One of the fastest growing segments of Internet applications are real-time mul- timedia applications, like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Real-time multimedia applications use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the transport protocol because of the inherent conservative nature of the congestion avoidance schemes of Transmis- sion Control Protocol (TCP). The e®ects of uncontrolled °ows on the Internet have not yet been felt because UDP tra±c frequently constitutes only » 20% of the total Internet tra±c. It is pertinent that real-time multimedia applications become better citizens of the Internet, while at the same time deliver acceptable Quality of Service (QoS). Traditionally, packet losses and the increase in the end-to-end delay experienced by some of the packets characterizes congestion in the network. These two signals have been used to develop most known °ow control schemes. The current research considers the °ow accumulation in the network as the signal for use in °ow control. The most signi¯cant contribution of the current research is to propose novel end- to-end °ow control schemes for unicast real-time multimedia °ows transmitting over best-e®ort networks. These control schemes are based on predictive control of the accumulation signal. The end-to-end control schemes available in the literature are based on reactive control that do not take into account the feedback delay existing between the sender and the receiver nor the forward delay in the °ow dynamics. The performance of the proposed control schemes has been evaluated using the ns-2 simulation environment. The research concludes that active control of hard real- time °ows delivers the same or somewhat better QoS as High Bit Rate (HBR, no control), but with a lower average bit rate. Consequently, it helps reduce bandwidth use of controlled real-time °ows by anywhere between 31:43% to 43:96%. Proposed reactive control schemes deliver good QoS. However, they do not scale up as well as the predictive control schemes. Proposed predictive control schemes are e®ective in delivering good quality QoS while using up less bandwidth than even the reactive con- trol schemes. They scale up well as more real-time multimedia °ows start employing them.

Au cours des dernières années, le trafic réseau nécessitant une qualité de service (QoS) a augmenté de façon exponentielle. Dans cette thèse, notre objectif est de trouver des routages dans les réseaux câblés et sans fil en prenant en compte les contraintes liées à la QoS et en minimisant le coût de la communication. Nous nous intéressons tout d’abord à la résolution du problème du chemin multi-contraint (MCP) pour lequel un algorithme exact efficace est proposé. Cet algorithme permet d'améliorer le temps d'exécution tout en maintenant la qualité de la solution. En ce qui concerne le problème de la diffusion multipoint (multicast) multi-contraint de coût minimal (MCMCM), une nouvelle formulation utilisant la Programmation Linéaire en Nombres Entiers est proposée. Elle permet de calculer les hiérarchies optimales, structures les plus pertinentes pour résoudre de manière exacte le problème MCMCM. Un algorithme de prétraitement efficace est également conçu pour accélérer le temps de résolution dans les réseaux de grande taille. En ce qui concerne le problème du routage avec QoS dans les « Low Power et Lossy Networks » (LLN), une solution basée sur une nouvelle fonction objective est présentée. Cette solution minimisant une longueur non linéaire est la première à prendre en compte un nombre quelconque de contraintes pour le routage avec QoS. Nous avons conçu un algorithme exact et deux algorithmes de routage heuristique pour résoudre ce problème dans les réseaux LLN avec QoS. / In recent years, the network traffic requiring Quality of Service (QoS) has been growing explosively. In this thesis, we study the multi-constrained QoS routing in networks. The objective is to find routes in wired and wireless networks taking into account constraints related to the QoS and minimizing the cost of the communication. We present several propositions. To solve the Multi-Constrained Path problem (MCP), an efficient exact algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is shown to be able to improve the execution time while maintaining the quality of the solution. Concerning the Multi-Constrained Multicast Minimum Cost problem (MCMCM), a new Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation is proposed to compute hierarchies, which are the exact solutions for MCMCM. An efficient preprocessing-based algorithm is also designed to accelerate the resolution time in large size networks. Regarding the problem of QoS routing in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), a new Objective Function (OF)-based solution is presented. This solution uses a non-linear length function. It is the first that takes into account any number of metrics and constraints for QoS routing. We designed an exact and two heuristic routing algorithms with QoS constraints for LLNs.

Les Réseaux mobiles ad hoc (MANETs) appartiennent à une catégorie de réseaux sans fils qui n'a pas besoin d'infrastructure, chaque nœud jouant le rôle de l'hôte ainsi que du routeur. Les équipements mobiles dans ces réseaux sont généralement de petites tailles (PC portable, PDA...) d'où les contraintes de ressources en terme de mémoire et de batteries. Ces réseaux sont caractérisés par la faible bande passante qui diminue également en raison des interférences des signaux ainsi que la déplétion sur le canal (channel fading). Par conséquence, un nouveau type de routage est nécessaire pour améliorer la fiabilité de transmission. Certain protocoles de routage doivent être adoptés en prenant en compte la mobilité des nœuds ainsi que le manque des ressources. Puisque plusieurs applications de ces réseaux nécessitent la collaboration et la communication parmi les groupes de nœuds, les protocoles de routage multicast jouent un rôle très important. Les communication multicast sont plus efficaces que les communications unicast dans un environnement radio car elles profitent de la propriété de diffusion dans le canal radio et donc économisent l'utilisation de la bande passante ainsi que la consommation d'énergie. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer de nouveaux mécanismes et protocoles unicast et multicast pouvant répondre à plusieurs exigences comme la fiabilité, l'efficacité, l'adaptabilité, et la consommation d'énergie. Nous présentons trois contributions. La première contribution dans cette thèse concerne le routage unicast. Nous proposons un mécanisme de routage qui s'adapte aux changements fréquents de topologie ainsi que la faible puissance des batteries. Ce mécanisme, appelé Energy Conserving Dynamic Source Routing (EC-DSR), modifie le protocole de routage Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) en considérant la stabilité des nœuds voisins ainsi que la consommation d'énergie pendant la construction des chemins. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions le problème du routage multicast dans les réseaux ad hoc. Nous avons étudié les limitations des protocoles de routage multicast classiques ainsi que les problèmes dans les protocoles de routage multicast existants dans les réseaux ad hoc. Notre but étant de fournir un routage multicast efficace qui consomme moins de ressources. Un nouveau protocole de routage multicast, appelé Source Routing-based Multicast Protocol (SRMP), est proposé. Ce protocole utilise le concept de "source routing" pour minimiser la charge sur le réseau. SRMP permet une forte connectivité ainsi qu'une stabilité des liens entre les nœuds tout en minimisant la consommation d'énergie. A fin d'évaluer nos deux propositions, nous les avons implémenté sous le simulateur ns-2. Une étude comparative est aussi menée pour évaluer EC-DSR vis à vis DSR et montrer l'amélioration attendue de EC-DSR. De plus, une étude comparative est menée dans le cadre du multicast qui compare SRMP vis à vis On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) et Adaptive Demand-driven Multicast Routing (ADMR). Les résultats obtenus sont favorables pour SRMP dans plusieurs points. Un environnement de simulations réaliste est fourni et permet d'étudier plusieurs modèles de mobilité dans nos expériences. L'effet de changement du modèle de mobilité sur la performance de chaque protocole est étudié. Dans un troisième temps, Nous étudions SRMP d'un point de vue analytique. Un modèle analytique basé sur la théorie des graphes aléatoires est dérivé. Les résultats numériques de ce modèle montrent le comportement de transition de phase pour certaines propriétés de SRMP, particulièrement ceux concernées par la connectivité.

This master’s thesis describes energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. It is focused on energy consumption during communication and it provides rules to save energy during this operation. There are terms like wireless sensor networks, multicast, ad-hoc networks, routing protocols, multicast routing protocols, IGMP protocol, AODV routing protocol, MAODV routing protocol explained in this thesis. The main difference between multicast and unicast communication is analyzed as well. In the end of this thesis there are results of simulation small wireless sensor network from network simulator2. The simulations were focused on energy consumption during communication. The length of packet was changed during communication between two nodes in this simulation. In wireless sensors network nodes play a dual role as both data sender and data router therefore there were made research into energy consumption senders, routers, receivers in wireless sensor network during communication.

La conception d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil peut présenter de nombreux défis, tels que le passage à l'echèlle, la fiabilité, la longévité et la communication en temps réel. L'existence de plusieurs points de collecte peut augmenter la fiabilité du réseau et facilite le passage à l'echèlle. Toutefois, cette amélioration dépend de l’approche de routage, qui doit être adaptée pour atteindre les objectifs de performance souhaités.Dans cette optique, l’objectif de ce travail est de trouver des moyens pour optimiser la communication dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil à multiples points de collecte en tenant compte des problèmes liés au passage à l'echèlle, à la durée de vie du réseau, à la fiabilité (livraison des paquets) et à la minimization de la latence. Nous étudions les point d'équilibre entre le délai et la consommation d'énergie en tant que paramètres clés pour la qualité et l'efficacité de la communication. Pour ce faire, nous proposons différents algorithmes de routage, couvrant les trois principaux schémas de communication (unicast, anycast et multicast).Les simulations effectuées montrent que nos approches sont capables d’optimiser la communication, notamment en termes de latence et de durée de vie du réseau. Des expériences sur la plateforme FIT IoT-Lab fournissent également des indications significatives sur les performances de notre solution multicast dans des conditions réelles. / The conception of a wireless sensor network may present numerous challenges, such as scalability, reliability, longevity and timeliness. The existence of multiple sinks may increase the network reliability and facilitates the scalability. However, this improvement is dependent on the routing approach, that must be tailored to help achieving the desired performance goals.From this perspective, the objective of this work is to find ways of optimizing the communication in multi-sink wireless sensor networks considering the problems related to the scalability, longevity (network lifetime), reliability (packet delivery) and timeliness (latency). We investigate the trades among data delivery time and energy consumption as key metrics for communication quality and efficiency. For that matter, we propose different routing algorithms, covering all three main communciations schemes (unicast, anycast and multicast).The executed simulations show that our approaches are capable of optimizing the communication, especially in terms of latency and network lifetime. Experiments on the FIT IoT-Lab platform also provide meaningful insights of the performance of our multicast solution in real environment condition.

In recent years, there has been an exponential growth in the use of multimedia applications. A satellite system offers great potential for multimedia applications with its ability to broadcast and multicast a large amount of data over a very large area as compared to a terrestrial system. However, the limited transmission capacity along with the dynamically varying channel conditions impedes the delivery of good quality multimedia service in a satellite system which has resulted in research efforts for deriving efficient radio resource management techniques. This issue is addressed in this thesis, where the main emphasis is to design a CAC framework which maximizes the utilization of the scarce radio resources available in the satellite and at the same time increases the performance of the system for a UMTS based satellite system supporting unicast and multicast traffic. The design of the system architecture for a UMTS based satellite system is presented. Based on this architecture, a CAC framework is designed consisting of three different functionalities: the admission control procedure, the retune procedure and the pre-emption procedure. The joint use of these functionalities is proposed to allow the performance of the system to be maintained under congestion. Different algorithms are proposed for different functionalities; an adaptive admission control algorithm, a greedy retune algorithm and three pre-emption algorithms (Greedy, SubSetSum, and Fuzzy). A MATLAB simulation model is developed to study the performance of the proposed CAC framework. A GUI is created to provide the user with the flexibility to configure the system settings before starting a simulation. The configuration settings allow the system to be analysed under different conditions. The performance of the system is measured under different simulation settings such as enabling and disabling of the two functionalities of the CAC framework; retune procedure and the pre-emption procedure. The simulation results indicate the CAC framework as a whole with all the functionalities performs better than the other simulation settings.

This presentation provides an overview of the current production and broadcasting system of Radio UNiCC, the University Radio in Chemnitz. Furthermore, several significant technologies are discussed. In the end there are some more examples of audio streaming. This presentation was broadcasted into the internet and was recorded as well. The recording file is available. / Der Vortrag beschreibt das aktuelle Produktions- und Sendesystem von Radio UNiCC, dem Uniradio an der TU Chemnitz. Weiterhin werden Schlüsseltechnologien des Audiostreamings gegenübergestellt. Abgerundet wird der Vortrag durch weitere Anwendungsbeispiele von Audiostreaming. Der Vortrag wurde live übertragen und aufgezeichnet. Der Mitschitt steht zur Verfügung.

A majority of the data transmitted and processed today has an inherent structured high-dimensional nature, either because of the process of encoding using high-dimensional codebooks for providing a systematic structure, or dependency of the data on a large number of agents or variables. As a result, many problem setups associated with transmission and processing of data have a structured high-dimensional aspect to them. This dissertation takes a look at two such problems, namely, communication over networks using network coding, and learning the structure of graphical representations like Markov networks using observed data, from an information-theoretic perspective. Such an approach yields intuition about good coding architectures as well as the limitations imposed by the high-dimensional framework. Th e dissertation studies the problem of network coding for networks having multiple transmission sessions, i.e., multiple users communicating with each other at the same time. The connection between such networks and the information-theoretic interference channel is examined, and the concept of interference alignment, derived from interference channel literature, is coupled with linear network coding to develop novel coding schemes off ering good guarantees on achievable throughput. In particular, two setups are analyzed – the first where each user requires data from only one user (multiple unicasts), and the second where each user requires data from potentially multiple users (multiple multicasts). It is demonstrated that one can achieve a rate equalling a signi ficant fraction of the maximal rate for each transmission session, provided certain constraints on the network topology are satisfi ed. Th e dissertation also analyzes the problem of learning the structure of Markov networks from observed samples – the learning problem is interpreted as a channel coding problem and its achievability and converse aspects are examined. A rate-distortion theoretic approach is taken for the converse aspect, and information-theoretic lower bounds on the number of samples, required for any algorithm to learn the Markov graph up to a pre-speci fied edit distance, are derived for ensembles of discrete and Gaussian Markov networks based on degree-bounded graphs. The problem of accurately learning the structure of discrete Markov networks, based on power-law graphs generated from the con figuration model, is also studied. The eff ect of power-law exponent value on the hardness of the learning problem is deduced from the converse aspect – it is shown that discrete Markov networks on power-law graphs with smaller exponent values require more number of samples to ensure accurate recovery of their underlying graphs for any learning algorithm. For the achievability aspect, an effi cient learning algorithm is designed for accurately reconstructing the structure of Ising model based on power-law graphs from the con figuration model; it is demonstrated that optimal number of samples su ffices for recovering the exact graph under certain constraints on the Ising model potential values. / text

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television), a new and modern concept of emerging technologies with focus on providing cutting edge high-resolution television, broadcast, and other fascinating services, is now easily available with only requirement of high-speed internet. Everytime a new technology is made local, it faces tremendous problems whether from technological point of view to enhance the performance or when it comes down to satisfy the customers. This cutting edge technology has provided researchers to embark and play with different tools to provide better quality while focusing on existing tools. Our target in dissertation is to provide a few interesting facets of IPTV and come up with a concept of introducing an imaginary cache that can re-collect the packets travelling from streaming server to the end user. In the access node this cache would be fixed and then on the basis of certain pre-assumed research work we can conclude how quick retransmission can take place when the end user responds back using RTCP protocol and asks for the retransmission of corrupted/lost packets. In the last section, we plot our scenario of streaming server on one side and client, end user on the other end and make assumption on the basis of throughput, response time and traffic.

This master thesis deals with creating laboratory exercises for students in simulator NS-3, where the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, unicast and multicast transmission types, quality of services in wireless networks, furthermore protocols TCP and UDP are analyzed. The first section describes the NS-3 network simulator, the Eclipse development environment and the method how to connect them. In the next section protocols IPv4 and IPv6 are presented, the structure of the headers and the technique of fragmentation are described in detail. Based on this a laboratory exercise is created which deals with comparison of protocols IPv4 and IPv6. In the next section the types of transmissions are described, furthermore the multicast transmission type is explained more in detail. In the next practical section the second laboratory exercise is created, which deals with comparison of unicast and multicast transmission types. The subject of the following section is ensuring quality of services in data networks, the EDCA access method is discussed more in detail. In the next section the EDCA access method is implemented in a simulation as a laboratory exercise, in which the impact of the access category of EDCA to different transmission parameters is investigated. The next section deals with protocols TCP and UDP, furthermore with the structure of their headers. In the last section a laboratory exercise is created, in which the properties of the protocols TCP and UDP are compared.