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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caractérisation d’une nouvelle fonction de la protéine Us11 dans l’échappement à l’autophagie par le virus Herpès Simplex de type 1 / Characterization of a novel function of Us11 protein in HSV-1 escape from autophagy

Lussignol, Marion 26 March 2013 (has links)
L’autophagie est un mécanisme vacuolaire de dégradation de matériel cytoplasmique permettant le maintien de l’homéostasie cellulaire, mais elle peut être également activée par de nombreux stress, comme l’infection virale. Le virus de l’Herpès Simplex de type 1 (HSV 1) est capable de contrecarrer ce mécanisme de défense antivirale. HSV-1 possède une protéine ICP34.5 capable d’inhiber l’autophagie en se liant à Beclin 1, une protéine de la machinerie autophagique. Nous avons mis en évidence une deuxième protéine d’HSV-1 capable d’inhiber l’autophagie, la protéine tardive Us11, qui pourrait avoir un rôle complémentaire à celui d’ICP34.5 dans le contrôle de l’autophagie par le virus.Nous montrons que l’expression ectopique d’Us11 permet de bloquer l’autophagie induite par différents stimuli, et ce de manière similaire à ICP34.5. De plus, dans un contexte viral, l’expression précoce d’Us11 dans des cellules infectées par un virusICP34.5 permet un contrôle de l’autophagie comparable à celui d’un virus sauvage. Nous avons ensuite recherché le mécanisme d’action d’Us11. La protéine Us11 a été décrite comme pouvant interagir avec la kinase dépendante de l’ARN double brin PKR, empêchant ainsi la phosphorylation de son substrat eIF2, un facteur d’initiation de la traduction. Nous avons observé qu’en l’absence de PKR, Us11 n’est plus capable d’inhiber l’autophagie. Nous avons pu confirmer qu’Us11 a besoin de se lier à PKR pour exercer son activité inhibitrice par la construction de formes tronquées d’Us11, permettant de montrer l’importance de son domaine d’interaction avec PKR dans l’inhibition de l’autophagie. L’étude des formes tronquées d’Us11 a soulevé le fait que le domaine N-terminal était également nécessaire. Aucune interaction de ce domaine avec une protéine cellulaire n’a été identifiée à ce jour, mais il pourrait permettre l’interaction d’Us11 avec une autre protéine de la machinerie autophagique. Cependant, nous avons montré qu’Us11 n’interagissait pas avec Beclin 1 et n’avait pas d’effet sur la kinase mTOR, une autre voie importante de l’autophagie. Enfin, nous avons étudié la modulation de la voie PKR/eIF2 lors de la stimulation de l’autophagie par la carence, et nos résultats suggèrent que cette voie joue un rôle sous-estimé dans la réponse à la carence.Le mécanisme d’action de la protéine Us11, qui consiste en un blocage de l’autophagie en inhibant PKR, n’avait jamais été décrit auparavant. Ce travail ouvre de nombreuses perspectives dans l’étude de la voie PKR/eIF2 vis à vis de la régulation de l’autophagie, ainsi que dans la compréhension de l’implication de l’autophagie dans la neurovirulence d’HSV-1. / Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved vacuolar mechanism allowing to degrade cytoplasmic components and to maintaining cellular homeostasis, but it can also be triggered by a variety of stress-related conditions, including viral infection. The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is able to counteract this antiviral mechanism. Notably, HSV-1 encodes a protein, IPC34.5, which inhibits autophagy through its interaction with the autophagy machinery protein Beclin 1. In the present work, we uncovered a second anti-autophagic protein from HSV-1, the late protein Us11, which likely plays a complementary role to ICP34.5 regarding the inhibition of autophagy by the virus. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of Us11 inhibited autophagy triggered by different stimuli, as observed for ICP34.5. Moreover, during viral infection, early expression of Us11 was sufficient to block autophagy in cells infected with a ICP34.5 virus, similarly to the wild-type virus. We then explored the mechanism of action of Us11. Us11 has been described as capable of interacting with the dsRNA-dependent kinase PKR, therefore preventing it to phosphorylate its substrate eIF2, a translation initiation factor. We demonstrated that Us11 was no longer able to inhibit autophagy when expressed in PKR-deficient cells. We confirmed that Us11 binding to PKR was necessary for its function by constructing various truncated forms of Us11 that showed that the PKR-binding domain was crucial. We also unveiled the importance of a domain located within the N-terminal part of Us11. This domain has no cellular molecular partner known, but it can allow Us11 to interact with another protein of the autophagy machinery. However, we further showed that Us11 did not interact with Beclin 1 nor affected the kinase activity of mTOR, another important pathway regulating autophagy. In our work, we also gained insights into regulatory mechanisms of starvation-induced autophagy.The inhibition of autophagy through the specific blockade of PKR by Us11 had never been previously described. This work thus paves the way for studying the involvement of PKR/eIF2 pathway in the regulation of autophagy and for exploring the role of autophagy in HSV-1 neurovirulence.
2

Mechanismen der Immunmodulation durch die Genprodukte US11 und US28 des humanen Zytomegalievirus

Droese, Jana 08 November 2005 (has links)
Humane Zytomegalieviren (HCMV) etablieren nach einer Primärinfektion eine lebenslange latente oder persistierende Infektion. Es wird allgemein angenommen, daß hieran die Manipulation der humanen Immunantwort durch das Virus beteiligt ist. Hierzu zählen die Hemmung von zytotoxischen CD8+ T-Zellen durch das Genprodukt US11 und die Beeinträchtigung der Leukozytenwanderung durch die Hemmung des Chemokinsystems durch den Chemokinrezeptor US28. Die Effizienz der US11-vermittelten Hemmung der T-Zell-Aktivierung wurde in einem rekombinanten Modell zur MHC-Klasse-I-vermittelten T-Zell-Aktivierung untersucht. Obwohl die Expression der MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle durch US11 in dendritische Zellen (DCs) um bis zu 60% vermindert war, konnte keine Hemmung der T-Zell-Proliferation beobachtet werden. US28 ist der einzige funktionelle Rezeptor für die inflammatorischen Chemokine MCP-1, MCP-3, RANTES, MIP-1(, MIP-1( sowie Fraktalkine. Er kann sowohl Liganden-abhängig die Aktivierung von MAPK als auch die konstitutive Aktivierung von NF-(B vermitteln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte mit Hilfe einer Rezeptormutante der Argininrest an Position 129 des DRY-Motivs als Voraussetzung für die Aktivierung der Signalwegen identifiziert werden. Ferner bewirkt die Expression des US28-Rezeptors die Entfernung inflammatorischer Chemokine aus der Umgebung infizierter Zellen. Molekulare Grundlage der Liganden-Depletion stellt die Endozytose des US28-Liganden-Komplexes dar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß der US28-Rezeptor eine Umlagerung von (-Arrestin-Molekülen in Vesikel vermittelt, jedoch unabhängig von Arrestin-Molekülen endozytiert wird. Die Endozytose des US28-Rezeptors war abhängig von der GTP-ase Dynamin. Ebenso konnte die Beteiligung des Lipid-Raft-Weges an der US28-Endozytose gezeigt werden. Die Hemmung des Clathrinweges bewirkte jedoch eine zweifach stärkere Verminderung der US28-Endozytose, kann der Clathrin-abhängige Weg als der Hauptweg der US28-Endozytose angesehen werden. / Primary infections of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are followed by a lifelong infection in the state of latency or persistence. It is believed that the virus employs a number of immunomodulatory mechanisms to establish latent infections. Among these are the inhibition of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells by US11 and the impairment of leukocyte migration by US28. The potency of US11 to mediate the inhibition of T-cell activation was analysed in a model of MHC class I mediated T-cell activation. Surface expression of MHC class I molecules was reduced by 60 % after expression of US11 in murine dendritic cells. In contrast, there was no reduction in the capacity of the dendritic cells to induce T-cell proliferation. The US28 gene product has been characterized as a functional receptor for the inflammatory chemokines RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1?? MIP-1? and fractalkine.Upon ligand stimulation US28 mediates the activation of MAPK and additionally a constitutive activation of NF-?B. By generating site directed receptor mutant it was shown that the arginine at position 129 represents a structural requirement for both the ligand-induced and the constitutive signaling by US28. Moreover, it was suggested that the US28 dependent sequestration of chemokines from the environment of infected cells hinders leukocytes from the recruitment to sites of viral infection. A molecular mechanism for the ligand depletion is provided by the endocytosis of US28-ligand complexes. Studies revealed that US28 expression induced a redistribution of ?-arrestin molecules into vesicular structures but was dispensable for the endocytosis of the US28 receptor. However, US28 internalization was dependent on the small GTPase dynamin and by impaired receptor endocytosis after inhibition of the lipid raft pathway. Since inhibition of the clathrin dependent pathway resulted in a two-fold stronger reduction of US28 endocytosis, the clathrin-dependent pathway can be considered as the major route of US28 endocytosis.
3

B Virus Uses a Different Mechanism to Counteract the PKR Response

Zhu, Li 14 September 2007 (has links)
B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), which causes an often fatal zoonotic infection in humans, shares extensive homology with human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The ƒ×134.5 gene of HSV-1 plays a major role in counteracting dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) activity. HSV-1 Us11 protein, if expressed early as a result of mutation, binds to PKR and prevents PKR activation. The results of experiments in this dissertation revealed that although B virus lacks a ƒ×134.5 gene homolog, it is able to inhibit PKR activation, and subsequently, eIF2ƒÑ phosphorylation. The initial hypothesis was that B virus Us11 protein substitutes for the function of ƒ×134.5 gene homolog by blocking cellular PKR activation. Using western blot analysis, Us11 protein (20 kDa) of B virus was observed early following infection (3 h post infection). Expression of B virus Us11 protein was not blocked by phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), an inhibitor of DNA replication, confirming Us11 is not a ¡§true late¡¨ gene of B virus as it is in HSV-1. Analysis of these results suggested that B virus Us11 protein compensates for the lack of the ƒ×134.5 gene homolog and prevents PKR activation. Next, the results demonstrated that B virus Us11 recombinant protein prevented PKR activation by dsRNA in vitro. A B virus Us11 protein stable expression cell line (U373-BVUs11) was established to investigate whether Us11 protein inhibited PKR activation in vivo. Experiments revealed that B virus Us11 protein stably expressed in U373 cells prevented PKR activation and subsequent eIF2ƒÑ phosphorylation induced by the infection of these cells with ƒ´ƒ×134.5 of HSV-1. As the consequence of preventing PKR activation and subsequent eIF2ƒÑ phosphorylation, B virus Us11 protein complemented ƒ´ƒ×134.5 HSV-1 in U373 cells as evidenced by restoration of virus protein synthesis and replication in U373 cells. Furthermore, pull-down assays showed that B virus Us11 protein binds to PKR. In addition, the results demonstrated that B virus Us11 protein stably expressed in U373 cells counteracted the inhibiting effect of IFN-ƒÑ on HSV-1 replication by preventing PKR activation. These data suggested that B virus and HSV-1, two closely related viruses, use different mechanisms to counteract PKR activity.

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