This dissertation presents novel vibrational control strategies for mechanical control-affine systems with high-frequency, high-amplitude inputs. Since these control systems use high-frequency, zero-mean, periodic inputs, averaging techniques are widely used in the analysis of their dynamics. By studying their time-averaged approximations, new properties of the averaged dynamics of this class of systems are revealed. Using these properties, the problem of input optimization of vibrational control systems was formulated and solved by transforming the problem to a constrained optimization one. Geometric control theory provides powerful tools for studying the control properties of control-affine systems. Using the concepts of vibrational and geometric controls and averaging tools, a closed-loop control strategy for trajectory tracking of a class of underactuated mechanical control-affine systems is developed. In the developed control law, the fact that for underactuated systems, the actuated coordinates together with the corresponding generalized velocities can be considered as generalized inputs for the unactuated dynamics plays the main role. Using the developed control method, both actuated and unactuated coordinates of the system are able to follow slowly time-varying prescribed trajectories on average. The developed control method is applied for altitude control of flapping wing micro-air vehicles by considering the sweeping (flapping) angle of the wings as the inputs. Using the feathering (pitch) angles of the wings as additional inputs, and using non-symmetric flapping, the control method is then extended for three-dimensional flight control of flapping wing micro-air vehicles. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento, implementação e análise de técnicas de controle H 'INFINITO' não lineares para robôs manipuladores subatuados, sujeitos a incertezas paramétricas e distúrbios externos. Na primeira parte, duas abordagens são consideradas para robôs manipuladores individuais subatuados. A primeira abordagem consiste em representar robôs manipuladores como um sistema não linear na forma quase-linear com parâmetros variantes e utilizar técnicas de controle H 'INFINITO' para sistemas lineares a parâmetros variantes baseadas em desigualdades matriciais lineares. Na segunda abordagem, uma solução explícita do problema de controle H 'INFINITO' não linear para robôs manipuladores é encontrada via teoria dos jogos diferenciais. Com este mesmo procedimento, implementam-se também os controles misto H'IND.2'/H 'INFINITO' não linear, adaptativo H 'INFINITO' não linear e adaptativo H 'INFINITO' não linear com redes neurais para robôs manipuladores. Também é desenvolvido um sistema tolerante a falhas para robôs manipuladores baseado em sistemas Markovianos e em controladores Markovianos H'IND.2', H 'INFINITO' e H'IND.2'/ H 'INFINITO'. Na segunda parte, o modelo dinâmico de robôs manipuladores cooperativos subatuados é representado na forma de espaço de estados, possibilitando a aplicação dos controladores H 'INFINITO' não lineares para controle de posição, juntamente com controle das forças de esmagamento, de um objeto. / This work presents the development, implementation and analysis of nonlinear H‡ control techniques applied to underactuated manipulators, under parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. At the first part, two approaches are considered for underactuated individual manipulators. The first approach consists in representing manipulators as nonlinear systems in the quasi-linear parameter varying form and in controlling them via H‡ control for linear parameter varying systems based on linear matrix inequalities. At the second approach, an explicit solution to the nonlinear H‡ control problem for manipulators is found via differential game theory. With this procedure, it is also implemented the nonlinear mixed H2/H‡, nonlinear adaptive H‡, and nonlinear adaptive H‡ with neural networks controls. Also is developed a fault tolerant system for manipulators based on Markovian systems and Markovian H2, H‡, and H2/H‡ controls. At the second part, the dynamic model of underactuated cooperative manipulators is represented in the state space form in order to apply the nonlinear H‡ controls to position control, plus the squeeze force control, of an object.

Este trabalho trata do controle Markoviano aplicado a um robô manipulador visando obter um sistema tolerante a falhas. Os controladores H2, H&#8734, e H2/H&#8734 Markovianos são calculados e aplicados ao robô em diversas situações de operação. Os controladores obtidos mantiveram a estabilidade do sistema tanto em situações de operação normal, quanto em situações de falhas sucessivas. / This work deals with Markovian control applied to a robot manipulator, in an effort to obtain a fault tolerant system. The H2, H&#8734, and H2/H&#8734 controllers were calculated and applied to the robot in different operation situations. The obtained controllers guaranteed the stability of the system in both situations: normal operation, and successive faults operation.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Juan Pablo Julca Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2016.

Este trabalho trata do controle Markoviano aplicado a um robô manipulador visando obter um sistema tolerante a falhas. Os controladores H2, H&#8734, e H2/H&#8734 Markovianos são calculados e aplicados ao robô em diversas situações de operação. Os controladores obtidos mantiveram a estabilidade do sistema tanto em situações de operação normal, quanto em situações de falhas sucessivas. / This work deals with Markovian control applied to a robot manipulator, in an effort to obtain a fault tolerant system. The H2, H&#8734, and H2/H&#8734 controllers were calculated and applied to the robot in different operation situations. The obtained controllers guaranteed the stability of the system in both situations: normal operation, and successive faults operation.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento, implementação e análise de técnicas de controle H 'INFINITO' não lineares para robôs manipuladores subatuados, sujeitos a incertezas paramétricas e distúrbios externos. Na primeira parte, duas abordagens são consideradas para robôs manipuladores individuais subatuados. A primeira abordagem consiste em representar robôs manipuladores como um sistema não linear na forma quase-linear com parâmetros variantes e utilizar técnicas de controle H 'INFINITO' para sistemas lineares a parâmetros variantes baseadas em desigualdades matriciais lineares. Na segunda abordagem, uma solução explícita do problema de controle H 'INFINITO' não linear para robôs manipuladores é encontrada via teoria dos jogos diferenciais. Com este mesmo procedimento, implementam-se também os controles misto H'IND.2'/H 'INFINITO' não linear, adaptativo H 'INFINITO' não linear e adaptativo H 'INFINITO' não linear com redes neurais para robôs manipuladores. Também é desenvolvido um sistema tolerante a falhas para robôs manipuladores baseado em sistemas Markovianos e em controladores Markovianos H'IND.2', H 'INFINITO' e H'IND.2'/ H 'INFINITO'. Na segunda parte, o modelo dinâmico de robôs manipuladores cooperativos subatuados é representado na forma de espaço de estados, possibilitando a aplicação dos controladores H 'INFINITO' não lineares para controle de posição, juntamente com controle das forças de esmagamento, de um objeto. / This work presents the development, implementation and analysis of nonlinear H‡ control techniques applied to underactuated manipulators, under parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. At the first part, two approaches are considered for underactuated individual manipulators. The first approach consists in representing manipulators as nonlinear systems in the quasi-linear parameter varying form and in controlling them via H‡ control for linear parameter varying systems based on linear matrix inequalities. At the second approach, an explicit solution to the nonlinear H‡ control problem for manipulators is found via differential game theory. With this procedure, it is also implemented the nonlinear mixed H2/H‡, nonlinear adaptive H‡, and nonlinear adaptive H‡ with neural networks controls. Also is developed a fault tolerant system for manipulators based on Markovian systems and Markovian H2, H‡, and H2/H‡ controls. At the second part, the dynamic model of underactuated cooperative manipulators is represented in the state space form in order to apply the nonlinear H‡ controls to position control, plus the squeeze force control, of an object.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Warren N. White / This thesis describes the process of testing and implementing ultrasonic transducers for ball position feedback on a ball-and-beam apparatus. Also included are specifications for equipment to allow feedback and command signals to be wireless, not hardwired to the control computer. The author presents various ball-and-beam configurations as well as details about the specific configuration used for this work. These details include choices in sensors, materials, hardware, construction, and controller. After the apparatus has been described, the author provides information to support claims about system performance. The conclusions presented specify the necessary hardware to make the system wireless and indicate that acoustic sensors can complete a successful ball-on-beam balancing system.

Cette thèse porte sur la commande non linéaire des systèmes mécaniques sous-actionnés, ces systèmes possédant moins d'actionneur que de degrés de liberté. La dynamique interne de ces systèmes est souvent instable ce qui les rend difficiles à commander et requiert des méthodes de commande spécifiques. La contribution de cette thèse est la proposition de deux approches de commandes originales dont le but est la génération de cycle limites stables sur toutes les coordonnées du système mécanique sous-actionné. La première approche de commande est basée sur la linéarisation partielle par retour d'état et l'optimisation de trajectoires de référence. La seconde approche est basée sur les travaux récents sur la commande sans modèle, une technique de commande qui permet de contrôler un système sans avoir besoin de modèle mathématique préalable de sa dynamique. Ces deux approches de commande sont appliquées à un système mécanique sous-actionné particulier: le pendule inversé stabilisé par roue d'inertie. Plusieurs scénarios sont proposés, à la fois en simulation numérique et en temps-réel sur une plate-forme expérimentale. Les résultats obtenus attestent de la capacité des contrôleurs proposés à stabiliser le système autour de cycles limites stables en dépit de la présence de perturbations externes. / This thesis is focused on non linear control of underactuated mechanical systems, thoses systems with less actuators than degrees of freedom. The internal dynamics of such system is often unstable making them particulary difficult to control. Thus specific care must be taken when designing controlers for such systems. The main contribution of this thesis is the design of two new control schemes for stable limit cycles generation on all coordinates of underactuated mechanical systems. First control approach is based on partial feedback linearization and reference trajectories optimization. Second approach is based on recent work on model free control,a control scheme which doesn't require prior mathematicalmodel of the controlled system dynamics. The proposed approaches are applied to an inertiawheel inverted pendulumtestbed. Several experimental scenarios are proposed, both in numerical simulation and in realtime implementation. Obtained results demonstrate the ability of both controllers to stabilize the system around stable limit cycles and to reject external disturbances.

Este trabalho trata da implementação de uma técnica de controle robusto, Síntese-&#956 em um robô manipulador de três graus de liberdade com juntas passivas. A necessidade de um de controle robusto se deve ao fato de que em uma aplicação real o sistema está sujeito a mudanças nos seus parâmetros internos e a distúrbios externos (ruído dos sensores, etc). Aqui, uma metodologia de controle robusto que combina o método do torque computado e controladores robustos projetados via Síntese-&#956 é proposta e utilizada com êxito. O equacionamento matemático da distância do sistema é apresentado e a linearização é realizada pela realimentação de estados presentes no método. Uma abordagem dos conceitos teóricos presentes na teoria de Síntese-&#956 é feita e um procedimento de projeto é apresentado. Modelos nominais para diferentes configurações do robô são definidos e controladores robustos são projetados utilizando o método de iterações D-K. O teste e a validação dos controladores projetados são verificados em um ambiente de simulação e também no manipulador experimental UArmII (Underactuated Robot Manipulator II), que é um robô manipulador (equipado com 3 juntas, atuadores e freios) projetado para o estudo de dinâmicas passivas. / This work deals with implementation of a robust control technique, &#956-Synthesis, in a mani- pulator robot with three degrees of freedom and passive joints. The necessity of a robust control is due to the fact that in a real application the system is subject to changes in its internal parameters and external disturbances (sensor noise, etc). Here, a robust control methodology that combines the computed torque method and robust controllers designed via &#956-Synthesis is proposal and used with success. The mathematical formulation of the system dynamics is presented and the linearization is accomplished by the state feedback included in the method. An overview of theoretical concepts presents in the &#956-Synthesis theory is made and a design procedure is presented. Nominal models for all robot\'s configurations are defined and robust controllers are designed using the D-K iterations method. The test and validation of the controllers are realized in a simulation environment and also in the experimental manipulator UArmII (Underactuated Robot Manipulator II), that is a robot manipulator (equipped with 3 joints, actuators and brakes) projected for the study of passive dynamics.

Motion planning and control synthesis are challenging problems for underactuated mechanical systems due to the presence of passive (non-actuated) degrees of freedom. For those systems that are additionally not feedback linearizable and with unstable internal dynamics there are no generic methods for planning trajectories and their feedback stabilization. For fully actuated mechanical systems, on the other hand, there are standard tools that provide a tractable solution. Still, the problem of generating efficient and optimal trajectories is nontrivial due to actuator limitations and motion-dependent velocity and acceleration constraints that are typically present. It is especially challenging for manipulators with kinematic redundancy. A generic approach for solving the above-mentioned problems is described in this work. We explicitly use the geometry of the state space of the mechanical system so that a synchronization of the generalized coordinates can be found in terms of geometric relations along the target motion with respect to a path coordinate. Hence, the time evolution of the state variables that corresponds to the target motion is determined by the system dynamics constrained to these geometrical relations, known as virtual holonomic constraints. Following such a reduction for underactuated mechanical systems, we arrive at integrable second-order dynamics associated with the passive degrees of freedom. Solutions of this reduced dynamics, together with the geometric relations, can be interpreted as a motion generator for the full system. For fully actuated mechanical systems the virtually constrained dynamics provides a tractable way of shaping admissible trajectories. Once a feasible target motion is found and the corresponding virtual holonomic constraints are known, we can describe dynamics transversal to the orbit in the state space and analytically compute a transverse linearization. This results in a linear time-varying control system that allows us to use linear control theory for achieving orbital stabilization of the nonlinear mechanical system as well as to conduct system analysis in the vicinity of the motion. The approach is applicable to continuous-time and impulsive mechanical systems irrespective of the degree of underactuation. The main contributions of this thesis are analysis of human movement regarding a nominal behavior for repetitive tasks, gait synthesis and stabilization for dynamic walking robots, and description of a numerical procedure for generating and stabilizing efficient trajectories for kinematically redundant manipulators.