classification errors. The analysis of spatial complexity using multiscale and multisource remote sensing data and the application of fuzzy set theory provided a viable methodology for assessing the appropriateness of scale selection for an urban analysis and generating fuzzy urban land cover maps from a multispectral image. It also illustrated the longstanding issue of carrying out the accuracy of the fuzzy land cover map considering the fuzzy memberships of the classified data and the reference data using a fuzzy error matrix.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Melbourne, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, 1997. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.T.P. 1979) from the Department of Architecture, University of Adelaide.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Georgia, 1977. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-222).

Detailed urban land cover maps are increasingly useful and important applications of remote sensing. Municipal agencies and others use land cover maps and data for numerous critical local planning and monitoring functions and for urban geographical research studies. Because of this, there is a demand for accurate urban land cover maps that can be produced quickly and economically. The availability of very high resolution multispectral imagery is an important factor in enabling such production, as the judicious selection of source imagery has a large impact on the resulting map products. Likewise, the implementation of appropriate digital image processing methods is crucial for deriving urban land cover maps of acceptable accuracy and cost. This study compared two common image classification algorithms using 2006 NAIP 1-meter GSD CIR images of Orem and Provo, Utah. The two classification procedures – conventional per-pixel supervised classification coupled with post-classification filtering, and object-based feature extraction – were compared for resulting accuracy and, in general terms, for their cost-effectiveness. Results demonstrated that object-based feature extraction has the potential to produce maps with better accuracy, but at a somewhat higher cost than per-pixel supervised classification. Classification errors and their probable causes are discussed; also a number of options for improving the classification accuracy are presented together with considerations of the potential costs involved. Although the ultimate goal of economical production of accurate urban land cover maps was not fully realized, this study nevertheless has established a cost containment baseline upon which methodological improvements can be built.

O padrão de desenvolvimento urbano observado nas grandes cidades brasileiras é conseqüência direta das desigualdades socioeconômicas encontradas em nossa sociedade. A ação livre do mercado imobiliário, aliada à ausência de uma política habitacional voltada para a produção de habitação de interesse social, traz para a informalidade no acesso à terra urbana grande parcela da população. As restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental tornam as áreas ambientalmente protegidas não atrativas ao mercado imobiliário formal. Nessas áreas, a proliferação de assentamentos informais é um reflexo da segregação espacial a que está submetida grande parcela da população não atendida pelo mercado formal. Os crescentes números da informalidade observados nas cidades brasileiras justificam a busca por soluções que viabilizem tanto a inserção dos assentamentos irregulares na cidade formal quanto o enfrentamento do passivo ambiental, considerando que importante parcela dessa informalidade se concentra em áreas urbanas ambientalmente protegidas, como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Esta pesquisa visa à análise e compreensão do conjunto de questões envolvidas no processo de regularização fundiária de assentamentos informais que contêm em seus limites áreas de preservação permanente em especial os loteamentos irregulares e clandestinos. Para isso, serão abordados o papel desempenhado pelos cursos dágua e fundos de vale nas cidades brasileiras, e as mudanças no padrão de intervenção em rios urbanos observadas no cenário internacional nas últimas décadas. A questão da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, tema recorrente na atual legislação ambiental e urbanística, será analisada tendo em vista seus diversos conceitos e contradições envolvidas. A análise da crescente tensão entre as agendas urbana e ambiental tem como enfoque a produção da informalidade no uso do solo urbano e sua relação com a degradação ambiental. Serão também abordados os aspectos ideológicos envolvidos nesse conflito. A temática da regularização fundiária de parcelamentos irregulares e clandestinos e a definição do termo área de preservação permanente serão analisados sob a ótica da legislação urbanística e ambiental. A abordagem será feita sobre o que é considerado irregular de acordo com os termos da lei, as diversas concepções de regularização fundiária e os procedimentos envolvidos, enfocando principalmente os processos relativos ao Estado de São Paulo. Para as áreas de preservação permanente, será apresentado um histórico legal sobre o tema. Por fim, a apresentação de estudos de caso visa estabelecer quais seriam as especificidades dos procedimentos para regularização em APPs, em comparação com assentamentos que não possuam APPs em seus limites, indicando quais as principais questões e entraves apresentados e se a legislação vigente permite a efetivação da regularização fundiária nesses casos. Serão ainda indicadas as perspectivas futuras, abordando o tratamento dado à questão na revisão da Lei nº 6.766/79 (PL 20/2007) e Lei nº 4.771/65 (PL 3.517/2008), além dos Grupos de Trabalho do CONAMA que estudam a elaboração de nova resolução que definirá parâmetros para a recuperação e revegetação em APPs. / The pattern of urban development observed in major Brazilian cities is a consequence of socioeconomic inequities in our society. Unrestrained land market action coupled with the absence of social housing policies brings a large amount of people on to informal urban land access. Restrictions imposed by environmental laws make protected areas not attractive to formal land market. Proliferation of informal settlements in these areas is, therefore, a reflection of spatial and socioeconomic segregation. The increase of informality in Brazilian cities justifies the quest for solutions to allow urban insertion of informal settlements and at the same time to deal with environmental liabilities, since a significant number of these kind of settlements is concentrated in environmental protection zones located in urban sites, such as permanent preservation areas. This research goal is to analyze and understand all the issues on land regularization process of informal settlements that contain permanent preservation areas within its boundaries. This work studies the role played by water courses in Brazilian cities development and the changes occurred in worldwide strategy patterns on interventions in urban rivers. Sustainability and sustainable urban development, as a recurring subject on current environmental and urban Brazilian legal framework, will be a matter under discussion for its several different concepts and all the contradictions involved. The ever-growing tension between urban and environmental agendas is focused on informality on urban land use and its relationship with environmental degradation. This work will also approach the ideological issues involved in this conflict. Urban land regularization and the definition of permanent preservation area will be analyzed from urban and environmental legal point of view. Our approach will be based on what is considered unlawful in legal terms and the different concepts and procedures involving urban land regularization, mainly focusing on the procedures in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A legal history review on permanent preservation areas will be also presented in this work. Finally, case studies are introduced in this work in order to show the current application of specific procedures for settlements located in permanent preservation areas. Through comparisons with procedures applied on settlements which do not have these areas within its boundaries, the acquainted hitches and obstacles will be discussed and so will be under discussion if the current legal framework do actually allow effective urban land regularization in such cases. It will be also presented prospectives by analyzing how these issues have been dealt in current debates about the revision of urban and environmental legal framework.

O padrão de desenvolvimento urbano observado nas grandes cidades brasileiras é conseqüência direta das desigualdades socioeconômicas encontradas em nossa sociedade. A ação livre do mercado imobiliário, aliada à ausência de uma política habitacional voltada para a produção de habitação de interesse social, traz para a informalidade no acesso à terra urbana grande parcela da população. As restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental tornam as áreas ambientalmente protegidas não atrativas ao mercado imobiliário formal. Nessas áreas, a proliferação de assentamentos informais é um reflexo da segregação espacial a que está submetida grande parcela da população não atendida pelo mercado formal. Os crescentes números da informalidade observados nas cidades brasileiras justificam a busca por soluções que viabilizem tanto a inserção dos assentamentos irregulares na cidade formal quanto o enfrentamento do passivo ambiental, considerando que importante parcela dessa informalidade se concentra em áreas urbanas ambientalmente protegidas, como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Esta pesquisa visa à análise e compreensão do conjunto de questões envolvidas no processo de regularização fundiária de assentamentos informais que contêm em seus limites áreas de preservação permanente em especial os loteamentos irregulares e clandestinos. Para isso, serão abordados o papel desempenhado pelos cursos dágua e fundos de vale nas cidades brasileiras, e as mudanças no padrão de intervenção em rios urbanos observadas no cenário internacional nas últimas décadas. A questão da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, tema recorrente na atual legislação ambiental e urbanística, será analisada tendo em vista seus diversos conceitos e contradições envolvidas. A análise da crescente tensão entre as agendas urbana e ambiental tem como enfoque a produção da informalidade no uso do solo urbano e sua relação com a degradação ambiental. Serão também abordados os aspectos ideológicos envolvidos nesse conflito. A temática da regularização fundiária de parcelamentos irregulares e clandestinos e a definição do termo área de preservação permanente serão analisados sob a ótica da legislação urbanística e ambiental. A abordagem será feita sobre o que é considerado irregular de acordo com os termos da lei, as diversas concepções de regularização fundiária e os procedimentos envolvidos, enfocando principalmente os processos relativos ao Estado de São Paulo. Para as áreas de preservação permanente, será apresentado um histórico legal sobre o tema. Por fim, a apresentação de estudos de caso visa estabelecer quais seriam as especificidades dos procedimentos para regularização em APPs, em comparação com assentamentos que não possuam APPs em seus limites, indicando quais as principais questões e entraves apresentados e se a legislação vigente permite a efetivação da regularização fundiária nesses casos. Serão ainda indicadas as perspectivas futuras, abordando o tratamento dado à questão na revisão da Lei nº 6.766/79 (PL 20/2007) e Lei nº 4.771/65 (PL 3.517/2008), além dos Grupos de Trabalho do CONAMA que estudam a elaboração de nova resolução que definirá parâmetros para a recuperação e revegetação em APPs. / The pattern of urban development observed in major Brazilian cities is a consequence of socioeconomic inequities in our society. Unrestrained land market action coupled with the absence of social housing policies brings a large amount of people on to informal urban land access. Restrictions imposed by environmental laws make protected areas not attractive to formal land market. Proliferation of informal settlements in these areas is, therefore, a reflection of spatial and socioeconomic segregation. The increase of informality in Brazilian cities justifies the quest for solutions to allow urban insertion of informal settlements and at the same time to deal with environmental liabilities, since a significant number of these kind of settlements is concentrated in environmental protection zones located in urban sites, such as permanent preservation areas. This research goal is to analyze and understand all the issues on land regularization process of informal settlements that contain permanent preservation areas within its boundaries. This work studies the role played by water courses in Brazilian cities development and the changes occurred in worldwide strategy patterns on interventions in urban rivers. Sustainability and sustainable urban development, as a recurring subject on current environmental and urban Brazilian legal framework, will be a matter under discussion for its several different concepts and all the contradictions involved. The ever-growing tension between urban and environmental agendas is focused on informality on urban land use and its relationship with environmental degradation. This work will also approach the ideological issues involved in this conflict. Urban land regularization and the definition of permanent preservation area will be analyzed from urban and environmental legal point of view. Our approach will be based on what is considered unlawful in legal terms and the different concepts and procedures involving urban land regularization, mainly focusing on the procedures in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A legal history review on permanent preservation areas will be also presented in this work. Finally, case studies are introduced in this work in order to show the current application of specific procedures for settlements located in permanent preservation areas. Through comparisons with procedures applied on settlements which do not have these areas within its boundaries, the acquainted hitches and obstacles will be discussed and so will be under discussion if the current legal framework do actually allow effective urban land regularization in such cases. It will be also presented prospectives by analyzing how these issues have been dealt in current debates about the revision of urban and environmental legal framework.