abstract: The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have reached a highest level due to high number of vehicles. A Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) has zero greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional ICE vehicles or Hybrid Electric Vehicles and hence is a better alternative. All Electric Vehicle (AEVs) have longer charging time which is unfavorable. A fully charged battery gives less range compared to a FCHEV with a full hydrogen tank. So FCHEV has an advantage of a quick fuel up and more mileage than AEVs. A Proton Electron Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is the commonly used kind of fuel cell vehicles but it possesses slow current dynamics and hence not suitable to be the sole power source in a vehicle. Therefore, improving the transient power capabilities of fuel cell to satisfy the road load demand is critical. This research studies integration of Ultra-Capacitor (UC) to FCHEV. The objective is to analyze the effect of integrating UCs on the transient response of FCHEV powertrain. UCs has higher power density which can overcome slow dynamics of fuel cell. A power management strategy utilizing peak power shaving strategy is implemented. The goal is to decrease power load on batteries and operate fuel cell stack in it’s most efficient region. Complete model to simulate the physical behavior of UC-Integrated FCHEV (UC-FCHEV) is developed using Matlab/SIMULINK. The fuel cell polarization curve is utilized to devise operating points of the fuel cell to maintain its operation at most efficient region. Results show reduction of hydrogen consumption in aggressive US06 drive cycle from 0.29 kg per drive cycle to 0.12 kg. The maximum charge/discharge battery current was reduced from 286 amperes to 110 amperes in US06 drive cycle. Results for the FUDS drive cycle show a reduction in fuel consumption from 0.18 kg to 0.05 kg in one drive cycle. This reduction in current increases the life of the battery since its protected from overcurrent. The SOC profile of the battery also shows that the battery is not discharged to its minimum threshold which increasing the health of the battery based on number of charge/discharge cycles. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2017

Dans le stockage d’énergie, les alternatives aux énergies fossiles sont peu nombreuses. Le stockage d’énergie dans un condensateur, permet d’atteindre de grande puissances électriques, mais pour une densité d’énergie trop faible. La présente thèse à pour objectif la compréhension des nano-céramiques ferroélectriques afin d’augmenter leur densité d’énergie et de se diriger ainsi vers un super-condensateur céramique. Nous avons développé dans un premier temps un modèle par champs effectif moyen du système core-shell. Une fois introduit dans l’énergie libre de Landau, ce modèle donne une idée de la densité d’énergie d’un système ferroélectrique donné. Les calculs – sur quelques pérovskites courantes - indiquent que la densité d’énergie reste relativement faible. Néanmoins nos calculs montrent que l’on peu optimiser le stockage d’énergie dans de telles céramiques en enrobant des grains de forme allongée comme des disques ou des fils. En outre, ce modèle phénoménologique permet d’expliquer de nombreuses mesures expérimentales sur les céramiques, y compris dans le cas ou s’ajoute de la conductivité et de la relaxation de Maxwell-Wagner. Nous nous sommes tournés par la suite vers une modélisation ab-initio : l’Hamiltonien effectif. La modélisation de nano-système core-shell de BaTiO3 a montré la présence d’un paramètre d’ordre particulier : le moment toroïdale. Ce paramètre d’ordre peut impliquer un comportement diélectrique différent. Introduit dans une description phénoménologique de type Landau, ce dernier est responsable de la disparition de la phase orthorhombique dans BaTiO3. La synthèse de nanoparticules de BaTiO3 de formes cubiques et homogènes, nous a permis de faire une série de mesure. Les mesures MET, RAMAN, RX, diélectriques sur les poudres et les céramiques, suggèrent la présences de transitions de phases générées par la présence d’un paramètre d’ordre similaire à celui observé dans modélisation ab-initio. / For energy storage applications, fossils energies are difficult to compete. By storing energy in capacitors, one can get a huge electric power. However the density of energy in a capacitor is too weak to be interesting in energy storage application. The present thesis aims to understand the well known core-shell system in ferroelectric nano-ceramics and the influence of the geometry of the grain in order to determine and optimize the density of energy in this kind of dielectric, going toward an ultra-capacitor of ceramics. We have first developed an effective-medium core-shell model. By introducing this model in the phenomenological Landau Free energy of several ferroelectrics, we can get quantitative information about of density of energy in these materials. Our calculation for common ferroelectrics has shown that the density of energy remains too weak to become interesting. However, the density of energy can be optimized by using nano-disks or nano-rods in a structured ceramic. Our model agrees well with experimental results, even with extrinsic phenomena like the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation. To go further, we have modeled the BaTiO3 core-shell system using an effective Hamiltonian. The model shows that a new order parameter is observed in the core-shell system namely the toroidal moment. This order affects the dielectrics behavior of coated dots, and for important coating can lead to significant differences with Landau predictions. Moreover, by introducing the toroidal moment in Landau formalism, we can predict the disappearance of the orthorhombic phase in BaTiO3.The synthesis of homogenized cubic BaTiO3 particles, allowed us to make experimental measurement. The combination of RX, Dielectric and Raman measurements lead to a phase diagram for BaTiO3 that can be explain by the presence of a toroidal moment.

The popularity of the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles has contributed to global warming problem and degradation of air quality around the world. Furthermore, the vehicles??? massive demand on gas has played a role in the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the considerable rise in the gas price over the past twenty years. Those existing challenges force the auto-industry to move towards the technology development of vehicle electrification. An electrified vehicle is driven by one or more electric motors. And the electricity comes from the onboard energy storage system (ESS). Currently, no single type of green energy source could meet all the requirements to drive a vehicle. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS), as a combination of battery and ultra-capacitor units, is expected to improve the overall performance of vehicles??? ESS. This thesis focuses on the design of HESS and the development of a HESS prototype for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Battery unit (BU), ultra-capacitor unit (UC) and a DC/DC converter interfacing BU and UC are the three main components of HESS. The research work first reviews literatures regarding characteristics of BU, UC and power electronic converters. HESS design is then conducted based on the considerations of power capability, energy efficiency, size and cost optimization. Besides theoretical analysis, a HESS prototype is developed to prove the principles of operation as well. The results from experiment are compared with those from simulation.