Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): James Barnard, Susan Hocevar. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the primary motives of golf volunteers at the Professional Golf Association (PGA) Championship and Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) Solheim Cup event. The current study consisted of eight hundred and seventy seven participants (N=877) which included 470 volunteers from the PGA Championship and 407 volunteers from the Solheim Cup. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the Sport Volunteer Motivation Scale prior to serving as a volunteer for the respective golf event. Descriptive statistics revealed purposive motives was the most highly endorsed motive for PGA Championship and Solheim Cup volunteers. External motives proved to be endorsed the least among the participants. The demographic makeup of the volunteer population consisted of 56.3% males and 43.7% females. Respondents ages ranged from 18 to 84 years old, with a mean age of 55.5 years old. In regards to ethnicity, the volunteers were predominantly Caucasian (96.2%) and the majority (75.1%) reported a household income over $75,000. A series of 2 X 2 MANOVA's revealed significant differences by gender, women scored significantly higher than men on purposive, egoistic, external, and leisure motives. Significant differences were found for household income as those with an income of less than $75,000 had higher motives for material, external, leisure, and egoistic factors. Significant differences were also found for age as those younger than 56 years old had higher motives for material, leisure, and egoistic factors. A 2 X 5 MANOVA revealed a significant effect for highest degree earned, for the egoistic motive, volunteers who received a Bachelor's, Associate's, or High School/GED degrees were significantly greater than those volunteers who received a Doctoral degree. Solheim Cup volunteers had significantly higher motives than PGA Championship volunteers for all five factors. The results of the present study indicated the demographic makeup of the volunteer population needs to be examined in relationship to volunteer motivation as volunteers have different motives which must be considered for giving their time, effort, and energy to a respective sport event. Recommendations for future research examining sport event volunteer motives are also discussed. / Department of Educational Studies

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1)Area of investigation This hospitality project will cover Alcoholism in brief, available detoxification programs and the relative need for an Employee Assistance Program in the hospitality industry to help the alcoholic employee. 2)Materials and methods that were used Existing texts, professional and trade journals, government documents, phone conversations with industry leaders and the author's own experience in dealing with alcoholic employees. 3) Major findings a. There are an estimated 10 to 12 million problem drinkers (including alcoholics) in the adult (18 and over) population or approximately 8 percent of the 150 million adult. b. Liver cirrhosis (caused by alcohol) ranked as the sixth most common cause of death in the U.5. c. Alcohol abuse cost the U.S. $116.7 billion in 1903, consisting of $18 billion in lost production, $50.6 billion in reduced productivity, $17 billion in health and medical ii costs, $10 billion in motor vehicle accidents, $4 billion in violent crimes, $3 billion in racial responses and $2 billion in fire losses. (All $ amounts are approximate figures.) d. The rate of alcoholism is on an increase, e. As of 1985, there was only one major hospitality company with a program to help alcoholic employees. f. In the production and service industry, troubled employees used 3 to 4 more times as many medical benefits that their co-workers. g. Alcohol abuse has been overlooked and/or ignored and/or accepted in the hospitality industry. 4) Results and Conclusions a. Alcoholism in the hospitality industry cannot be ignored or accepted or overlooked any longer. b. The benefits to be derived from a good Employee Assistance Program for hospitality industry would be endless. c. There is an urgent need in the hospitality industry for a program to help alcoholic employees respond to available treatment and return to productive lives.

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There are various factors effecting females' wage level such as marital status, occupation, education, and experience. This paper also includes firm size and answers the questions: What effect does firm size have on female earnings? Is that effect different for black than white females?

International workers are a vulnerable population within the hospitality industry. Their challenges, and needs have an impact on productivity, loyalty and satisfaction of international workers towards the organizations that employ them. The social and cultural impacts of labor migration are felt in their new environment by both domestic and immigrant populations. It is important to understand international workers’ acculturation process in order to provide them with tools necessary to succeed; it is also important to create responsible practices that translate into positive migration outcomes for both domestic and foreign populations. This study collected data on the motivations, processes, challenges, and alternatives experienced by international workers when relocating to the United States. It documents the cultural adaptation process followed by international workers laboring in the hospitality industry, and based on the data collected from interviewers’ responses, it creates new constructs intended to assist hospitality organizations in their operations. By providing tools to support international workers in the acculturation process, and by providing new understandings of the cultural adaptation process undertaken by international workers when relocating, it is plausible to convert a challenge and limitation into an opportunity for hospitality organizations to create value out of their international human capital.