Unit testing is defined as a test activity usually performed by a developer for the purpose of demonstrating program functionality and meeting the requirements specification of module. Nowadays, unit testing is considered as an integral part in the software development cycle. However, performing unit testing by developers is still considered as a major concern because of the time and cost involved in it. Automation support for unit testing, in the form of various automation tools, could significantly lower the cost of performing unit testing phase as well as decrease the time developer involved in the actual testing. The problem is how to choose the most appropriate tool that will suit developer requirements consisting of cost involved, effort needed, level of automation provided, language support, etc. This research work presents results from a systematic literature review with the aim of finding all unit testing tools with an automation support. In the systematic literature review, we initially identified 1957 studies. After performing several removal stages, 112 primary studies were listed and 24 tools identified in total. Along with the list of tools, we also provide the categorization of all the tools found based on the programming language support, availability (License, Open source, Free), testing technique, level of effort required by developer to use tool, target domain, that we consider as good properties for a developer to make a decision on which tool to use. Additionally, we categorized type of error(s) found by some tools, which could be beneficial for a developer when looking at the tool’s effectiveness. The main intent of this report is to aid developers in the process of choosing an appropriate unit testing tool from categorization table of available tools with automation unit testing support that ease this process significantly. This work could be beneficial for researchers considering to evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of each tool and use this information to eventually build a new tool with the same properties as several others.

The A&E unit is a unique environment with unique problems, including those problems pertaining to the documentation of the nursing care provided to the critically ill or injured patient. In such a hectic and turbulent environment where minutes can be the decider between life and death, saving the patient’s life takes priority over record keeping, and crucial information is not recorded. The aim of this study was to develop a nursing record tool to record the management of critically ill or injured patients in an accident and emergency (A&E) unit. The researcher used the collaborative inputs of three different groups of experts in the field of A&E nursing and record keeping to reach this aim. The study was descriptive, explorative and contextual in nature, and a qualitative approach was used. The A&E nurse practitioners views were incorporated into a final nursing record tool that could be used in the A&E unit for critically ill or injured patient for the first six hours of resuscitation. The compiled nursing record tool was comprehensive and included a prehospital management section to ensure the continuity of care in the emergency environment. Although more comprehensive as the current tool, the use of tick-off prompts shortened the time spend to complete this nursing record tool and, in doing so, increased the retaining of crucial information that could enhance the quality and ensure the continuity of care pertaining the critically ill or injured patient in the changing emergency environment. / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Nursing Science / unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is the project for biomass cogeneration units using ORC cycle and subsequent use of thermal energy for drying wood biomass for a briquetting line. The introducing sections describe the principle of cogeneration, organic Rankine cycle (primarily the indication of potential applications and their use in practice) and the selection of the proper working fluid. The following sections provide a technical description of the selected plants for cogeneration unit, total circulation scheme and calculation of the evaporator working fluid. The last section is devoted to the economic evaluation of three variants according to the investor's task to design a better option for implementation.

I dagens digitala samhälle är tester på applikationer och kodbaser ett vanligt förekommande fenomen. Tester utförs på flera företag både manuellt och automatiskt och vill gärna rekrytera personer med kunskap inom testning. Mittuniversitetet i Sundsvall har ännu inga kurser för testning men det skulle vara passande för studenter att bli introducerade till detta redan tidigt när de läser ett program. Syftet med denna studie har varit att identifiera ett passande ramverk för kurser om testning på universitet. För att kunna genomföra studien utfördes en kvalitativ litteraturstudie om testning. Sedan valdes två stycken ramverk anpassade för enhetstestning utifrån en kravspecifikation. De utvalda ramverken var JUnit 5 och TestNG. Ramverken testades utifrån dess användbarhet, funktionalitet och effektivitet genom att köra tester mot en befintlig chattapplikation. Vidare utfördes användartest för att undersöka ramverkens lämplighet för användning under en universitetskurs där målgruppen hade olika erfarenheter och datorvana. Resultatet visade på att JUnit 5 var bättre när det kom till användning, dokumentation och lämplighet för en kurs på universitet. Rekommendationen är att JUnit 5 passar till att använda i en kurs på universitet. Det rekommenderas också att universitet bör introducera kurser med testning så att studenten naturligt implementerar ett iterativt förhållningssätt till programmering samt blir mer förberedd inför arbetslivet. / In today’s digital society, testing of applications and code bases is a common phenomenon. Testing are performed on several companies, both manually and automatically, and would like to recruit people with knowledge about testing. Mid Sweden University in Sundsvall does not yet have courses about testing but it would be appropriate for students to be introduced to this early on while they study a program. The purpose with this study has been to identify a suitable framework for university courses about testing. In order to be able to carry out the study, a qualitative literature study on testing was performed to gather information. Furthermore two framework were selected that was adapted for unit testing and based on a requirements specification. The chosen frameworks were JUnit 5 and TestNG. The frameworks were tested based on their usability, functionality and efficiency by running tests against an existing chat application. Furthermore, user tests were performed to examine the suitability of the frameworks for use during a university course where the target group have different experiences and computer skills. The result showed that JUnit 5 was better when it came to usability, documentation and suitability for a course at a university. The recommendation is that JUnit 5 is suitable for a course at a university. It’s also recommended that the university should introduce courses with testing so that the student naturally implements an iterative approach to programming and become more prepared for working with programming and development.

The City of Santa Maria, located between San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara in California, is experiencing rapid population growth, cultural transformation, and growth in household size. The growth rate of the city has been a consistent 20% for the past 20 years. Culturally, more than 70% of the almost 100,000 city residents predominantly identified as Hispanic or Latino in the 2010 census. The household size has consistently increased for the past 20 years; currently it is 3.52 people per household. An issue which is becoming a growing problem for the city is the prevalence of illegal housing in the form of garage conversions. Motivations for illegally converting are primarily centered on actual economic gain for the homeowner and affordable rent for the participant. Few cities allow for the construction of additional residential units on parcels which are zoned for single family, the majority prohibit additional units. The most prominent of these cities which allow for second units is Santa Cruz. The second unit program in the City of Santa Cruz allows for garage conversions and detached second units but on-site parking must be provided for the additional unit. Santa Cruz argues the second unit program provides affordable housing, prevents sprawl, and is a form of in-fill development. The Santa Cruz second unit program is utilized as the framework for developing a second unit program for the City of Santa Maria which allows for garage conversions to occur. City records from 2000-2010 indicate that more than 1% of the total housing units were found to have an illegal garage conversion. The actual rate of active garage conversion is likely to be higher, more than likely in the neighborhood of 3% to 5%.The proposed ordinance is influenced at the Federal and State level by respective decisions by the Supreme Court and California Court on definition of what constitutes a family. California‘s Second Unit Law and legislative amendments establishing ministerial approval for affordable housing provides for legal options to increase the present housing supply.

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The global supply chain has been built on the material handling capabilities provided by the use of pallets and corrugated boxes. Current pallet design methodologies frequently underestimate the load carrying capacity of pallets by assuming they will only carry uniformly distributed, flexible payloads. But, by considering the effect of various payload characteristics and their interactions during the pallet design process, the structure of pallets can be optimized. This, in turn, will reduce the material consumption required to support the pallet industry. In order to understand the mechanical interactions between stacked boxes and pallet decks, and how these interactions affect the bending moment of pallets, a finite element model was developed and validated. The model developed was two-dimensional, nonlinear and implicitly dynamic. It allowed for evaluations of the effects of different payload configurations on the pallet bending response. The model accurately predicted the deflection of the pallet segment and the movement of the packages for each scenario simulated. The second phase of the study characterized the effects, significant factors, and interactions influencing load bridging on unit loads. It provided a clear understanding of the load bridging effect and how it can be successfully included during the unit load design process. It was concluded that pallet yield strength could be increased by over 60% when accounting for the load bridging effect. To provide a more efficient and cost-effective solution, a surrogate model was developed using a Gaussian Process regression. A detailed analysis of the payloads' effects on pallet deflection was conducted. Four factors were identified as generating significant influence: the number of columns in the unit load, the height of the payload, the friction coefficient of the payload's contact with the pallet deck, and the contact friction between the packages. Additionally, it was identified that complex interactions exist between these significant factors, so they must always be considered. / Doctor of Philosophy / Pallets are a key element of an efficient global supply chain. Most products that are transported are commonly packaged in corrugated boxes and handled by stacking these boxes on pallets. Currently, pallet design methods do not take into consideration the product that is being carried, instead using generic flexible loads for the determination of the pallet's load carrying capacity. In practice, most pallets carry discrete loads, such as corrugated boxes. It has been proven that a pallet, when carrying certain types of packages, can have increased performance compared to the design's estimated load carrying capacity. This is caused by the load redistribution across the pallet deck through an effect known as load bridging. Being able to incorporate the load bridging effect on pallet performance during the design process can allow for the optimization of pallets for specific uses and the reduction in costs and in material consumption. Historically, this effect has been evaluated through physical testing, but that is a slow and cumbersome process that does not allow control of all of the variables for the development of a general model. This research study developed a computer simulation model of a simplified unit load to demonstrate and replicate the load bridging effect. Additionally, a surrogate model was developed in order to conduct a detailed analysis of the main factors and their interactions. These models provide pallet designers an efficient method to use to identify opportunities to modify the unit load's characteristics and improve pallet performance for specific conditions of use.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25157号 / 医博第5043号 / 新制||医||1070(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 石見 拓, 教授 西浦 博, 教授 江木 盛時 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The optimization of pallet design in today’s competitive supply chain is imperative to reduce costs and improve sustainability. With over two billion pallets in circulation in the United States, most packaged products are handled using unit loads and the interactions between the unit load components are not being considered in the pallet design process. This study aims to investigate the effect of the interlocking of layers and the pallet stacking patterns on pallet bending. This effect is part of a greater encompassing observed behavior known as load bridging, where a redistribution of the stresses on the pallet dependent on the characteristics of the load is generated. The bending of the unit load was measured under four common support conditions, warehouse racked across the width and length, fork tine support across the width and floor stacking. Five different pallet stacking patterns were then analyzed, comparing different interlocking levels, from column stacking to fully interlocking. It was identified that interlocking the layers causes a reduction in pallet deflection of up to 53% versus column stacking, and is more significant on lower stiffness pallets. The stacking patterns and interlocking levels also presented an effect on pallet deflection, albeit only for very low stiffness pallets when supported on its weakest components. A relationship between the observed results and a ratio of load and pallet stiffness was conducted, suggesting that when the load on the pallet is not significantly high in relation to the stiffness, load bridging won’t be observed. These results provide a guideline on improving pallet design and help furthering the understanding of the load bridging effect. / Master of Science / The optimization of pallet design in today’s competitive supply chain is imperative to reduce costs and improve sustainability. With over two billion pallets in circulation in the United States, most packaged products are handled using unit loads and the interactions between the unit load components are not being considered in the pallet design process. This study aims to investigate the effect of the interlocking of layers and the pallet stacking patterns on pallet bending. This effect is part of a greater encompassing observed behavior known as load bridging, where a redistribution of the stresses on the pallet dependent on the characteristics of the load is generated. Tests were conducted to measure the pallet bending performance under common scenarios, evaluating the effect of five different pallet stacking patterns. It was identified that when the layers of a unit load are interlocked, the pallet presents lower deflection (up to 53%). A relationship between the observed results and a ratio of load and pallet stiffness was conducted, suggesting that when the load on the pallet is not significantly high in relation to the stiffness, load bridging won’t be observed. These results provide a guideline on improving pallet design and help furthering the understanding of the load bridging effect.

This thesis deals with the governing bodies of the association of unit-owners and the way of their decision-making. It is focused on usual interpretative problems, which appear in practice in association with this problematic . An association of unit-owners is an legal entity, which originates on the grounds of The Act of Housing Property. Its existence is always connected with a concrete building divided into residential (in some cases also nonresidential) units. Membership in the association of unit-owners is inseparably linked to the ownership of each unit in this building. The Act of Housing Property also establishes that the association of unit-owners has only special legal personality. It means it can execute that kind of discretions and duties which deal with an object of their activities, such as administration, operation and repairs of common parts of the building (in case The Act of Housing Property states, also other associated activities) - this whole area is called administration of the building. The Decree of the government, which issues the model statutes of the association of unit-owners, offers more exact features of the activities, rather than The Act of Housing Property. These activities can be summed up as the building administration. Chapter one and two of this thesis deal with...