Orientador: Rezende Gomes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:53:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_TonnyfranXavierdeAraujo_M.pdf: 6216112 bytes, checksum: 8c56f86b7dd957a9bef95dc947db6ed6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma análise comparativa do processo de solidificação de uma liga de alumínio a partir de diferentes graus de superaquecimento. São determinados experimentalmente os principais parâmetros do processo de solidificação afetados pelo grau de superaquecimento e sua influência na formação da microestrutura. Foi escolhida a liga AA5052, contendo cerca de 3% de magnésio pelo seu interesse comercial. A liga foi vazada com três diferentes graus de superaquecimento, em um dispositivo que permite a solidificação unidirecional e o monitoramento, através de um sistema de aquisição de dados, das variações de temperatura em diferentes posições da peça. A partir dos resultados de temperatura são determinados outros parâmetros do processo. Os espaçamentos interdendriticos são determinados a partir das micrografias. Através da análise experimental é determinada a influência do grau de superaquecimento nos seguintes parâmetros relativos ao processo de solidificação: coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal/molde, velocidade de avanço da frente de solidificação, gradiente de temperatura em frente à isoterma liquidus, taxa de resfriamento, tempo local de solidificação e espaçamentos interdendriticos primário e secundário. Também é analisada a transição entre a estrutura colunar e equiaxial / Abstract: The objective of this work is the development of a comparative analysis of solidification process of the aluminum 5052 alloy with different overheating ranges. The main parameters of the solidification process, experimentally determined, are affected by the overheating range and its influence on the microstructure arrangement. lt was selected the 5052 alloy, containing about 3% of magnesium, used for commercial purposes. The al1oy was poured with three different overheating ranges in a device which allows the unidirectional solidification and its monitoring through an acquisition data system thru the temperature variation from different positions on the sample. From the temperature results, the process parameters are determined. The dendritic spacing is determined using the micrographs. Through experimental analysis is established the influence of the overheating range at the fol1owing parameters related to solidification process: heat transfer coefficient at the metal/mold interface, solidification rate, thermal gradient at the liquidus isotherm, cooling rate, local solidification time and secondary arm spacing. The change between the structure columnar and equiaxed is also studied. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The thesis work consists of two parts. First, the development of two-dimensional numerical models of a Bridgman unidirectional solidification furnace, and second, the construction work of the furnace at KTH. The aim is to build a Bridgman furnace which is capable of close control over temperature gradient and growth rate such that the solidification structures of a duplex stainless steel (SAF2507) could be replicated at a laboratory scale for different cooling rates.Two numerical models of Bridgman furnace are created using COMSOL Multiphysics. The models are used as predictive tools to simulate the locations of solidification front and the temperature gradients at the solidification fronts, which are parameters difficult to access during experiments. Different hot zone temperatures of the furnace (1500~1550 °C) and different sample pulling rates (0.5~10 mm/s) are studied in simulations. The major finding from modeled results is that the temperature gradient of the sample at the solidification fronts range from 5 ~ 17 K/mm, which are lower than the furnace temperature gradient of ~50 K/mm. The corresponding steady-state cooling rates range between 5 ~ 85 K/s. The next step is to validate the models with experimental temperature profiles of the furnace, and decide whether the furnace design should be modified to achieve the cooling rates of interests. / Examensarbetet består av två delar. Först utvecklingen av tvådimensionella numeriska modeller av en Bridgman enkelriktad stelningsugn, och för det andra konstruktionsarbetet för ugnen vid KTH. Syftet är att bygga en Bridgman-ugn som har förmåga att kontrollera temperaturgradienten och tillväxthastigheten så att stelningsstrukturerna i ett duplex-rostfritt stål (SAF2507) skulle kunna replikeras i laboratorieskala för olika kylningshastigheter. Två numeriska modeller av Bridgman-ugnen skapas med COMSOL Multiphysics. Modellerna används som prediktiva verktyg för att simulera placeringen av stelningsfronten och temperaturgradienterna vid stelningsfronterna, vilket är parametrar som är svåra att komma åt under experiment. Olika varmzonstemperaturer i ugnen (1500~1550 °C) och olika provdragningshastigheter (0.5~10 mm/s) studeras i simuleringar. Det viktigaste fyndet från modellerade resultat är att provets temperaturgradient vid stelningsfronterna sträcker sig från 5 ~17 K/mm, vilket är lägre än ugns temperaturgradient på ~ 50 K/mm. Motsvarande stabilitetskylningshastigheter varierar mellan 5 ~ 85 K/s. Nästa steg är att validera modellerna med experimentella temperaturprofiler för ugnen och bestämma om ugnsutformningen ska modifieras för att uppnå intressens kylningshastigheter.

The objective of this research is to increase the understanding of the solidification behaviour of some industrially important wrought aluminium alloys. The investigation methods range from direct investigations of as-cast ingots to laboratory-scale techniques in which ingot casting is simulated. The methods span from directional solidification at different cooling rates to more fundamental and controlled techniques such as DTA and DSC. The microstructure characteristics of the castings have been investigated by optical and Scanning Electron microscopy. Hardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The effects of adding alloying elements to 3XXX and 6XXX aluminium alloys have been studied with special focus on the effects of Zn, Cu, Si and Ti. These elements influence the strength and corrosion properties, which are important for the performance of final components of these alloys. Solidification studies of 0-5wt% Zn additions to 3003 alloys showed that the most important effect on the microstructure was noticed at 2.5 wt% Zn, where the structure was fine, and the hardness had a maximum. Si addition to a level of about 2% gave a finer structure, having a relatively large fraction of eutectic structure, however, it also gave a long solidification interval. The addition of small amounts of Cu, 0.35 and 1.0 wt%, showed a beneficial effect on the hardness. Differences have been observed in the ingot surface microstructures of 6xxx billets with different Mg and Si ratios. Excess Si compositions showed a coarser grain structure and more precipitations with possible negative implications for surface defect formation during DC casting. The comparison of alloys of different Ti content showed that the addition of titanium to a level of about 0.15 wt% gave a coarser grain structure than alloys with a normal Ti content for grain refinement, i.e. < 0.02 wt%, although a better corrosion resistance can be obtained at higher Ti contents. The larger grain size results in crack sensitivity during DC casting. A macroscopic etching technique was developed, based on a NaOH solution, and used in inclusion assessment along DC cast billets. Good quantitative data with respect to the size and spatial distribution of inclusions were obtained. The results from studied billets reveal a decreasing number of inclusions going from bottom to top, and the presence of a ring-shaped distribution of a large number of small defects in the beginning of the casting. The present study shows how composition modifications, i.e. additions of certain amounts of alloying elements to the 3xxx and 6xxx Al alloys, significantly change the microstructures of the materials, its castability, and consequently its mechanical properties / QC 20100901

Orientador: Amauri Garcia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T17:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JorgeAyrtonda_M.pdf: 5941604 bytes, checksum: 9ec8b76ce4cbb57c06994f1a8307f767 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A análise térmica é amplamente utilizada como método de controle de processos metalúrgicos e na investigação da composição química de ferros fundidos na prática de fundição. Um meio confiável de avaliação da composição de ferros fundidos é disponibilizado pela técnica do Carbono Equivalente, que é baseada na mudança de inclinação da curva de resfriamento na temperatura liquidus durante o resfriamento de uma amostra de ferro fundido a partir do estado líquido. O presente trabalho é focado no desenvolvimento de um novo sensor para análise térmica, um sensor de imersão, que objetiva contribuir com determinações mais confiáveis de composição durante as operações de fundição. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos em diferentes empresas de fundição, utilizando-se tanto o sensor de imersão quanto o tradicional sensor tipo cápsula, normalmente utilizado na prática de fundição. As comparações de composições químicas, medidas por essas duas técnicas e medidas fornecidas por análise de espectrometria de emissão óptica, demonstram que geralmente o sensor de imersão fornece resultados mais confiáveis. Uma análise térmica realizada durante o resfriamento de ferro fundido em um dispositivo unidirecional com uma coquilha, e utilizando um conjunto de termopares, permitiu também a determinação quantitativa de variáveis térmicas de solidificação, tais como: coeficientes transitórios de transferência de calor metal/molde e molde/ambiente e taxa de resfriamento à frente da isoterma liquidus / Abstract: Thermal analysis is a widely used method for metallurgical process control and investigation of alloy composition of cast irons in foundry practice. A reliable means of rapidly evaluating the composition of cast irons is available by the Carbon-Equivalent technique, which is based on the change in thermal arrest temperature of the liquidus as the sample of molten cast iron freezes. The present work focuses on the development of a new sensor for thermal analysis, a dip-sensor, wich aims to contribute to more reliable determination of alloy composition during casting operation. Experiments were carried-out in different foundries by using both the dipsensor and the traditional capsule-sensor, which is normally used in foundry practice. The comparison of alloy compositions measured by these two techniques with analysis performed by Arc/Spark spectrometry has shown that generally the dip-sensor provides more reliable results. Thermal analysis conducted during cooling of molten cast iron in a unidirectional chill apparatus, by using a set of thermocouples, has also permitted the quantitative determination of solidification thermal variables, such as: transient metal/mold and mold/ambient heat transfer coefficients and tip cooling rates / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The primary focus of the present work is the development of macro-models for numerical simulation of binary alloy solidification processes, consistent with microscopic phase-change considerations, with a particular emphasis on capturing the effects of non-equilibrium species redistribution on overall macrosegregation behaviour. As a first step, a generalised macroscopic framework is developed for mathematical modelling of the process. The complete set of equivalent single-phase governing equations (mass, momentum, energy and species conservation) are solved following a pressure-based Finite Volume Method according to the SIMPLER algorithm. An algorithm is also developed for the prescription of the coupling between temperature and the melt-fraction. Based on the above unified approach of solidification modelling, a macroscopic numerical model is devised that is capable of capturing the interaction between the double-diffusive convective field and a localised fluid flow on account of solutal undercooling during non-equilibrium solidification of binary alloys. Numerical simulations are performed for the case of two-dimensional transient solidification of Pb-Sn alloys, and the simulation results are also compared with the corresponding experimental results quoted in the literature. It is observed that non-equilibrium effects on account of solutal undercooling result in an enhanced macrosegregation. Next, the model is extended to capture the effects of dendritic arm coarsening on the macroscopic transport phenomena occurring during a binary alloy solidification process. The numerical results are first tested against experimental results quoted in the literature, corresponding to the solidification of an Al-Cu alloy in a bottom-cooled cavity. It is concluded that dendritic arm coarsening leads to an increased effective permeability of the mushy region as well as an enhanced eutectic fraction of the solidified ingot. Consequently, an enhanced macrosegregation can be predicted as compared to that dictated by shrinkage-induced fluid flow alone. For an order-of-magnitude assessment of predictions from the numerical models, a systematic approach is subsequently developed for scaling analysis of momentum, heat and species conservation equations pertaining to the case of solidification of a binary mixture. A characteristic velocity scale inside the mushy region is derived, in terms of the morphological parameters of the two-phase region. A subsequent analysis of the energy equation results in an estimation of the solid layer thickness. It is also shown from scaling principles that non-equilibrium effects result in an enhanced macro-segregation compared to the case of an equilibrium model For the sake of assessment of the scaling analysis, the predictions are validated against computational results corresponding to the simulation of a full set of governing equations, thus confirming the trends suggested by the scale analysis. In order to analytically investigate certain limiting cases of unidirectional alloy solidification, a fully analytical solution technique is established for the solution of unidirectional, conduction-dominated, alloy solidification problems. The results are tested for the problem of solidification of an ammonium chloride-water solution, and are compared with those from existing analytical models as well as with the corresponding results from a fully numerical simulation. The effects of different microscopic models on solidification behaviour are illustrated, and transients in temperature and heat flux distribution are also analysed. An excellent agreement between the present solutions and results from the computational simulation can be observed. The generalised numerical model is subsequently utilised to investigate the effects of laminar double-diffusive Rayleigh-Benard convection on directional solidification of binary fluids, when cooled and solidified from the top. A series of experiments is also performed with ammonium chloride-water solutions of hypoeutectic and hypereutectic composition, so as to facilitate comparisons with numerical predictions. While excellent agreements can be obtained for the first case, the second case results in a peculiar situation, where crystals nucleated on the inner roof of the cavity start descending through the bulk fluid, and finally settle down at the bottom of the cavity in the form of a sedimented solid layer. An eutectic solidification front subsequently progresses from the top surface vertically downwards, and eventually meets the heap of solid crystals collected on the floor of the cavity. However, comparison of experimental observations with corresponding numerical results from the present model is not possible under this situation, since the associated transport process involves a complex combination of a number of closely interconnected physical mechanisms, many of which are yet to be resolved. Subsequent to the development of the mathematical model and experimental arrangements for macroscopic transport processes during an alloy solidification process, some of the important modes of double-diffusive instability are analytically investigated, as a binary alloy of any specified initial composition is directionally solidified from the top. By employing a close-formed solution technique, the critical liquid layer heights corresponding to the onset of direct mode of instability are identified, corresponding two a binary alloy with three different initial compositions. In order to simulate turbulent transport during non-equilibrium solidification processes of binary alloys, a modified k-8 model is subsequently developed. Particular emphasis is given for appropriate modelling of turbulence parameters, so that the model merges with single-phase turbulence closure equations in the pure liquid region in a smooth manner. Laboratory experiments are performed using an ammonium chloride-water solution that is solidified by cooling from the top of a rectangular cavity. A good agreement between numerical and experimental results is observed. Finally, in order to study the effects of three-dimensionality in fluid flow on overall macrosegregation behaviour, the interaction between double-diffusive convection and non-equilibrium solidification of a binary mixture in a cubic enclosure (cooled from a side) is numerically investigated using a three-dimensional transient mathematical model. Investigations are carried out for two separate model systems, one corresponding to a typical metal-ally analogue system and other corresponding to an actual metal-alloy system. As a result of three-dimensional convective flow-patterns, a significant solute macrosegregation is observed in the transverse sections of the cavity, which cannot be captured by two-dimensional simulations.