The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect that strength level had upon fatigue and recuperation under the two conditions of five- and thirty-second interval duration periods. Another purpose was to compare the results of this study to similar studies using male subjects in order to determine if women's response patterns to tests of strength were similar to those of men.

This is a complex argument about the history of transformations in value through the rise of modern liberalism. I argue that there are several contradictions that emerge from these transformations. I argue that these contradictions emerge as double effects of liberalism, in tension with the project of liberalism and thriving in spite of it. My data are the theories of Thomas Hobbes and the interpretations of his work. Hobbes is a good datum for the project because he is representative of several of these transformations in value due to the time when and concepts with which he writes. I conclude that these transformations have negatively affected the quality of our theory and negatively effected our ability to theorize.

Resultado da realização de determinadas atividades, como indústrias, depósitos, disposição de resíduos, a contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas é um tema que só num passado muito recente ganhou certa evidência, em razão dos efeitos danosos ao meio ambiente e à saúde em geral e da descoberta e divulgação de casos que se tornaram emblemáticos. Na cidade de São Paulo, a reutilização de locais com tais características tem ocorrido muitas vezes de modo impróprio, num contexto de mudanças de uso do solo em função da alteração do perfil econômico da cidade. A existência dessas áreas contribui efetivamente para a deterioração do espaço urbano, com conseqüências imediatas na paisagem. A contaminação, no entanto, não significa a inviabilização da utilização de uma área, desde que procedimentos adequados sejam adotados, o que pode representar uma oportunidade para a requalificação de importantes regiões da cidade. Dessa forma, o objeto deste trabalho compreende o estudo das potencialidades e das limitações apresentadas na formulação, implantação e monitoramento de projetos paisagísticos em áreas contaminadas na cidade de São Paulo. / Result of the performing of certain activities, such as industries, warehouses, waste disposal, the soil and groundwater contamination is a theme which has gained certain prominence in a very recent past, due to the damaging effects to the environment and the health in general as well to the discovery and revealing of cases that became emblematic. In the city of São Paulo, the reuse of places with such characteristics has frequently occurred in an inappropriate way, within a context of change of the land use as a result of the modification in the economical characteristics of the city. The existence of those areas contributes effectively to the deterioration of the urban space with immediate consequences to the landscape. The contamination, however, doesn?t mean the unfeasibility of the reuse of an area, since the right procedures are adopted, which may represent an opportunity of requalification of important regions of the city. Thus, the object of this work deals with the study of the potentialities and the limitations presented in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of landscape designs in contaminated sites in the city of São Paulo.

<p>The purpose of the thesis has been to design and simulate different concepts of a secondary controlled swing drive for a wheel excavator. Secondary control is a known technology in the field of hydraulics that offers precise positioning as well as the possibility of energy recuperation. Secondary control is today used in certain industrial applications and is rather unemployed in mobile machinery. An excavator moves high loads in cyclic motions which are ideal conditions for energy recuperating systems. A study of the potential of a secondary controlled swing drive is therefore interesting. The focus has been on testing different circuit architectures and emergency brake concepts.</p><p>The results of the design process have been three types of circuit architectures and two types of hydraulic safety concepts. The results of the simulation have shown that the open and closed circuit architecture have similar energy efficiency. The closed circuit with low pressure accumulator however offers the best controllability. At least 20% energy savings can be achieved by storing thekinetic energy when braking.</p><p>A hydraulic emergency brake must function, independent on the direction of rotation of the excavator during a failure. The first principle recognises the rotation direction and changes the swivel angle of the secondary unit so that a braking torque is created. In the second principle a pressure difference is built up over the secondary unit that always results in a braking torque. Simulationshave shown that the principle with recognition of the speed direction is the most effective safety concept.</p>

Le chenal algal à haut rendement (CAHR) est un procédé dépuration qui offre, en plus de lépuration des ces eaux usées, la production dune biomasse valorisable. Dans ce contexte, notre travail de thèse a porté essentiellement sur la gestion, la récupération et la valorisation de cette biomasse. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nos travaux de recherche ont porté : dune part, sur le suivi par la technique de fluorescence variable de lactivité photosynthétique des microalgues au cours du processus épuratoire ; dautre part, sur lestimation de la biomasse par la technique de microscopie à épifluorescence et danalyse dimages. Les résultats obtenus ont prouvé lefficacité de ces deux techniques. Pour ce qui est de la récupération de la biomasse du chenal algal, on a dabord procédé, dans un premier temps, à déterminer les conditions dautofloculation des microalgues du CAHR ; par la suite on a effectué des essais de préconcentration de leffluent du chenal algal par filtration membranaire. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que cette technique est efficace quant à la récupération de la biomasse du CAHR. Les essais de décantation, centrifugation et flottation, réalisés sur le concentrat obtenu par filtration membranaire, ont montré, quant à eux, quil est préférable dutiliser la décantation comme technique pour récupérer la biomasse préconcentrée par filtration membranaire. Après la récupération de la biomasse du chenal algal, on a procédé à sa caractérisation en vue dévaluer son contenu en protéines, lipides, polysaccharides et pigments. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la biomasse est très riche en pigments chlorophylliens et caroténoïdes ; par conséquent sa valorisation a été orientée vers la voie dextraction du Biogreen. Létude de faisabilité de la technique dextraction envisagée a été effectuée dans le cas du chenal algal en vraie grandeur de la station Essada de Marrakech. Le calcul économique a dégagé une marge bénéficiaire importante, ce qui pourrait, par la suite, contribuer à assurer léquilibre financier du chenal algal à haut rendement.

The purpose of the thesis has been to design and simulate different concepts of a secondary controlled swing drive for a wheel excavator. Secondary control is a known technology in the field of hydraulics that offers precise positioning as well as the possibility of energy recuperation. Secondary control is today used in certain industrial applications and is rather unemployed in mobile machinery. An excavator moves high loads in cyclic motions which are ideal conditions for energy recuperating systems. A study of the potential of a secondary controlled swing drive is therefore interesting. The focus has been on testing different circuit architectures and emergency brake concepts. The results of the design process have been three types of circuit architectures and two types of hydraulic safety concepts. The results of the simulation have shown that the open and closed circuit architecture have similar energy efficiency. The closed circuit with low pressure accumulator however offers the best controllability. At least 20% energy savings can be achieved by storing thekinetic energy when braking. A hydraulic emergency brake must function, independent on the direction of rotation of the excavator during a failure. The first principle recognises the rotation direction and changes the swivel angle of the secondary unit so that a braking torque is created. In the second principle a pressure difference is built up over the secondary unit that always results in a braking torque. Simulationshave shown that the principle with recognition of the speed direction is the most effective safety concept.

Resultado da realização de determinadas atividades, como indústrias, depósitos, disposição de resíduos, a contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas é um tema que só num passado muito recente ganhou certa evidência, em razão dos efeitos danosos ao meio ambiente e à saúde em geral e da descoberta e divulgação de casos que se tornaram emblemáticos. Na cidade de São Paulo, a reutilização de locais com tais características tem ocorrido muitas vezes de modo impróprio, num contexto de mudanças de uso do solo em função da alteração do perfil econômico da cidade. A existência dessas áreas contribui efetivamente para a deterioração do espaço urbano, com conseqüências imediatas na paisagem. A contaminação, no entanto, não significa a inviabilização da utilização de uma área, desde que procedimentos adequados sejam adotados, o que pode representar uma oportunidade para a requalificação de importantes regiões da cidade. Dessa forma, o objeto deste trabalho compreende o estudo das potencialidades e das limitações apresentadas na formulação, implantação e monitoramento de projetos paisagísticos em áreas contaminadas na cidade de São Paulo. / Result of the performing of certain activities, such as industries, warehouses, waste disposal, the soil and groundwater contamination is a theme which has gained certain prominence in a very recent past, due to the damaging effects to the environment and the health in general as well to the discovery and revealing of cases that became emblematic. In the city of São Paulo, the reuse of places with such characteristics has frequently occurred in an inappropriate way, within a context of change of the land use as a result of the modification in the economical characteristics of the city. The existence of those areas contributes effectively to the deterioration of the urban space with immediate consequences to the landscape. The contamination, however, doesn?t mean the unfeasibility of the reuse of an area, since the right procedures are adopted, which may represent an opportunity of requalification of important regions of the city. Thus, the object of this work deals with the study of the potentialities and the limitations presented in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of landscape designs in contaminated sites in the city of São Paulo.

In spite of their high technical maturity, load sensing systems (LS) have system-inherent energy losses that are largely due to the operation of parallel actuators with different loads at the same pressure level. Hereby, the pressure compensators of the system are crucial. So far, excessive hydraulic energy has been throttled at these compensators and been discharged as heat via the oil. The research project “Reduction of System Inherent Pressure Losses at Pressure Compensators of Hydraulic Load Sensing Systems” aims to investigate a novel solution of reducing such energy losses. The pressure of particular sections can be increased by means of a novel hydraulic circuit. Therefore, a recovery unit is connected in series with a hydraulic accumulator via a special valve in the reflux of the actuators. The artificially increased pressure level of the section reduces the amount of hydraulic power to be throttled at the pressure compensators. As long as a section fulfills the switching condition of the valve, pressure losses at the respectiv pressure compensator can be reduced. Thus, via a suitable recovery unit excessive energy can be regenerated and can be directed to other process steps eventually.

This paper is presenting the application of Power Regenerative Boom(PRB) system to excavator. In order to increase the fuel efficiency of the excavator, potential energy of the front structure is recuperated by the hydraulic hybrid system with electric-hydraulic control, during boom down motion. Charged energy into accumulator is reused after boom down motion, the pressurized oil goes to hydraulic motor. The hydraulic motor is mounted on the engine PTO(Power Take-Off), therefore output torque of the hydraulic motor assists the diesel engine directy, it leads to decrease fuel consumption of diesel engine. After the system design and simulation investigation, the presented system was installed into Doosan’s 38ton excavator, DX380LC-3 model, and the energy saving result was verified by a digging and dumping repetition test. The test result shows that fuel consumption was dramatically decreased by 5.0 L/hr compared to the standard DX380LC-3.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de uma zona alagadiça (wertland) que ocorre nas dependências de uma usina situada em Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia, como medida de controle da contaminação proveniente de um barramento de escória contaminada por metais pesados. Inicialmente, foi proposto um levantamento anual com amostragens semanais das águas pluviais e superficiais da zona alagadiça, com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência da zona alagadiça, por meio do levantamento das concentrações dos metais oriundos dos processos de lixiviação e/ou solubilização da escória nos seus pontos de entrada e saída do sistema alagado e, concentrações e potencial disponibilidade dos metais retidos nos sedimentos da zona alagadiça. Foram selecionados os seguintes parâmetros: para as águas pluviais o pH e o volume da chuva; para as águas superficiais as concentrações dos metais Chumbo (Pb), Cádmio (Cd), Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu), Alumínio (Al), Manganês (Mn), Ferro (Fe), Magnésio (Mg) e Cálcio (Ca) e os parâmetros de suporte pH, Eh, condutividade, Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD) e temperatura. Para o solo e sedimento da zona alagadiça as concentrações dos metais Pb, Cd, Zn e Cu e, determinação por análise por extração seqüencial do total removido pelo sistema nas suas diversas fases e a potencial disponibilidade dos metais pesados. Todavia, uma modificação da estratégia de pesquisa teve que ser feita em função de uma decisão judicial que determinou o recobrimento da escória e do ponto de entrada da zona alagadiça. Em função do ocorrido, a pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas considerando os levantamentos efetuados antes, durante e depois do recobrimento. Os dados levantados nos cinco meses antes do recobrimento mostraram que os metais cádmio, chumbo, cobre e zinco estão sendo retidos pela zona alagadiça e, que este sistema foi eficiência de 100% para os metais cobre e zinco, 82% para o chumbo e 73% para o cádmio. Os parâmetros de suporte que influenciam a remoção destes metais foram o pH, entre neutro a alcalino, e Eh, na faixa de oxidação das águas superficiais, além da alta capacidade de troca catiônica da montmorilonita presente no sedimento. Quanto ao potencial de disponibilidade dos metais, cádmio, chumbo e zinco apresentam valores elevados, enquanto o cobre encontra-se preferencialmente concentrado na fase residual. A segunda etapa do levantamento realizada durante o recobrimento da escória demonstrou que ocorreu pouca migração dos metais da zona alagadiça, embora a empresa não tenha obedecido as normas técnicas para o recobrimento da escória. Na terceira etapa foi realizado levantamento na saída da zona alagadiça e da drenagem próxima ao rio Subaé. As análises levantadas demonstraram a grande disponibilidade do cádmio no sistema alagado, este mecanismo foi acionado a partir da erosão do solo contaminado disposto sobre a escória e a grande solubilidade do cádmio. Desta forma pode-se conclui que as zonas alagadiças estão sendo eficientes na retenção dos metais. A redução de sua área é indesejável, pois tende a diminuir sua eficiência, como sistema de controle da poluição das águas superficiais, recomenda-se a construção de nova zona alagadiça a jusante da existem. / A lead ore smaller which operated from 1960 to 1993 in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia State, disposed of 490,000 tons of slag in a landfill situated in the situated in the industrial site. Earthworks formed a man-made wetland downstream of the slag landfill, which acted as a metal retaining systems, thus preventing further water pollution. This research aimed at investigating the efficiency of this wetland as a water pollution control system. The research plan scheduled weekly samplings of rainfall, rainwater pH and water runoff in two points corresponding to the input and the output of the wetland for determination of metals concentration (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca), as well as water pH, Eh, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen (OD). In addition, soil and sediment in the wetland were sampled and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu by sequential extraction methods. However, a Court ruling following a lawsuit for environmental damage led to the slag being covered by clayish soil weeks after sampling began. As a consequence, the point where waters entered the wetlands has been covered. Hence, sampling in this point has been discontinued and a new sampling point was established downstream of the wetland, at a point where its waters flow into a river. Results showed that before cover-up, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were being retained in the wetland at rates reaching 100% for Cu and Zn, 82% for Pb and 73% for Cd. After cover-up, Cd was being released into the waters. Sequential extraction showed that only Cu is not available for leaching, since it is mostly concentrated in the insoluble phase. On the other hand, Pb, Cd and Zn are potentially available, thus could re-enter other media if wetland is disturbed. The wetland acts as an efficient device for retaining metals because of near neutral water pH, oxidizing water Eh, and the existence of montmorillonite clay in the sediments, which features high cationic exchange capacity. It is concluded that this involuntary wetland has been working, as an efficient system for water pollution control. The reduction in its size, due to the cover-up activities, is undesirable. Hence, a new constructed wetland is proposed downstream of the existing one. Then, we can end that the wetland of Plumbum this being efficient in the control of the metals, from when interferences anthropogenetic that maximize the capacity of support of this system don’t happen.