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Beginning in the late 1960s officials in New York City faced a growing financial problem. Revenues collected did not add up to meet the city’s budget. In 1975, that problem became a crisis when the city could no longer meet its debt obligations. On the precipice of bankruptcy, a city once known for its generous welfare state, adopted austerity and structural readjustment in order to access federal aid and stave off collapse. Historians have examined the political and economic causes and social consequences of the fiscal crisis as well as the ways in which the city rebuilt itself as a playground for visitors and through the actions of the city’s financial elite. Do the Hustle: Municipal Regulation of New York City’s Underground Economy, 1965 to the Present, examines the ways in which officials rebuilt and reorganized New York City through revenue. Using New York City as a case study of state development I argue that the state rebuilt and reoriented itself around extracting and protecting revenues through regulation in the final decades of the twentieth-century. City officials rebuilt New York by creating new licensing requirements, offering generous tax incentives to businesses, and instituting regulations that protected what officials considered to be the most important sources of revenue – the financial industry, real estate, and tourism. Beginning with the Lindsay administration and ending with Giuliani’s two terms as mayor, this project traces the ways in which city officials attempted to extract new revenues from previously untapped sources in the city’s informal and semi-formal sectors while simultaneously working to protect revenues generated by finance, development, and tourism from nuisance businesses that might affect their bottom line and thus, municipal revenues. In their pursuit of revenue, officials actively constructed a new New York City that courted business at the expense of average citizens. That transformation has not been limited to New York as other municipalities have also shifted focus to revenue extraction and protection. By the twenty-first century, the extraction and protection of revenue through regulation had resulted in high levels of income inequality, aggressive policing, and a growing homeless population in cities across the country. / History

This project is about capturing the historical moments of a place by collecting and translating memories into experiences. Let me take you through the journey how I got here. Architecture, in particular, acts as a tangible link between the past, present, and future, anchoring itself as a significant point in the timeline of a location and culture. I believe, each of us perceives spaces in our own unique way, shaped by our individual previous experiences. Memories are strongly connected to sensory experiences because our senses play a fundamental role in how we perceive and recall the world around us. And I think visual as well as sensory aspects of memory is crucial to capture the essence of a place. Therefore, I decided to work in the south of Södermalm, an area rich of history, cultural events and memories. My experience of the area is much different so I chose to interview a few people who used to live or spend time in the area. I chose 3 people who have common experiences that shaped the area and I introduced their memories in my project. Their collective experiences became my driving force of the design.

Photogrammetry and laser scanning are remote sensing technologies with the potential to monitor movements of rock masses and their support systems in underground mine environments. Displacements underground are traditionally measured through point measurement devices, such as extensometers. These are generally restricted to measuring one dimension, may change behavior with installation, may obstruct mining operations, and are restricted to monitoring the behavior of a small area. Photogrammetry and laser scanning offer the ability to monitor rock mass movements at millions of points in a local area, both accurately and quickly. An improved, or augmented, method for measuring displacements underground in a practical, cost-effective manner will lead to an improved understanding of rock mass behavior. Several experiments were performed that demonstrate the applicability of these remote sensing techniques to monitoring rock mass changes. An underground mining environment presents unique challenges to using these tools for monitoring rock movements, such as: poor lighting, dust, fog, and unfavorable geometries. It is important, therefore, to demonstrate that these tools which have applications in other industries, can also be adapted to the conditions of an underground mine. The study sites chosen include two different underground limestone mines, two different underground coal mines, and the Mine Roof Simulator (MRS) at the Pittsburgh Office of Mine Safety and Health Research. Both photogrammetry and laser scanning were tested at different limestone mines to detect scaling and spalling on ribs that occurred over several weeks. Both methods were successfully used to reconstruct three-dimensional models of the limestone ribs and detect areas of rock change between visits. By comparing the reconstructed point clouds, and the triangulated meshes created from them, volumes of rock change could be quantified. The laser scanned limestone mine showed a volume of 2.3 m3 and 2.6 m3 being displaced across two ribs between visits. The photogrammetry study involved seven different pillars and at least one rib face modeled on each, with volume changes of 0.29 to 4.03 m3 detected between visits. The rock displaced from the ribs could not be measured independently of the remote sensing, but a uniform absence of rock movement across large areas of the mine validates the accuracy of the point clouds. A similar test was performed using laser scanning in an underground coal mine, where the displacement was induced by removing material by hand from the ribs. Volume changes as small as 57 cm3, or slightly larger than a golf ball, and as large as 57,549 cm3, were detectable in this environment, despite the change in rib surface reflectance and mine geometry. In addition to the rib displacement, photogrammetry was selected as a tool for monitoring standing supports in underground coal mines. The additional regulatory restrictions of underground coal may preclude the use of laser scanning in these mines where deformation is most likely to occur. The camera used for photogrammetry is ATEX certified as explosion proof and is indicative of the specifications that could be expected in an MSHA approved camera. Three different experiments were performed with this camera, including a laboratory controlled standing support deformation at the MRS and an in-mine time-lapse experiment measuring the response of a wooden crib and steel support to abutment loading. The experiment reconstructing a standing support in the MRS showed a cumulative convergence of 30.93 cm through photogrammetry and 30.48 cm as measured by the system. The standing support monitoring in the underground coal mine environment showed a steel support cumulative convergence of 1.10 cm, a wooden crib cumulative convergence of 0.62 cm, and a measured cumulative convergence on the wooden crib of 0.62 cm. These techniques explored in this report are not intended to supplant, but rather supplement, existing measurement technologies. Both laser scanning and photogrammetry have physical and regulatory limitations in their application to measuring underground mine deformations, however, their ability to provide time-lapse three-dimensional measurements of entire mine sections is a strength difficult to emulate with traditional point measurement techniques. A fast, cost-effective, and practical application of remote sensing to monitoring mine displacements will improve awareness and understanding of rock mass behavior. / Ph. D.

Carefully engineered mine ventilation is critical to the safe operation of underground longwall mines. Currently, there are several options for simulation of mine ventilation. This research was conducted to rapidly simulate an underground longwall mine, especially for the use of tracer gas in an emergency situation. In an emergency situation, limited information about the state of mine ventilation system is known, and it is difficult to make informed decisions about safety of the mine for rescue personnel. With careful planning, tracer gases can be used to remotely ascertain changes in the ventilation system. In the meantime, simulation of the tracer gas can be conducted to understand the airflow behavior for improvements during normal operation. Better informed decisions can be made with the help of both tracer gas technique and different modeling approaches. This research was made up of two main parts. One was a field study conducted in an underground longwall mine in the western U.S. The other one was a simulation of the underground longwall mine with different approaches, such as network modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. Networking modeling is the most prevalent modeling technique in the mining industry. However, a gob area, which is a void zone filled with broken rocks after the longwall mining, cannot be simulated in an accurate way with networking modeling. CFD is a powerful tool for modeling different kinds of flows under various situations. However, it requires a significant time investment for the expert user as well as considerable computing power. To take advantage of both network modeling and CFD, the hybrid approach, which is a combination of network modeling and CFD was established. Since tracer gas was released and collected in the field study, the tracer gas concentration profile was separately simulated in network modeling, CFD model, and hybrid model in this study. The simulated results of airflow and tracer gas flow were analyzed and compared with the experimental results from the field study. Two commercial network modeling software packages were analyzed in this study. One of the network modeling software also has the capability to couple with CFD. A two-dimensional (2D) CFD model without gob was built to first analyze the accuracy of CFD. More 2D CFD models with gob were generated to determine how much detail was necessary for the gob model. Several three-dimensional (3D) CFD models with gob were then created. A mesh independence study and a sensitivity study for the porosity and permeability values were created to determine the optimal mesh size, porosity and permeability values for the 3D CFD model, and steady-state simulation and transient simulations were conducted in the 3D CFD models. In the steady-state simulation, a comparison was made between the 3D CFD models with and without taking the diffusivity of SF6 in air into account. Finally, the different simulation techniques were compared to measured field data, and assessed to determine if the hybrid approach was considerably simpler, while also providing results superior to a simple network model. / Master of Science

The experiments made in this study covered the investigation of the “self corrosion” of antimony and tin alloy lead cable sheath that was effected by various soil characteristics and by various classes of soil solutions. The study was made entirely with laboratory specimens and solutions and while it was difficult to attain the desired results, yet results of sufficiently distinctive character were secured in most cases to permit of an intelligent comparison and interpretation. In general, the principal cause of soil corrosion of underground lead cable are the presence of organic matter and poor drainage. When organic matter decomposes the resulting organic solids, mainly acetic, attack the cable sheath with resulting corrosion products. Moisture, up to a certain point, is very detrimental, not only in aiding electrolysis, but by causing the formation of hydroxides. However, the presence of a great amount of water seems to retard corrosive action by making the approach of oxygen difficult. The presence of oxidizing agents, such as the nitrates, also enhances corrosion. The nature of soil corrosion on cable sheath is usually that of a crater-like pitting of the surface. In these pits are found the corrosive products, probably lead salts in the form of carbonate or sulphate. The amount of corrosion varies over different parts of the surface, due to the non-uniform distribution of the agent causing the corrosion. Just how much of this corrosion is effected by local galvanic action is indeterminable from this study, but the American Committee on Electrolysis holds this as a very important factor. Alkalis, as well as acids, have detrimental corrosive effects on lead cable. This was shown very decisively in this study, and for these reasons, it is thought a bad policy to place non-protected cable in the vicinity of calcareous substances, such as concrete. In some cases where acids are probably present in drainage waters, limestone placed near the cable may have a neutralizing effect, but to what extent this principle should be practiced is a matter for conjecture. It is believed that the chief corrosive effect of salts is due to their aid to galvanic action. However, in many cases it is evident that they also effect corrosion products by chemical union with the cable sheath itself. From this study it is evident that the whole matter of the corrosion of lead in the soil is very complicated. Not only does the popular amphoteric character of this metal enter into the problem, but also the physical character of the metal structure itself. These factors, combined with the complexities of the chemical content of the ground solutions, make the whole question of the soil corrosion of lead a matter for further and more intense study. In conclusion, the author wishes to express his appreciation to Mr. D. S. Hilborn, Electrolysis Engineer of the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, and Professor F. O. Anderegg of the Chemistry Department of the Purdue University, for their advice and directions in the conduction of these experiments. / Master of Science