<p>Internet banking has an impact on banking performance as well as customer’s daily life. Customers are getting more used to use Internet banking services because the Internet is so popular and common available, it is more convenient and comfortable for customers to use banking services on the Internet. Hereby Internet banking also helps to improve banking service and increasing banks profitability by reducing costs. It also increases the overall value of the banks services by providing convenience, reliable, faster, cheaper services. The purpose of study is to find out which services customer prefers to execute the Internet bank and which services customers prefer to execute through branch office and based on this, what combination of services are desirable for banks customers in Visby. Finding shows that young and educated people are more frequently users of Internet banking for balance inquiry and for viewing the transaction history of his/her account. For some services customers prefer to visit branch office when opining a new account, deposit money, insurances service and loan activities. Banks encourage their customers to use online services but there is need that there are some activities that customer must go to the branch office.</p>

tRNA genes have the fundamental role of translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. Beyond solely a passive decoding role, the tRNA pool exerts selection pressures on the codon usage of organisms and the viruses that infect them because processing codons read by rare tRNAs can be slow or even erroneous. To better understand the interactions of codons and anticodons in eukaryotic species, we first investigated whether tRNAs packaged into HIV-1 particles may relate to the poor codon usage of HIV-1 genes. By comparing the codon usage of HIV-1 genes with that of its human host, we found that tRNAs decoding poorly adapted codons are overrepresented in HIV-1 virions. Because the affinity of Gag-Pol for all tRNAs is non-specific, HIV packaging is most likely passive and reflects the tRNA pool at the time of viral particle formation. Moreover, differences that we found in the codon usage between early and late genes suggest alterations in the tRNA pool are induced late in viral infection. Next, we tested whether a reduced tRNA anticodon pattern, which was called into question by predicted tRNA datasets, is maintained across eukaryotes. tRNA prediction methods are prone to falsely identifying tRNA-derived repetitive sequences as functional tRNA genes. Thus, we proposed and tested a novel approach to identify falsely predicted tRNA genes using phylogenetics. Phylogenetic analysis removed nearly all the genes deviating from the anticodon pattern, therefore the anticodon pattern is reaffirmed across eukaryotes.

tRNA genes have the fundamental role of translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. Beyond solely a passive decoding role, the tRNA pool exerts selection pressures on the codon usage of organisms and the viruses that infect them because processing codons read by rare tRNAs can be slow or even erroneous. To better understand the interactions of codons and anticodons in eukaryotic species, we first investigated whether tRNAs packaged into HIV-1 particles may relate to the poor codon usage of HIV-1 genes. By comparing the codon usage of HIV-1 genes with that of its human host, we found that tRNAs decoding poorly adapted codons are overrepresented in HIV-1 virions. Because the affinity of Gag-Pol for all tRNAs is non-specific, HIV packaging is most likely passive and reflects the tRNA pool at the time of viral particle formation. Moreover, differences that we found in the codon usage between early and late genes suggest alterations in the tRNA pool are induced late in viral infection. Next, we tested whether a reduced tRNA anticodon pattern, which was called into question by predicted tRNA datasets, is maintained across eukaryotes. tRNA prediction methods are prone to falsely identifying tRNA-derived repetitive sequences as functional tRNA genes. Thus, we proposed and tested a novel approach to identify falsely predicted tRNA genes using phylogenetics. Phylogenetic analysis removed nearly all the genes deviating from the anticodon pattern, therefore the anticodon pattern is reaffirmed across eukaryotes.

This study investigates the nature of semantic compatibility between constructions and lexical items that occur in them in relation with language use, and the related concept, coercion, based on a usage-based approach to language, in which linguistic knowledge (grammar) is grounded in language use. This study shows that semantic compatibility between linguistic elements is a gradient phenomenon, and that speakers’ knowledge about the degree of semantic compatibility is intimately correlated with language use. To show this, I investigate two constructions of English: the sentential complement construction and the ditransitive construction. I observe speakers’ knowledge of the semantic compatibility between the constructions and lexical items and compared it with empirical data obtained from linguistic corpora and experiments on sentence processing and acceptability judgments. My findings specifically show that the relative semantic compatibility of the lexical items and the construction is significantly correlated with the frequency of use of their co-occurrences and the processing effort and speakers’ acceptability judgments for the co-occurrences. The empirical data show that a lexical item and a construction which are less than fully compatible can be actually used together when the incompatibility is resolved. The resolution of the semantic incompatibility between the lexical item and its host construction has been called coercion. Coercion has been invoked as a theoretical concept without being examined in depth, particularly without regard to language use. By correlating degree of semantic compatibility with empirical data of language use, this study highlights that coercion is an actual psychological process which occurs during the composition of linguistic elements. Moreover, by examining in detail how the semantics of a lexical item and a construction interact in order to reconcile the incompatibility, this study reveals that coercion is semantic integration that involves not only dynamic interaction of linguistic components but also non-linguistic contexts. Investigating semantic compatibility and coercion in detail with empirical data tells about the processes by which speakers compose linguistic elements into larger units. It also supports the assumption of the usage-based model that grammar and usage are not independent, and ultimately sheds light on the dynamic aspect of our linguistic system.

This study investigates the nature of semantic compatibility between constructions and lexical items that occur in them in relation with language use, and the related concept, coercion, based on a usage-based approach to language, in which linguistic knowledge (grammar) is grounded in language use. This study shows that semantic compatibility between linguistic elements is a gradient phenomenon, and that speakers’ knowledge about the degree of semantic compatibility is intimately correlated with language use. To show this, I investigate two constructions of English: the sentential complement construction and the ditransitive construction. I observe speakers’ knowledge of the semantic compatibility between the constructions and lexical items and compared it with empirical data obtained from linguistic corpora and experiments on sentence processing and acceptability judgments. My findings specifically show that the relative semantic compatibility of the lexical items and the construction is significantly correlated with the frequency of use of their co-occurrences and the processing effort and speakers’ acceptability judgments for the co-occurrences. The empirical data show that a lexical item and a construction which are less than fully compatible can be actually used together when the incompatibility is resolved. The resolution of the semantic incompatibility between the lexical item and its host construction has been called coercion. Coercion has been invoked as a theoretical concept without being examined in depth, particularly without regard to language use. By correlating degree of semantic compatibility with empirical data of language use, this study highlights that coercion is an actual psychological process which occurs during the composition of linguistic elements. Moreover, by examining in detail how the semantics of a lexical item and a construction interact in order to reconcile the incompatibility, this study reveals that coercion is semantic integration that involves not only dynamic interaction of linguistic components but also non-linguistic contexts. Investigating semantic compatibility and coercion in detail with empirical data tells about the processes by which speakers compose linguistic elements into larger units. It also supports the assumption of the usage-based model that grammar and usage are not independent, and ultimately sheds light on the dynamic aspect of our linguistic system.

Malgré les résultats positifs obtenus dans différentes études sur l'emploi de la réalité virtuelle pour le traitement de troubles de santé mentale, l'utilisation de cette technologie se limite essentiellement au domaine de la recherche. Plusieurs facteurs comme les coûts de l'équipement, l'attitude générale face à la réalité virtuelle ou la facilité d'utilisation perçue pourraient expliquer ce phénomène. Au lieu de présumer des facteurs potentiels associés à l'intention d'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle en clinique, il a été décidé de tester comment le Modèle d'acceptation technologique (MAT; Davis, 1989, 1993; Venkatesh, 2000) pouvait être appliqué à la réalité virtuelle. La puissance du MAT à décrire les variables impliquées dans l'intention d'utilisation d'une technologie a été validée à plusieurs reprises. Le MAT avance que l 'intention d'utilisation d'une technologie spécifique est causée par deux facteurs: la facilité d'utilisation perçue et l'utilité perçue. La facilité d 'utilisatioln perçue étant expliquée par des facteurs comme l'anxiété face à l'ordinateur, l'auto-efficacité, la perception de contrôle externe et la motivation intrinsèque. Le but de l'étude est de documenter empiriquement les facteurs pouvant avoir un impact sur l'intention d'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle dans la pratique clinique. Comme on se doit d'avoir une certaine connaissance de la réalité virtuelle pour exprimer une intention de l'utiliser, une population déjà intéressée à utiliser la réalité virtuelle a été ciblée, Les items classiques développés par Davis pour tester le MAT (1989, 1993) auprès de technologies variées ont été adaptés à la réalité virtuelle dans la pratique clinique. Un facteur coûts perçus a été ajouté au modèle proposé. Il est attendu que cette variable joue un rôle dans l'intention d'utilisation. Comme le MAT s'inspire du Modèle d'action raisonné d' Ajzen et Fishbein (1975), le rôle de l'altitude face à la réalité virtuelle comme agent médiateur entre la facilité d'utilisation perçue et l'utilité perçue sur l'intention d'utilisation. L'échantillon de l'étude comprend 141 répondants (58% femmes), d'âge moyen de 39,6 ans et d'expérience clinique moyenne de 11 ans. Les participants proviennent de milieux de pratique clinique variés: publique (31%), privé (22%), directeurs de cliniques ou de laboratoires (21%), etc. Soixante-cinq pourcent de l'échantillon a rempli une version électronique du questionnaire et 35% une version papier. La consistance interne des différentes sous-échelles étaient excellentes (α > .80 to .90). Des analyses d'équation structurelle, faites à l'aide du programme EQS, ont permis de constater que le modèle obtenu possédait de bons indices d'adéquation (NFI = .90, CFI = .98, RMSEA = .045) et que les résultats significatifs de chaque paramètre du MAT révèlent que l'intention d'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle est directement et seulement causée par l'utilité perçue (.95, p < .001). La facilité d'utilisation perçue est significativement causée par les caractéristiques du thérapeute (perception de contrôle externe, anxiété face à l'ordinateur la motivation intrinsèque) et en retour cause de façon significative l'utilité perçue (.78, p< .001). La relation directe entre facilité d'utilisation perçue et l'intention d'utilisation ne s'est pas avérée significative. Les résultats démontrent que l'intention d'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle est exclusivement prédite par l'utilité perçue. D'autres facteurs comme les coûts, l'attitude face à la réalité virtuelle et l'anxiété face à l'ordinateur ne jouent pas un rôle signification dans la décision du clinicien favorable à la réalité virtuelle d'inclure cette technologie dans sa pratique. Les résultats doivent orienter les efforts de dissémination de la réalité virtuelle en mettant l'emphase sur l'utilité de cette technologie. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Modèle d'acceptation technologique, Réalité virtuelle, Psychologie, Clinique, Traitement.

In this knowledge explosion environment, knowledge management systems increasing organizational capability and performance.This research investigates play an important role in relationships among several major factors: service quality, knowledge management system quality (include System Quality and Content Quality), system usage, organizational capability (include Agility and Innovativeness) and organizational performance. An empirical study was performed to examine their relationships. The findings show significant positive relation among Service Quality, Knowledge Management System Quality and System Usage; System Usage and Organizational Capability, and Organizational Capability and organizational performance.The result is consistent with existing literature to support the value of knowledge management systems.

With the growth of digital content industry, publishers start to provide online services for ebook search, reading and downloading. Users can access to online resources from anywhere, any place with laptop or mobile devices at any time. Nowadays more and more libraries have purchased ebooks as an important part of the library collection. To access the online resources users can link directly to publisher's ebook portal or via the OPAC system. Compared to the library circulation process, ebooks are more convenient to patrons and improve the utilization of library online resources. There are various kinds of ebooks available in the market, so libraries have to focus their investment on the most valuable online resources. Usage statistics report plays an important role in providing valuable information to libraries. It is usually based on the standard of COUNTER to generate the statistic reports, although it provides when and where users access to specific ebooks, it fails show the general topics and how they change. In this study, we introduce a post process method to weighting the LDA topic model via the usage statistic report to emphasize the changes of topic and compare it to the classification method and subject heading method in the bibliographic, namely LCC and LCSH respectively. The result show that weighted topic model significantly affect the ranking of topics, and the topic model are independent from the classification method and the subject heading method in the bibliographic record.

In a water distribution system from groundwater supply, the bulk of energy consumption is expended at pump stations. These pumps pressurize the water and transport it from the aquifer to the distribution system and to elevated storage tanks. Each pump in the system has a range of possible operating conditions with varying flow rates, hydraulic head imparted, and hydraulic efficiencies. In this research, the water distribution system of a mid-sized city in a subtropical climate is modeled and optimized in order to minimize the energy usage of its fourteen pumps. A simplified model of the pipes, pumps, and storage tanks is designed using freely-available EPANET hydraulic modeling software. Physical and operational parameters of this model are calibrated against five weeks of observed data using a genetic algorithm to predict storage tank volume given a forecasted system demand. Uncertainty analysis on the calibrated parameters is performed to assess model sensitivity. Finally, the pumping schedule for the system's fourteen pumps is optimized using a genetic algorithm in order to minimize total energy use across a 24-hour period.

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