<p>A lot of today’s new developments strive for energy efficiency. This includes the hydraulic side of industry. The Division of Fluid andMechanical Engineering Systems of Linköpings University in collaboration with Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna has developed a newhydraulic concept when it comes to the control of cylinder loads in a wheel loader. The concept differs from today’s application, where the cylinderload is controlled via a valve, in the way that the load is solely controlled by a pump. To control this system, an electrical feed back of operatorsdemanded signal is needed. These signals have to be correctly interpreted so that valve and the pumps perform the requested operation. The newsystem is going to need a unit that can perform these operations in a way that corresponds to the operating level of today’s hydraulically controlledsystem.The study aims to develop a software platform that solves this. This platform shall, besides performing the operators’ demands, monitor the system.The monitoring of the system is a crucial part because of security issues, but also when analyzing the systems functionality. The implementation ofthis software will be done in a real-time computer with the ability to collect data, interpret it and then control the connected units of the system.Further work that is to be done is an energy consumption study of today’s hydraulic system, and on the basis of this study, theoretically evaluate thenew system.The study has resulted in a great insight of an industrial mechanic machine, this in a level that includes an entire system. The wide range of thistask has brought analysis and development of both hydraul mechanical-, electrical- and software related systems. With an understanding of these,both separate and in interaction with each other, a platform has been designed that shall facilitate the forthcoming development of energy efficienthydraulics, both at VCE and LiTH.</p>

Heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) play a very important role in combined cycle (CC) power plants, where steam is generated from a gas turbine exhaust and supplied at the appropriate pressure and temperature to steam turbines for further power generation. The power plants achieve an overall efficiency above 55% and are ideally suited for combined heat and power generation in utility systems. The performance of energy conversion is improved by reducing exergy losses which implies reducing the temperature difference between the combustion gas and the steam cycle. Thus recent HRSG designs include up to three pressure levels with reheat in the steam cycle for maximum energy recovery and the use of high pressure, high temperature superheater and reheater in CC plants. Super critical boilers are also conceivable. Since HRSG performance has a large impact on the overall efficiency of the CC power plant, an accurate simulation of the performance of the HRSG is necessary. We present a steady state HRSG model to support design and rating simulations of vertical units. The simulation model, called FELVAL, divides the boiler in its rows. The row model can also be divided several times following the tube length, to better estimate the fumes temperature distribution across the hot gas path. Another model, called SUFVAL, carries out the design as well as the automatic generation of the FELVAL units and all the needed connections. The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method and the effectiveness-NTU (ε -NTU) method are alternatively used to compute the overall heat transferred in each part of the HRSG. The problem of convergence of boiler models with more than one row in parallel is discussed. Good initialisation of the different variables is crucial to obtain convergence. The models are tested on 2 references HRSG. The first one is an assisted circulation boiler that operates at 3 subcritical pressure levels. The second is a once through boiler able to operate above the critical pressure of water. These new models were introduced into a commercial software of data reconciliation (VALI of Belsim sa) already used by the engineering and design departments of a HRSG manufacturer. They thus have a general-purpose package enabling them to make design, data reconciliation and simulation with the same software. Moreover, the use of FELVAL model will enable them to simulate any type of boiler and to obtain informations on the change of the temperatures inside the heat exchangers. This information is crucial for well monitoring closely the operation of a boiler, and better understanding its behaviour. This knowledge improvement allows to limit the overdesign and the safety margins and to reduce the investment costs.

Abstract Food and recuperation has a superior importance in human life and it is hard to deny the distinction of the food in everyday life. Nutritious food gives energy to benefit activities of the day and influences on behavior and performance as well as well being. The meaning of the terms meal and mealtime are key concepts in this study and the several beneficial aspects beyond the physiological function. Inadequate time for the meal might provide degenerative consequences for individual health and generate outgoings for society. The aim of this study was that from an individual perspective describe work environment conditions for meals and recovery potential among employees with irregular working hours using mixed methods with both questionnaire and interviews. Four (4) airline employees participated. Result from this study demonstrated that airline employees, especially cabin crew, rarely could effect on the surrounding environment of the meal. The participants indicated the irregularity of the meals and meal patterns at work along with constant time pressure and economic directives as the main underlying factors from their perspective. The study concluded that the time, place and money dictated the terms of the mealtime and that the potential of recovery was virtually nonexistent. Keywords: meal, eating habits, shift work, health promotion, recovery/recuperation

A lot of today’s new developments strive for energy efficiency. This includes the hydraulic side of industry. The Division of Fluid andMechanical Engineering Systems of Linköpings University in collaboration with Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna has developed a newhydraulic concept when it comes to the control of cylinder loads in a wheel loader. The concept differs from today’s application, where the cylinderload is controlled via a valve, in the way that the load is solely controlled by a pump. To control this system, an electrical feed back of operatorsdemanded signal is needed. These signals have to be correctly interpreted so that valve and the pumps perform the requested operation. The newsystem is going to need a unit that can perform these operations in a way that corresponds to the operating level of today’s hydraulically controlledsystem.The study aims to develop a software platform that solves this. This platform shall, besides performing the operators’ demands, monitor the system.The monitoring of the system is a crucial part because of security issues, but also when analyzing the systems functionality. The implementation ofthis software will be done in a real-time computer with the ability to collect data, interpret it and then control the connected units of the system.Further work that is to be done is an energy consumption study of today’s hydraulic system, and on the basis of this study, theoretically evaluate thenew system.The study has resulted in a great insight of an industrial mechanic machine, this in a level that includes an entire system. The wide range of thistask has brought analysis and development of both hydraul mechanical-, electrical- and software related systems. With an understanding of these,both separate and in interaction with each other, a platform has been designed that shall facilitate the forthcoming development of energy efficienthydraulics, both at VCE and LiTH.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de uma zona alagadiça (wertland) que ocorre nas dependências de uma usina situada em Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia, como medida de controle da contaminação proveniente de um barramento de escória contaminada por metais pesados. Inicialmente, foi proposto um levantamento anual com amostragens semanais das águas pluviais e superficiais da zona alagadiça, com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência da zona alagadiça, por meio do levantamento das concentrações dos metais oriundos dos processos de lixiviação e/ou solubilização da escória nos seus pontos de entrada e saída do sistema alagado e, concentrações e potencial disponibilidade dos metais retidos nos sedimentos da zona alagadiça. Foram selecionados os seguintes parâmetros: para as águas pluviais o pH e o volume da chuva; para as águas superficiais as concentrações dos metais Chumbo (Pb), Cádmio (Cd), Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu), Alumínio (Al), Manganês (Mn), Ferro (Fe), Magnésio (Mg) e Cálcio (Ca) e os parâmetros de suporte pH, Eh, condutividade, Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD) e temperatura. Para o solo e sedimento da zona alagadiça as concentrações dos metais Pb, Cd, Zn e Cu e, determinação por análise por extração seqüencial do total removido pelo sistema nas suas diversas fases e a potencial disponibilidade dos metais pesados. Todavia, uma modificação da estratégia de pesquisa teve que ser feita em função de uma decisão judicial que determinou o recobrimento da escória e do ponto de entrada da zona alagadiça. Em função do ocorrido, a pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas considerando os levantamentos efetuados antes, durante e depois do recobrimento. Os dados levantados nos cinco meses antes do recobrimento mostraram que os metais cádmio, chumbo, cobre e zinco estão sendo retidos pela zona alagadiça e, que este sistema foi eficiência de 100% para os metais cobre e zinco, 82% para o chumbo e 73% para o cádmio. Os parâmetros de suporte que influenciam a remoção destes metais foram o pH, entre neutro a alcalino, e Eh, na faixa de oxidação das águas superficiais, além da alta capacidade de troca catiônica da montmorilonita presente no sedimento. Quanto ao potencial de disponibilidade dos metais, cádmio, chumbo e zinco apresentam valores elevados, enquanto o cobre encontra-se preferencialmente concentrado na fase residual. A segunda etapa do levantamento realizada durante o recobrimento da escória demonstrou que ocorreu pouca migração dos metais da zona alagadiça, embora a empresa não tenha obedecido as normas técnicas para o recobrimento da escória. Na terceira etapa foi realizado levantamento na saída da zona alagadiça e da drenagem próxima ao rio Subaé. As análises levantadas demonstraram a grande disponibilidade do cádmio no sistema alagado, este mecanismo foi acionado a partir da erosão do solo contaminado disposto sobre a escória e a grande solubilidade do cádmio. Desta forma pode-se conclui que as zonas alagadiças estão sendo eficientes na retenção dos metais. A redução de sua área é indesejável, pois tende a diminuir sua eficiência, como sistema de controle da poluição das águas superficiais, recomenda-se a construção de nova zona alagadiça a jusante da existem. / A lead ore smaller which operated from 1960 to 1993 in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia State, disposed of 490,000 tons of slag in a landfill situated in the situated in the industrial site. Earthworks formed a man-made wetland downstream of the slag landfill, which acted as a metal retaining systems, thus preventing further water pollution. This research aimed at investigating the efficiency of this wetland as a water pollution control system. The research plan scheduled weekly samplings of rainfall, rainwater pH and water runoff in two points corresponding to the input and the output of the wetland for determination of metals concentration (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca), as well as water pH, Eh, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen (OD). In addition, soil and sediment in the wetland were sampled and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu by sequential extraction methods. However, a Court ruling following a lawsuit for environmental damage led to the slag being covered by clayish soil weeks after sampling began. As a consequence, the point where waters entered the wetlands has been covered. Hence, sampling in this point has been discontinued and a new sampling point was established downstream of the wetland, at a point where its waters flow into a river. Results showed that before cover-up, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were being retained in the wetland at rates reaching 100% for Cu and Zn, 82% for Pb and 73% for Cd. After cover-up, Cd was being released into the waters. Sequential extraction showed that only Cu is not available for leaching, since it is mostly concentrated in the insoluble phase. On the other hand, Pb, Cd and Zn are potentially available, thus could re-enter other media if wetland is disturbed. The wetland acts as an efficient device for retaining metals because of near neutral water pH, oxidizing water Eh, and the existence of montmorillonite clay in the sediments, which features high cationic exchange capacity. It is concluded that this involuntary wetland has been working, as an efficient system for water pollution control. The reduction in its size, due to the cover-up activities, is undesirable. Hence, a new constructed wetland is proposed downstream of the existing one. Then, we can end that the wetland of Plumbum this being efficient in the control of the metals, from when interferences anthropogenetic that maximize the capacity of support of this system don’t happen.

This thesis deals with comprehensive study and design of recovery system of a road vehicle powered by human power. It contains an overview of different types of heat recovery devices, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the construction of such a vehicle.

Lately, car manufacturers have been put to a big challenge to reduce the CO2 emission of their entire fleets. Norms of pollutant emissions limit the ways to achieve the desired CO2 emission goals, as some of the solutions that would lead to lower CO2 emission also lead to higher pollutant emission. Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) could be a good solution to lower the CO2 emission of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) without increasing the pollutant emission. In the present thesis different WHR strategies are analysed and the results suggested it would be interesting to further study the Brayton cycle machine. Air Brayton Cycle (ABC) represents a way to recover a part of the heat energy of the ICE exhaust gases and transform it into mechanical energy. Recovered mechanical energy would then be returned to the crankshaft of the ICE, thereby reducing the amount of energy that has to be liberated by combustion of fuel which lowers the fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The study of ABC started with an analysis of the ideal cycle in order to obtain the theoretical maximum of the system. The study continued with an analysis of the semi ideal cycle where all losses are taken into account only by two efficiency coefficients. This analysis showed that for the diesel engine efficiency of the ABC is very low because of the low exhaust gas temperature. For the gasoline engine the cycle could be viable when the ICE is working under steady condition and higher load. These conditions could be fulfilled when the vehicle is driven on the highway. Detailed analysis was aimed at determining the cycle main losses. They were determined to be: pumping losses, losses caused by heat transfer and mechanical losses. Taking into account these main losses along with other direct and indirect losses it was concluded that the cycle is not viable for the types of the WHR machines that were considered in this study. In order for the cycle to be viable some other either existing or new machine type should be tested, that would lower the main losses and offer good isentropic and mechanical efficiency for desired conditions. / Últimamente los fabricantes de automóviles se han puesto el gran reto de reducir la emisión de CO2 en la totalidad de sus flotas. Las nuevas normativas para la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes limitan los medios para lograr los objetivos deseados en la emisión de CO2 porque algunas de las soluciones que llevan a la reducción en la emisión de CO2 también dan lugar a un incremento en la emisión de otros contaminantes. La recuperación de calor residual (WHR) podría ser una buena solución para reducir las emisiones de CO2 del motor de combustión interna (ICE) sin poner en peligro la emisión de contaminantes. En la presente Tesis se analizaron diferentes estrategias de WHR y se concluyó que sería interesante estudiar más a fondo la máquina de ciclo Brayton. El Ciclo Brayton de Aire (ABC) permite recuperar una parte del calor de los gases de escape del ICE y transformar este calor en energía mecánica. La energía mecánica recuperada se devuelve al cigüeñal del ICE, reduciendo de ese modo la cantidad de energía que tiene que ser liberada por la combustión del combustible, lo cual permite reducir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO2. En esta Tesis se estudia el ABC mediante un análisis del ciclo ideal con el fin de obtener el máximo teórico del sistema. El modelo se mejora con un análisis del ciclo semi-ideal donde se tienen en cuenta todas las pérdidas mediante el uso de dos coeficientes generales. Este análisis muestra que para el motor diesel la eficiencia del ciclo ABC es muy baja debido a la baja temperatura del gas de escape. Para el motor de gasolina el ciclo podría ser viable cuando el ICE está trabajando bajo condiciones estacionarias y una carga mayor. Estas condiciones se podrían cumplir cuando el vehículo está circulando en autopista. El análisis detallado de este ciclo tiene como objetivo determinar las pérdidas principales de ciclo. Las pérdidas principales se identificaron como: las pérdidas de bombeo, las pérdidas causadas por la transferencia de calor y las pérdidas mecánicas. Teniendo en cuenta estas pérdidas principales junto con otras pérdidas directas e indirectas, se concluyó que el ciclo no es viable para los tipos de máquinas WHR que fueron considerados en este estudio. Para que el ciclo sea viable se tiene que buscar alguna otra máquina existente o un nuevo tipo de máquina que reduzca las principales pérdidas y ofrezca un buen rendimiento isentrópico y mecánico para las condiciones deseadas. / Últimament els fabricants d'automòbils s'han posat el gran repte de reduir l'emissió de CO2 de la totalitat de les seues flotes. Les noves normatives de reducció de les emissions contaminants limiten els mitjans per assolir els objectius desitjats d'emissió de CO2 perquè algunes de les solucions que porten a la reducció en l'emissió de CO2 també donen lloc a un increment a l'emissió de altres contaminants. La recuperació de calor residual (WHR) podria ser una bona solució per reduir les emissions de CO2 del motor de combustió interna (ICE) sense posar en perill l'emissió de contaminants. En la present Tesi s'han analitzat diferents estratègies WHR i es va concloure que seria interessant estudiar més a fons el cicle Brayton. El Cicle Brayton d'Aire (ABC) representa una manera de recuperar una part de la calor dels gasos d'escapament de l'ICE i transformar calor a l'energia mecànica. L'energia mecànica recuperada es retorna al cigonyal de l'ICE reduint d'aquesta manera la quantitat d'energia que ha de ser alliberada per la combustió del combustible permitint la reducció del consum de combustible i les emissions de CO2. En aquesta Tesi s'ha començat estudiant un ABC amb una anàlisi del cicle ideal per tal d'obtenir el màxim teòric del sistema. Este model es millora amb una anàlisi del cicle semiideal on es tenen en compte totes les pèrdues amb tan sols dos coeficients d'eficiència. Aquesta anàlisi va mostrar que per al motor dièsel l'eficiència del cicle ABC és molt baixa a causa de la baixa temperatura del gas d'escapament. Per al motor de gasolina el cicle podria ser viable quan l'ICE està treballant sota condicions estacionàries i una càrrega més gran. Aquestes condicions es podrien complir quan el vehicle està circulant en autopista. L'anàlisi detallada del cicle va tenir com a objectiu determinar les pèrdues principals de cicle. Les pèrdues principals es van identificar com: les pèrdues de bombament, les pèrdues causades per la transferència de calor i les pèrdues mecàniques. Tenint en compte aquestes pèrdues principals juntament amb altres pèrdues directes i indirectes, es va concloure que el cicle no és viable per als tipus de màquines WHR que van ser considerats en aquest estudi. Perquè el cicle puga ser viable s'ha de buscar alguna altra màquina existent o un nou tipus de màquina que puga reduir les principals pèrdues i puga oferir un bon rendiment isentròpic i mecànic per a les condicions desitjades. / Kleut, P. (2016). Recuperation of the exhaust gases energy using a Brayton cycle machine [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/76807 / TESIS

This thesis deals with comprehensive study and design of recovery system of a road vehicle powered by human power. It contains an overview of different types of heat recovery devices, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the construction of such a vehicle.

Obsahem této diplomové práce byla vhodnost využití turbodmychadla s přidruženým motor-generátorem pro vybrané typy hybridních vozidel a následná analýza energetických toků pro danou motorovou aplikaci. Přístup prezentovaný v práci zahrnuje termodynamický model motoru v programu GT-SUITE ve kterém jsou zkoumány možnosti energetických toků při změně velikost turbínového a kompresorového kola turbodmychadla. Přistup je aplikován na turbodmychadlo s variabní geometrií lopatek s přidruženým motor generátorem pro donáškové vozidlo, kde je možné při různých zatíženích motoru rekuperovat energii z turbodmychadla. Zároveň byli zjištěny možnosti snížení spotřeby paliva v určitých provozních bodech motoru.

This thesis deals with comprehensive study and design of recovery system of a road vehicle powered by human power. It contains an overview of different types of heat recovery devices, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the construction of such a vehicle.