We report a time-dependent density functional based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) scheme for the calculation of UV/Vis spectra, explicitly taking into account the excitation of nuclear vibrations via the adiabatic Hessian Franck-Condon method with a harmonic approximation for the nuclear wavefunction. The theory of vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy is first summarized from the viewpoint of TD-DFTB. The method is benchmarked against time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations for strongly dipole allowed excitations in various aromatic and polar molecules. Using the recent 3ob:freq parameter set of Elstner’s group, very good agreement with TD-DFT calculations using local functionals was achieved.

As one of the natural polyphenols, resveratrol possesses hydroxyl substituted trans-stilbene structure and exerts impact on health by inhibiting multiple human enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase, F1 ATPase, and tyrosinase. Resveratrol has to be bound by human serum albumin (HSA) to keep a high concentration in serum, since its solubility is low in water. To improve water solubility and bioavailability, two resveratrol aliphatic acids and their esters have been designed and synthesized. The solubilities of the resveratrol and its derivatives have been measured using a standard procedure. The two aliphatic acids showed better solubilities in pure water and phosphate buffer (pH 7). The binding affinities of resveratrol derivatives for HSA were also measured, and the drug-protein interaction mechanism was investigated using fluorescence, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopies. Interestingly, resveratrol hexanoic acid (5) was found to be a much better ligand (Ka = (6.70 ± 0.10) × 106 M-1) for HSA than resveratrol (Ka = (1.64 ± 0.07) × 105 M-1), and there was 41-fold improvement for the binding affinity. It was the first time that the increase of fluorescence of resveratrol moiety was observed during the binding to HSA, suggesting that 5 should be bound tightly by HSA. The UV-vis absorption spectroscopy revealed a maximum absorption shift from 318 to 311 nm with decreasing intensity by 20% upon complexation, suggesting that the π-π conjugation of the stilbene structure was impaired during the binding. Although HSA was reported to have only one binding site for resveratrol, the Job's and molar ratio plots suggested that HSA should bind two molecules of 5. NMR study suggested that phenyl group (B ring) in the center of the molecule of 5 should be involved in the π-π stacking interactions with HSA aromatic amino acid residues. Molecular geometry calculation of 5 with Spartan software showed that the stilbene structure had two conformers, orthogonal and planar ones. The former (E = -1.432 KJ/mol) was more stable than the latter (E = -0.128 KJ/mol), suggesting that the former should be the conformer of 5 in the complexation with HSA.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19378号 / 農博第2148号 / 新制||農||1037(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4958(農学部図書室) / 32392 / 新制||農||1037 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 教授 飯田 訓久, 准教授 小川 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In the first part of this dissertation work, Al bond pad corrosion behavior was investigated in the presence of common industrial contaminants such as chloride (Cl-) and fluoride (F-). Al corrosion while in direct contact with Cu displayed rapid hydrogen (H2) gas evolution and dendrite propagation. In contrast, Al without bimetallic contact showed only minor surface roughening. This observed difference in the corrosion mechanism between Cl- and F- is attributed to the solubility of the corrosion products (AlCl3 vs. AlF3) formed on the Al surface. Our subsequent work explored corrosion prevention inhibition of wire-bonded devices (WBD) in the Cl- environment. Our research shows that the Al bond pad was protected against corrosion by chemically modifying the surface of the Cu wires, thereby preventing the H2 evolution. The inhibitor was observed to be highly selective, thermally stable, hydrophobic, and cost-effective, making it viable for industrial application of this coating for Al bond pad corrosion prevention. In the second part of the dissertation work, we utilized a novel approach of using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) as a chemical-sensitive monitoring tool of the chemical environment in Cu etch bath. The UV-Vis technique illuminates the roles of H+, Cl-, Cu+, and Cu2+ to the etch bath while also providing a means to monitor the Cl- in the broad UV peak at 250 nm. The UV-Vis probe successfully demonstrated the etch rate difference between the two etch bath solutions and help in the restoration of the etching bath. Additionally, the proof-of-concept experiments (POC) to investigate UV enhanced etching for achieving anisotropic etching in PCB fabrication showed promising preliminary results with the need to develop additional etching techniques.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation technology widely applied in environmental remediation processes. It is a relatively safe and affordable technology with a low impact on the environment and has found applications in a number of fields from chemical engineering, construction and microbiology to medicine. It is not catalysis in the real sense of the word as the photons which initiate the desired photocatalytic reaction are consumed in the process. The cost of these photons is by far the limiting economic factor in its application. From a technical standpoint, the inefficient use of the aforementioned photons during the photocatalytic reaction is responsible for the limited adoption of its application in industry. This inefficiency is characterised by low quantum yields or photonic efficiencies during its application. The mechanism of the technique of controlled periodic illumination which was previously proposed as a way of enhancing the low photonic efficiency of TiO2 photocatalysis has been investigated using a novel controlled experimental approach; the results showed no advantage of periodic illumination over continuous illumination at equivalent photon flux. When the technique of controlled periodic illumination is applied in a photocatalytic reaction where attraction between substrate molecules and catalyst surface is maximum and photo-oxidation by surface-trapped holes, {TiIVOH•}+ ads is predominant, photonic efficiency is significantly improved. For immobilized reactors which usually have a lower illuminated surface area per unit volume compared to suspended catalyst and mass transfer limitations, the photonic efficiency is even lower. A novel photocatalytic impeller reactor was designed to investigate photonic efficiency in gas–solid photocatalysis of aromatic volatile organic compounds. The results indicate photonic efficiency is a function of mass transfer and catalyst deactivation rate. The development of future reactors which can optimise the use of photons and maximize photonic efficiency is important for the widespread adoption of heterogeneous photocatalysis by industry.

2-Nitrobenzanthron (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthron (3-NBA) are pollutants widely occurring in the environment. The main sources of benzanthrones are combustion products (i.e. diesel exhausts, wood and cigarette smoke ...). 3-NBA is proven strong mutagen and carcinogen for bacteria and mammals and it is probably mutagenic also to humans, while 2- NBA shows genotoxic properties lower by 3-4 orders of magnitude. Here we consider the possibility that large difference in the solubility, and consequently also the difference in bioavailability of these isomers could be the factor partially explaining this phenomenon. One goal was to determine solubility of 2-NBA in water and compare it with 3-NBA and also with other carcinogens studied in our laboratory (Sudan I, ellipticin). Another objective was to evaluate the effect of model proteins (bovine serum albumin, lysozyme) on solubility of Sudan I and ellipticine. The last aim was to determine extinction coefficients of these compounds in water and in methanol. Two different methods were employed to determine the solubility of the model compounds. The first method was based on spectrophotometric verification of the Lambert- Beer law. The results were than compared with other method measuring concentration of a compound in saturated solution (In Czech) Key...

2-Nitrobenzanthron (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthron (3-NBA) are pollutants widely occurring in the environment. The main sources of benzanthrones are combustion products (i.e. diesel exhausts, wood and cigarette smoke ...). 3-NBA is proven strong mutagen and carcinogen for bacteria and mammals and it is probably mutagenic also to humans, while 2- NBA shows genotoxic properties lower by 3-4 orders of magnitude. Here we consider the possibility that large difference in the solubility, and consequently also the difference in bioavailability of these isomers could be the factor partially explaining this phenomenon. One of our goals was to determine the solubility of 2-NBA in water and compare it with 3-NBA and also with other carcinogens studied in our laboratory (Sudan I, ellipticin). The second aim was to determine extinction coefficients of these compounds in water and in methanol. Two different methods were employed to determine the solubility of the model compounds. The first method was based on spectrophotometric verification of the Lambert- Beer law. The results were than compared with other method utilizing determination of concentration of a compound in equilibrium with solid phase. (In Czech) Key words: solubility, UV-VIS spectroscopy, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, 2-nitrobenzanthrone, ellipticine, Sudan I

Rare earth RE3+ doped fluorophosphates glasses and glass ceramics are among the most promising candidates for high efficiency laser generation in the near-infrared spectral region. Glass ceramics are polycrystalline materials of fine microstructure that are produced by the controlled crystallization (devitrification) of a glass. By developing fluorophosphate base glasses with appropriate compositions and by controlling crystal nucleation and growth in them, glass ceramics with special properties can be fabricated combining the advantages of fluorides (low phonon energy, low refractive indexes, extensive optical window, lower hygroscopicity) and oxides (high chemical and mechanical stability and high dopant solubility), resulting in enhancement of the RE3+ emissive properties. In this study, we present the synthesis by melting/quenting and structural/spectroscopic investigation of new glasses and glass ceramics with composition 25BaF225SrF2(30-x)Al(PO3)3xAlF3(20-z)YF3: zREF3, where x = 15, 20 or 25, RE = Er3+ an/or Yb3+ and Nd3+. A detailed structural investigation of a series of this glasses has been conducted, using Raman, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. / Vidros e vitrocerâmicas fluorofosfatos dopados com íons terras raras (TR3+) estão entre os candidatos mais promissores para a geração de laser de alta eficiência na região espectral do infravermelho próximo. As vitrocerâmicas são materiais policristalinos com microestrutura bem definida obtida a partir da cristalização controlada do vidro base. Desenvolvendo vidros base de fluorofosfato com composições apropriadas e controlando a nucleação e crescimento de cristais, vitrocerâmicas com propriedades especiais podem ser fabricadas combinando as vantagens dos fluoretos (baixa energia de fônons, baixos índices de refração, janela ótica extensa, baixa higroscopicidade) e óxidos (alta estabilidade química e mecânica e alta solubilidade dopante), resultando no aumento das propriedades emissoras dos íons TR3+. Neste estudo, apresentamos a síntese por fusão/resfriamento e investigação estrutural/espectroscópica de novos vidros e vitrocerâmicas com composição 25BaF225SrF2(30-x)Al(PO3)3xAlF3(20-z)YF3: zREF3, onde x = 15, 20 ou 25, RE = Er3+ an / ou Yb3+ e Nd3+. Uma investigação estrutural detalhada de uma série destes vidros foi conduzida utilizando espectroscopias Raman, de ressonância magnética nuclear de estado sólido (RMN) e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR).

Atualmente, vidros e vitrocerâmicas dopados com íons terras raras trivalentes TR3+ constituem a mais importante classe de materiais para aplicações laser e em outros dispositivos ópticos, na região do infravermelho próximo e visível. Neste contexto, um dos desafios está em encontrar uma matriz hospedeira adequada que assegure qualidade óptica e um ótimo desempenho dos íons dopantes (altas seções de choque de absorção e emissão, baixa probabilidade de decaimentos não radiativos, tempos de vida de estado excitado suficientemente longos), mantendo estabilidade térmica e mecânica. Entre os possíveis candidatos, estão os vidros fosfatos com alta capacidade de dispersão dos dopantes, baixo índice de refração e propriedades termo-ópticas superiores aos silicatos, calcogenetos e fluoretos. Contudo, estes vidros apresentam alta energia de fônons, menor estabilidade química e mecânica e são higroscópicos, o que pode constituir um significativo mecanismo de supressão da luminescência devido ao acoplamento de transições dos TR3+ com vibrações de grupos hidroxila. Se por um lado vidros fluoretos podem ser obtidos com baixas energias de fônon e alta estabilidade química, os mesmos são mecanicamente frágeis e apresentam más características termo-ópticas. Para superar estas limitações, vidros oxifluoretos como fluorofosfatos têm sido explorados com a promessa de combinar os méritos dos fluoretos (baixas energias de fônon, baixos índices de refração, extensa janela de transmissão óptica) e dos óxidos (alta estabilidade química e resistência mecânica, maior solubilidade dos TR3+). Do ponto de vista das aplicações, considerando a transmissão e amplificação de sinais em telecomunicação em torno de 1,5 µm, e geração de ação laser de alta potência em torno de 1,0 µm, materiais dopados com Er3+ e Yb3+ estão entre os mais importantes. Neste trabalho apresenta-se a síntese e caracterização estrutural e espectroscópica de novos vidros fluorofosfatos dopados com Er3+ ou Yb3+ e co-dopados com ambos, no sistema composicional 25BaF225SrF2(30-x)Al(PO3)3xAlF3 (20-z)YF3:zTRF3 com x = 20 ou 15, TR = Er3+ e/ou Yb3+ e z = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0 e 5,0 mol%. As amostras foram obtidas pelo método convencional de fusão e resfriamento e caracterizadas por Raman, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de estado sólido e espectroscopia UV-VIS. Dos estudos por RMN de 19F verificou-se que há uma perda máxima de fluoreto de ~20% nas amostras. Ainda assim, a quantidade remanescente foi suficiente para garantir um ambiente químico favorável às emissões e poucas diferenças foram notadas entre as amostras com 20 e 15 mol% AlF3 contendo a mesma concentração de dopantes. Para o Er3+, tempos de vida do estado emissor 4I13/2 da ordem de 10 ms implicam em altos valores de eficiência quântica (&#951= 85%) e para o Yb3+ tempos de vida do estado emissor 2F5/2 similarmente longos (&#964 = 1,7 ms) foram medidos. Em amostras co-dopadas com 4,0 mol% YbF3 e 0,25, 1,0 e 2,0 mol% ErF3 o decréscimo do tempo de vida do Yb3+ e acréscimo do tempo de vida do Er3+ indicam que a transferência Yb&#8594Er foi eficiente neste sistema. De maneira geral, os resultados indicam que os vidros estudados são potenciais candidatos a aplicações ópticas como as mencionadas acima. / Currently, glasses and glass ceramics doped with trivalent rare earth ions RE3+ represent the most important class of materials for laser and other optical applications in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. In this context, one of the challenges is to find host matrices that assure good optical quality and optimum performance of the dopant ions (high absorption and emission cross sections, low probability of non-radiative decays, sufficiently long excited state lifetimes), while still maintaining thermal and mechanical stabilities. Among the candidates, phosphate glasses with high capacity for RE3+ dispersion, low refractive index and superior thermo-optical properties than silicate, chalcogenide and fluoride glasses are largely studied. However, phosphates present high phonon energies, lower chemical and mechanical stabilities and they are hygroscopic, which can imply in significant luminescence quenching effects. If on one hand fluoride glasses may be designed with low phonon energies and higher chemical stability, they are frail and present less than ideal thermo-optical properties. In order to overcome these drawbacks, oxyfluoride glasses such as fluorophosphates have been explored with the promise to combine the merits of fluorides (low phonon energies and refractive index, extensive optical window) and of oxides (high chemical stability and chemical resistance, higher solubility of RE3+). From the viewpoint of applications, when it comes to the transmission and amplification of signal in telecommunications around 1.5 µm, and the generation of high power lasers around 1.0 µm, materials doped with Er3+ and Yb3+ are among the favorite. Furthermore, because Yb3+ presents higher absorption cross-section than Er3+ at the preferred excitation wavelength for both these ions (980 nm), the former can act as an efficient sensitizer of excitation energy with subsequent transfer to the latter. We present the synthesis, and structural and spectroscopic characterization of new flurophosphate glasses doped with Er3+ or Yb3+ and co-doped with both, in the compositional system 25BaF225SrF2(30x)Al(PO3)3 xAlF3 (20- z)YF3:zREF3 with x = 20 or 15, RE = Er3+ and/or Yb3+ and z = 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mol%. The samples were obtained by conventional melt quenching technique and characterized by Raman, solid state NMR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. From the NMR studies of 19F, it was shown that there is a maximum fluoride loss of 20% in the samples. Even so, the remaining quantity was enough to assure a favorable chemical environment to the RE3+ emissions. Little differences were detected between the samples with 20 and 15 mol% AlF3 for the same dopant concentration. For Er3+, lifetimes of the emitting level 4I13/2 of the order of 10 ms result in fluorescence quantum efficiency values (&#951 = 85%), and similarly, for Yb3+, long lifetimes of the excited state 2F5/2 (&#964 = 1,7 ms) were measured. In co-doped samples with 4.0 mol% YbF3 and 0.25, 1.0 and 2.0 mol% ErF3 the decrease in lifetime of Yb3+ and increase in lifetime of Er3+ indicate that the Yb&#8594Er energy transfer is efficient in this system. In general, the results indicate that the studied glasses are potential candidates for optical applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sheisa Fin Dantas.pdf: 1167838 bytes, checksum: d0aeeb3c6d878db48c73e057a5839964 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organic micropollutants are substances that present even in small concentrations, are capable of triggering effects on systems where it is introduced, highlighting, among them the so-called endocrine disruptors (EDs). The EDs are substances that can interfere with the functions of the endocrine system, causing adverse effects to an organism or its offspring. Natural and synthetic sexual hormones are potent and EDs have been detected in aquatic environments on all continents, mainly due to the absence or deficiency in wastewater treatment processes. Humic substances (HS) are the main compounds able to interact with organic micropollutants such as hormones, interfering in the processes of bioavailability for the environment. Studies using HS as a complexing hormones have been carried out using the quantification method as chromatography. However, there are few studies of alternative methods for the quantification of estrogen hormones. The objective of this study was to validate and adapt a methodology to study estrone (E1), 17-estradiol (E2) and 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and study their interactions with humic substances employing molecular absorption spectroscopy Ultraviolet-Visible to quantify these hormones. This method is based on the diazotization of sulfanilamide with sodium nitrite, followed by coupling reaction with the hormone. Be established analytical curve for concentrations in the range from 10.0 to 28.0 μg mL-1 which was linear, adequate accuracy and precision. Despite the spectroscopic method is not selective, it presented results compatible with chromatography, which proves their suitability for the bench studies in this work. To perform a comparison between the methods employed to high performance liquid chromatography, using methanol and water as mobile phase and C-18 cartridge as stationary phase. For the study of interaction we used samples patterns of hormones in study and humic acid solution under constant agitation and samples taken within a maximum period of 48 hours. The reduction in the concentration of estrogen in the middle of the study, when in the presence of SH was detected since the beginning of the process. In all cases, we observed an increase in the removal of the hormone with increasing contact time. The reduction in the concentration of estrogen in the middle of the study, when in the presence of HSwas detected since the beginning of the process. In all cases, we observed an increase in the removal of the hormone with increasing contact time. By increasing the concentration of HS, there was an increase in the complexation of estrogens E2, and EE2 being that the hormone was EE2 that showed the best results of complexation with HS in the studied conditions. In aliquot removed from the system after 48 hours of stirring, was removed 51.1% (10.22 μg mL-1) in the presence of 10.0 μg mL-1 of the HS and 75.8% (15 16 μg mL-1) at 20 μg mL-1. The simulations can predict the behavior of E2 and EE2 hormones in natural aquatic environments rich in HS, where this interaction can reduce the availability to the biota and thus the absorption and physiological effects. / Os micropoluentes orgânicos são substâncias que mesmo presentes em pequenas concentrações, são capazes de desencadear efeitos sobre os sistemas em que são introduzidos, destacando-se, dentre eles, os chamados interferentes endócrinos (IEs). Os IEs são substâncias capazes de interferir nas funções do sistema endócrino, causando efeitos adversos a um organismo ou a sua prole. Hormônios sexuais naturais e sintéticos são potentes IEs e têm sido detectados em ambientes aquáticos em todos os continentes, principalmente em função da inexistência ou deficiência nos processos de tratamento de esgotos. Substâncias húmicas (SH) são os principais compostos capazes de interagir com micropoluentes orgânicos como os hormônios, interferindo nos processos de biodisponibilidade para o ambiente. Estudos usando SH como complexante de hormônios têm sido realizados utilizando-se a cromatografia como método de quantificação. Porém, existem poucos estudos de métodos alternativos para a quantificação de hormônios estrógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar e adaptar uma metodologia para estudar estrona (E1), 17-estradiol (E2) e 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e estudar suas interações com substâncias húmicas empregando-se espectroscopia de absorção molecular Ultravioleta-Visível para quantificação desses hormônios. Este método é baseado na diazotação da sulfanilamida com nitrito de sódio, seguida da reação de acoplamento com o hormônio. Foi possível estabelecer curva analítica para concentrações na faixa de 10,0 a 28,0 g mL-1 que apresentou linearidade, exatidão e precisão adequadas. Apesar do método espectroscópico não ser seletivo, o mesmo apresentou resultados compatíveis com a cromatografia, o que comprova sua adequação para os estudos de bancada realizados nesse trabalho. Para realizar um comparativo entre os métodos, empregou-se a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, utilizando-se metanol e água como fase móvel e cartucho C-18 como fase estácionária. Para o estudo de interação utilizou-se as amostras padrões dos hormônios em estudo e solução de ácido húmico, sob agitação constante e coletas realizadas no período máximo de 48 horas. A redução na concentração dos estrogênios no meio de estudo, quando em presença de SH foi detectada desde o início do processo. Para todos os casos, observou-se um aumento na remoção do hormônio com o aumento do tempo de contato. Ao aumentar-se a concentração de SH, observou-se um aumento na complexação dos estrogênios E2, e EE2 sendo que o hormônio EE2 foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados de complexação com a SH nas condições estudadas. Na alíquota retirada do sistema, após 48 horas de agitação, removeu-se 51,1% (10,22 μg mL-1) em presença de 10,0 μg mL-1 de SH e 75,8% (15,16 μg mL-1) em 20 μg mL-1. As simulações permitem prever o comportamento dos hormônios em ambientes aquáticos naturais ricos em SH, nos quais essa interação pode reduzir a disponibilidade para a biota e assim, a absorção e os efeitos orgânicos.