This thesis analyzes the inherent informal political relations embedded in urban planning process in the city of Ankara between 1985 and 2005. It has been argued that, urban planning process is -by nature- a political process and micro level political interactions in urban political sphere can be observed by looking at it. The urban planning process, as a political process interacts with existing political mobilization mechanisms and their spatial reflections. Such an interaction may cause emergence of informal political networks interested in derivation of urban land rent. The emergence, sustenance and persistence of these networks are related with the opportunities and legitimization potential of urban planning process. For the verification of hypothesis of the research the city of Ankara was taken as the subject of case study. A methodology consisting of a two phase research is devised to analyze the nature and the dynamics of these networks In the first phase a conventional statistical analysis the research universe consisting of all the all urban development plans and modifications realized in Ankara between 1985 and 2005 was realized. Then, in the second phase based on the patterns explored in the research universe, a specific example of urban planning process was chosen, which represents the patterns of the research universe. This example, &Ccedil / ayyolu 907 Parcel, then subjected to social network analysis. The results of the research has shown that, when the structure of the local political structure changes altogether as a result of for example local elections, the structure of existing informal political networks and the way they exploit urban land rent changes. In these periods the number of urban development plans and urban development plan modifications increase, while the size of the area covered by these plans tends to decrease and mostly confined to prospective areas in central business district and residential areas. Yet, by the time passes, new and diverse political relations are established congruent with the existing political mobilization mechanisms. This time, although the number of plans decreases, the size of the area covered by plans increase and mostly, vacant land in the fringe of the urban macro form become the target of these networks. Although these networks involve a hierarchy in it, extensive brokerage and patron client relations sustain them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1995. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 534-557).

abstract: Rapid urban expansion and the associated landscape modifications have led to significant changes of surface processes in built environments. These changes further interact with the overlying atmospheric boundary layer and strongly modulate urban microclimate. To capture the impacts of urban land surface processes on urban boundary layer dynamics, a coupled urban land-atmospheric modeling framework has been developed. The urban land surface is parameterized by an advanced single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) with realistic representations of urban green infrastructures such as lawn, tree, and green roof, etc. The urban atmospheric boundary layer is simulated by a single column model (SCM) with both convective and stable schemes. This coupled SLUCM-SCM framework can simulate the time evolution and vertical profile of different meteorological variables such as virtual potential temperature, specific humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. The coupled framework has been calibrated and validated in the metropolitan Phoenix area, Arizona. To quantify the model sensitivity, an advanced stochastic approach based on Markov-Chain Monte Carlo procedure has been applied. It is found that the development of urban boundary layer is highly sensitive to surface characteristics of built terrains, including urban land use, geometry, roughness of momentum, and vegetation fraction. In particular, different types of urban vegetation (mesic/xeric) affect the boundary layer dynamics through different mechanisms. Furthermore, this framework can be implanted into large-scale models such as Weather Research and Forecasting model to assess the impact of urbanization on regional climate. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016

One of the main problems of urban land use is the environmental impacts caused by inadequate use of it. This worry comes from the moment that there is lack of preserved areas in cities due to land occupation and inadequate planning for urban use. This paper tries to establish in a systematized form a reference on planning for recuperation of degraded areas in urbanenvironments emphasizing some basic aspects to the recuperation of those. / Uno de los principales problemas de ocupación del suelo urbano son los impactos ambientales causados por su uso inadecuado. Esta preocupación se inicia en el momento cuando se nota la escasez de áreas reservadas en las ciudades debido al crecimiento urbano y a la falta de planifi- cación. En este artículo se trata de establecer de manera sistematizada una referencia sobre el planeamiento para la recuperación de áreas degradadas en ambiente urbano resaltando algunos aspectos básicos para la recuperación de las mismas. / Um dos principais problemas da ocupação do solo urbano são os impactos ambientais causadospelo uso inadequado deste. Sua preocupação se da a partir do momento em que a escassez de áreas preservadas nas cidades devido à ocupação e ao não planejamento adequado do uso urba- no. Este artigo procura estabelecer de forma sistematizada uma referencia sobre planejamento para recuperação de áreas degradadas em ambiente urbano ressaltando alguns aspectos básicospara recuperação das mesmas.

Orientador: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_KalianaGuimaraes_M.pdf: 8136261 bytes, checksum: fc0a2622960784cf0ab68c4035fb9f7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa contribuir na compreensão da produção do espaço urbano de Itabuna (BA), estudando as áreas de expansão urbana e áreas previamente ocupadas que têm passado por significativo processo de transformação, enfocando a questão do uso da terra, a dinâmica do mercado imobiliário em diferentes eixos de expansão urbana do município que apresentam morfologias e usos diferenciados, os impactos das políticas urbanas e dos principais instrumentos de regulação urbana nesses assentamentos. Deve ser considerado que o município passou desde a década de 1980 por uma grave crise na lavoura cacaueira gerando impactos na estrutura econômica, social e urbana, levando à necessidade de contribuir no entendimento da produção e configuração espacial urbana. Diferente do momento da formação de Itabuna, quando a base da produção deste espaço estava calcada na necessidade de satisfazer os interesses dos grandes coronéis do cacau e instalar a mão de obra para as suas fazendas, recentemente a cidade busca estratégias para a ocupação, organização e implementação de seu projeto de expansão urbana para 'acomodar' o grande contingente populacional que tem recebido, ao mesmo tempo em que, por meio das possibilidades de investimento em infraestrutura e implantação de objetos técnicos, aumente o valor da terra e faça gerir a lei do capital. Dessa forma, foi realizada inicialmente uma análise bibliográfica em livros, artigos e documentos do município para que se possa compreender a evolução do processo de expansão e, posteriormente, levantamento de dados em campo das áreas em expansão e em transformação evidente e entrevistas com agentes urbanos / Abstract: This work aims at understanding the production of urban space Itabuna (BA), studying the urban expansion areas and areas previously occupied that have undergone a significant transformation process, focusing on the issue of land use, the dynamics of the real estate market different axes of urban sprawl of the city that have morphologies and different uses, the impacts of urban policies and the main instruments for regulating these urban settlements. It should be noted that the municipality has passed since the 1980s by a severe crisis in the cocoa crop generating impacts in the economic, social and urban areas, leading to the need to contribute to the understanding of urban space production and configuration. Unlike the time of formation of Itabuna, when the production base of this space was modeled on the need to satisfy the interests of large cacao colonels and install the labor for their farms, recently the city search strategies for employment, organization and implementation of its project of urban sprawl to 'accommodate' the large populations that have received at the same time, through the possibilities of investment in infrastructure and deployment of technical objects, increase the value of land and then manage the law of capital. Thus, an analysis was conducted initially on books, articles and documents of the municipality so that we can understand the evolution of the expansion process and, subsequently, field data collection areas expanding and changing course and interviews with municipal officials / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

都市土地遠距連接概念在國際間提出，核心概念為一地之土地使用變遷可能來自於遠距地區之影響，與過去認為土地使用變遷係受周遭地區之影響有所差異。國際上探討其相關主題的文章有日漸增加的趨勢，且多數文章皆提到交通設施於都市土地遠距連接扮演重要角色。然而目前對於都市土地遠距連接多處於概念性探討階段，國內外並未曾出現實證研究來對此概念進行驗證，因此本研究嘗試從交通與土地使用的概念切入，針對都市土地遠距連接進行實證分析。 本研究選擇台灣本島地區349個鄉鎮市區作為研究對象，應用多階層線性模型（Hierarchical Linear Modeling, HLM）分析民國95年至105間高速公路與都市土地遠距連接的關係。模型變數包含建成地面積變化、可及性相關指標及吸引力相關指標。 實證模型顯示，高速公路興建增加之可及性與都市土地遠距連接間呈現負向關係，但其係數趨近於0，表示影響極小，而地方吸引力與都市土地遠距連接間呈現正向關係，且係數大於0。根據模型得到以下結論，高速公路的興建對於都市土地遠距連接之影響程度有限，而地方吸引力對於都市土地遠距連接具有較大的影響。 / The concept of urban land teleconnection has been proposed internationally, and the core concept is that land use change may come from the impact of remote areas, which is different from the existing theory that land use change results from the influence of surrounding areas. There is an increasing amount of articles talking about urban land teleconnection in recent years and most of these articles refer to the important role of transport facilities in urban land teleconnection. However, at present, there are no empirical studies to verify the urban land teleconnection. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical research to analyze the urban land teleconnection from the transportation and land use point of view. In this study, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), which uses the dataset collected in Taiwan’s 349 townships from 2006 to 2016, is applied to analyze the relationship between the highway and urban land teleconnection. In hierarchical linear modeling, the variables include the variation of the built environment, the variation of accessibility caused by the highway construction and the attraction factors. The empirical model shows that the variation of accessibility caused by the highway construction has a negative relationship with the urban land teleconnection, but the influence is negligible. Nevertheless, there is an obvious positive relationship between the attraction factors and the urban land teleconnection. According to the model, the construction of highways has a limited influence on the urban land teleconnection, but the attraction factors have a great influence on the urban land teleconnection.

The creation and classification of segments for object based urban land cover mapping is the key goal of this master thesis. An algorithm based on region growing and merging was developed, implemented and tested. The synergy effects of a fused data set of SAR and optical imagery were evaluated based on the classification results. The testing was mainly performed with data of the city of Beijing China. The dataset consists of SAR and optical data and the classified land cover/use maps were evaluated using standard methods for accuracy assessment like confusion matrices, kappa values and overall accuracy. The classification for the testing consists of 9 classes which are low density buildup, high density buildup, road, park, water, golf course, forest, agricultural crop and airport. The development was performed in JAVA and a suitable graphical interface for user friendly interaction was created parallel to the development of the algorithm. This was really useful during the period of extensive testing of the parameter which easily could be entered through the dialogs of the interface. The algorithm itself treats the pixels as a connected graph of pixels which can always merge with their direct neighbors, meaning sharing an edge with those. There are three criteria that can be used in the current state of the algorithm, a mean based spectral homogeneity measure, a variance based textural homogeneity measure and fragmentation test as a shape measure. The algorithm has 3 key parameters which are the minimum and maximum segments size as well as a homogeneity threshold measure which is based on a weighted combination of relative change due to merging two segments. The growing and merging is divided into two phases the first one is based on mutual best partner merging and the second one on the homogeneity threshold. In both phases it is possible to use all three criteria for merging in arbitrary weighting constellations. A third step is the check for the fulfillment of minimum size which can be performed prior to or after the other two steps. The segments can then in a supervised manner be labeled interactively using once again the graphical user interface for creating a training sample set. This training set can be used to derive a support vector machine which is based on a radial base function kernel. The optimal settings for the required parameters of this SVM training process can be found from a cross-validation grid search process which is implemented within the program as well. The SVM algorithm is based on the LibSVM java implementation. Once training is completed the SVM can be used to predict the whole dataset to get a classified land-cover map. It can be exported in form of a vector dataset. The results yield that the incorporation of texture features already in the segmentation is superior to spectral information alone especially when working with unfiltered SAR data. The incorporation of the suggested shape feature however doesn’t seem to be of advantage, especially when taking the much longer processing time into account, when incorporating this criterion. From the classification results it is also evident, that the fusion of SAR and optical data is beneficial for urban land cover mapping. Especially the distinction of urban areas and agricultural crops has been improved greatly but also the confusion between high and low density could be reduced due to the fusion. / Dragon 2 Project

In the face of growing economic inequality and population growth, several large cities in the US have started to proactively protect vital industrial lands from conversion to non-industrial uses. These new policies signal a potentially dramatic shift in both land-use and economic development practices. In the first essay of this dissertation I present a typology of existing industrial land protective policies after reviewing the comprehensive plans and zoning codes of the United States' fifty largest cities. I identify 11 cities with protective policies and highlight the variance of these policies by offering a simple two part typology based upon a city's use of increased usage restrictions or greater process requirements for conversion of protected parcels. The second essay presents results of a survey I administered to planners exploring the varied ways that planners understand the pressures facing industrial land in their cities and the political contexts they operate within regarding industrial land policy in their respective cities. I find that planners are generally supportive of industrial land protective policies but are ambivalent about the long term viability of industrial labor in cities and face political pressure to convert industrial land to non-industrial uses. The final essay presents an evaluation of protective land policies. I estimate a propensity score model measuring the change in manufacturing and broader "industrial" employment a the census tract level between 2009 and 2015 using LEHD LODES workplace association data. I estimate the propensity score model using a gradient boosted model and ultimately find a null effect of protective policies on manufacturing and "industrial" job growth.

Between 1845 and 1980 the Portland waterfront between southwest Washington and Clay Streets, east of Front Street, metamorphosed from wilderness to trade center, to highway, to inner-city vacant lot. No place in Portland has more graphically illustrated the rapidly changing forces of the modern age in which the city has grown. For much of its history this stretch of waterfront was mired in law suits. The struggles centered on public versus private ownership. Originally dedicated as public property, but left unimproved by the city, the waterfront was usurped by private investors. Eventually, private owners allowed their property to decay prompting the public to encourage improvements. The legal battles even became reversed as private investors sought to force the sale of the waterfront to the city. Through all the confusion of legal battles this stretch of waterfront played a central role in the development and identity of Portland. It has finally become, undisputed public territory. The tension and greed of private investment have been replaced by the lack of municipal funds for aesthetic improvement and have left this stretch of land, a potentially fine and important urban park, a vacant lot.

Urban Agriculture (UA) has been practiced in Montreal, Quebec for well over a century. In the last five years or so, a renewed enthusiasm for UA has manifested itself in the form of citizen-led UA projects. The latter are often established in residual spaces, from vacant lots to sidewalks, and alleyways. These more spontaneous and informal UA practices point to a shift in how urban inhabitants perceive and use urban space. Through a case study of informal UA projects in Montreal, QC, this work brings attention to the dynamics surrounding the establishment of citizen-led UA projects, paying special attention to their complex structure. Indeed, although they are usually initiated by groups of citizens, other actors are either directly or indirectly involved, including non-profit organizations, municipal officials, or business owners. To better understand these processes, I ask the following questions: Why are citizens in Montreal reappropriating vacant and underused urban spaces for UA? How are these spaces being established, and who is involved? How might these spaces and the social relations forged within them, contribute--or not--to a democratic urban politics? Bringing together existing scholarship on critical urban agriculture, radical democracy, and urban geography, this research exposes some of the inherent tensions present in contemporary UA. This work demonstrates that collective UA projects exist simultaneously as a political practice, and one that might not significantly alter the existing spatial and social orders.