O material aqui estudado provém da Formação Rio Madeira, da localidade de Araras, Município de Nova Mamoré. O espécime UNIR-PLV-M009, um crânio quase completo, apresenta as sinapomorfias do gênero Tapirus, mas difere de todas as espécies conhecidas pelos frontais largos, cuja pneumatização se estende até a sutura fronto-parietal, pela crista sagital alta e pelo P2 pouco molarizado, constituindose numa nova espécie, não nominada, de Tapirus. O espécime UMVT-4075, um palato incompleto com todos os dentes, difere de UNIR-PLV-M009 pelo P2 molarizado, e compartilha com Tapirus terrestris este e os demais caracteres dentários. / The material here studied comes from Rio Madeira Formation, locality of Araras, Nova Mamoré city. The UNIR-PLV-M009 specimen, an almost complete skull, presents the synapomorphies of the genus Tapirus but differs all known species for broad frontals, whose pneumatization extends until the frontoparietal suture, for high sagital crest, and for little molarized P2, so characterizing new unominated Tapirus species. The UMVT-4075 specimen, an incomplete palate with all teeth, differs from UNIR-PLV-M009 in the molarized P2, and it shares with Tapirus terrestris this and the other tooth characteristics.

O material aqui estudado provém da Formação Rio Madeira, da localidade de Araras, Município de Nova Mamoré. O espécime UNIR-PLV-M009, um crânio quase completo, apresenta as sinapomorfias do gênero Tapirus, mas difere de todas as espécies conhecidas pelos frontais largos, cuja pneumatização se estende até a sutura fronto-parietal, pela crista sagital alta e pelo P2 pouco molarizado, constituindose numa nova espécie, não nominada, de Tapirus. O espécime UMVT-4075, um palato incompleto com todos os dentes, difere de UNIR-PLV-M009 pelo P2 molarizado, e compartilha com Tapirus terrestris este e os demais caracteres dentários. / The material here studied comes from Rio Madeira Formation, locality of Araras, Nova Mamoré city. The UNIR-PLV-M009 specimen, an almost complete skull, presents the synapomorphies of the genus Tapirus but differs all known species for broad frontals, whose pneumatization extends until the frontoparietal suture, for high sagital crest, and for little molarized P2, so characterizing new unominated Tapirus species. The UMVT-4075 specimen, an incomplete palate with all teeth, differs from UNIR-PLV-M009 in the molarized P2, and it shares with Tapirus terrestris this and the other tooth characteristics.

O material aqui estudado provém da Formação Rio Madeira, da localidade de Araras, Município de Nova Mamoré. O espécime UNIR-PLV-M009, um crânio quase completo, apresenta as sinapomorfias do gênero Tapirus, mas difere de todas as espécies conhecidas pelos frontais largos, cuja pneumatização se estende até a sutura fronto-parietal, pela crista sagital alta e pelo P2 pouco molarizado, constituindose numa nova espécie, não nominada, de Tapirus. O espécime UMVT-4075, um palato incompleto com todos os dentes, difere de UNIR-PLV-M009 pelo P2 molarizado, e compartilha com Tapirus terrestris este e os demais caracteres dentários. / The material here studied comes from Rio Madeira Formation, locality of Araras, Nova Mamoré city. The UNIR-PLV-M009 specimen, an almost complete skull, presents the synapomorphies of the genus Tapirus but differs all known species for broad frontals, whose pneumatization extends until the frontoparietal suture, for high sagital crest, and for little molarized P2, so characterizing new unominated Tapirus species. The UMVT-4075 specimen, an incomplete palate with all teeth, differs from UNIR-PLV-M009 in the molarized P2, and it shares with Tapirus terrestris this and the other tooth characteristics.

O conhecimento da paleoceanografia do Oceano Atlântico Sul tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, porém ainda são raros os trabalhos sobre o Atlântico Sudoeste que utilizam dados de proxies de condições redox de massas d\'água, relacionados às mudanças climáticas entre os períodos Pleistoceno superior e Holoceno. Diante disso, esta Dissertação de Mestrado avaliou as condições redox das águas intermediárias do Atlântico Sudoeste nos últimos 40 mil anos. Este trabalho fez estudos de proxies geoquímicos - de condições redox (V/Sc, V/Cr, V/Al, Mn/Al e Ni/Co), de aporte de sedimentos terTMTMrígenos (Fe/Ca e Ti/Ca), de produtividade (COT, CaCO3) e origem da matéria orgânica (δ13C e C/N) - em um registro sedimentar marinho coletado na região do talude continental da margem sudeste brasileira, e os relacionou com as mudanças da Célula de Revolvimento Meridional do Atlântico (sigla em inglês AMOC - Atlantic Medirional Overturning Circulation) e com os principais eventos climáticos em escala orbital, como o Último Máximo Glacial, e de escala milenar, como os eventos tipo Heinrich Stadials, Younger Dryas e 8.2. Os resultados demonstram que, nos últimos 40 mil anos, as águas intermediárias que banham a costa sudeste brasileira apresentam níveis óxicos, o que classifica o ambiente como oxidante, porém foi possível observar variações na quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido nessas águas durante determinados eventos climáticos, bem como variações no aporte de sedimentos terrígenos e na produtividade. Em escala orbital a insolação de verão do Hemisfério Sul e a variação do nível do mar, governadas pelo ciclo de precessão, apresentam-se como os principais mecanismos que influenciam essas variações. Em escala milenar a variabilidade da AMOC apresenta-se como o principal mecanismo responsável por essas variações. Dentre os eventos climáticos de escala milenar, o evento 8.2 demonstrou complexa variabilidade nas condições redox das águas intermediárias do Atlântico Sudoeste, uma vez que, durante sua ocorrência, observamos aumento das concentrações de oxigênio dessas águas e baixos valores de produtividade. / The interest in the paleoceanographic history of the South Atlantic Ocean has increased in the last decades, however there are still few studies regarding the redox conditions of the intermediate water masses of the Southwest Atlantic and their relationship to the climatic changes during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Within this context, this work aims to evaluate the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Southwest Atlantic in the last 40 ka. For this, geochemical proxies - of redox conditions (V/ Sc, V/ Cr, V/ Al, Mn/ Al and Ni/ Co), of terrigenous sediments supply (Fe/ Ca and Ti/ Ca), of productive (COT, CaCO3), and organic matter source (δ13C and C / N) - were applied to marine sediments from a core collected on the continental slope of the Brazilian Southeastern margin and then related it to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and with the main cold climatic events of North Atlantic, such as the Last Glacial Maximum and millennial scale, such as events type the Heinrich Stadials, Younger Dryas and 8.2. Our results show that, over the last 40,000 years, the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Brazilian Southeast margin present oxic levels, which classifies the environment as oxidant, however, variations was noticed in the amount of oxygen dissolved in these waters influenced by certain climatic events, as well as changes in the input of terrigenous sediments and in the productivity. In orbital scale, the summer insolation of the Southern Hemisphere and the variation of sea level, leaded by the cycle of precession, are presented as the main mechanisms that influence these variations. On the other hand, at millennia scale, the AMOC variability is the main mechanism responsible of these variations. Among the climate events at millennia scale, the event 8.2 demonstrated a complex variability of the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Southwest Atlantic, once during its occurrence we observed increase concentrations of oxygen in these waters and a decrease of productivity.

O conhecimento da paleoceanografia do Oceano Atlântico Sul tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, porém ainda são raros os trabalhos sobre o Atlântico Sudoeste que utilizam dados de proxies de condições redox de massas d\'água, relacionados às mudanças climáticas entre os períodos Pleistoceno superior e Holoceno. Diante disso, esta Dissertação de Mestrado avaliou as condições redox das águas intermediárias do Atlântico Sudoeste nos últimos 40 mil anos. Este trabalho fez estudos de proxies geoquímicos - de condições redox (V/Sc, V/Cr, V/Al, Mn/Al e Ni/Co), de aporte de sedimentos terTMTMrígenos (Fe/Ca e Ti/Ca), de produtividade (COT, CaCO3) e origem da matéria orgânica (δ13C e C/N) - em um registro sedimentar marinho coletado na região do talude continental da margem sudeste brasileira, e os relacionou com as mudanças da Célula de Revolvimento Meridional do Atlântico (sigla em inglês AMOC - Atlantic Medirional Overturning Circulation) e com os principais eventos climáticos em escala orbital, como o Último Máximo Glacial, e de escala milenar, como os eventos tipo Heinrich Stadials, Younger Dryas e 8.2. Os resultados demonstram que, nos últimos 40 mil anos, as águas intermediárias que banham a costa sudeste brasileira apresentam níveis óxicos, o que classifica o ambiente como oxidante, porém foi possível observar variações na quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido nessas águas durante determinados eventos climáticos, bem como variações no aporte de sedimentos terrígenos e na produtividade. Em escala orbital a insolação de verão do Hemisfério Sul e a variação do nível do mar, governadas pelo ciclo de precessão, apresentam-se como os principais mecanismos que influenciam essas variações. Em escala milenar a variabilidade da AMOC apresenta-se como o principal mecanismo responsável por essas variações. Dentre os eventos climáticos de escala milenar, o evento 8.2 demonstrou complexa variabilidade nas condições redox das águas intermediárias do Atlântico Sudoeste, uma vez que, durante sua ocorrência, observamos aumento das concentrações de oxigênio dessas águas e baixos valores de produtividade. / The interest in the paleoceanographic history of the South Atlantic Ocean has increased in the last decades, however there are still few studies regarding the redox conditions of the intermediate water masses of the Southwest Atlantic and their relationship to the climatic changes during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Within this context, this work aims to evaluate the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Southwest Atlantic in the last 40 ka. For this, geochemical proxies - of redox conditions (V/ Sc, V/ Cr, V/ Al, Mn/ Al and Ni/ Co), of terrigenous sediments supply (Fe/ Ca and Ti/ Ca), of productive (COT, CaCO3), and organic matter source (δ13C and C / N) - were applied to marine sediments from a core collected on the continental slope of the Brazilian Southeastern margin and then related it to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and with the main cold climatic events of North Atlantic, such as the Last Glacial Maximum and millennial scale, such as events type the Heinrich Stadials, Younger Dryas and 8.2. Our results show that, over the last 40,000 years, the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Brazilian Southeast margin present oxic levels, which classifies the environment as oxidant, however, variations was noticed in the amount of oxygen dissolved in these waters influenced by certain climatic events, as well as changes in the input of terrigenous sediments and in the productivity. In orbital scale, the summer insolation of the Southern Hemisphere and the variation of sea level, leaded by the cycle of precession, are presented as the main mechanisms that influence these variations. On the other hand, at millennia scale, the AMOC variability is the main mechanism responsible of these variations. Among the climate events at millennia scale, the event 8.2 demonstrated a complex variability of the redox conditions of the intermediate waters of the Southwest Atlantic, once during its occurrence we observed increase concentrations of oxygen in these waters and a decrease of productivity.

Dans le cadre de la gestion de la ressource en eau, la connaissance des hétérogénéités des nappes alluviales représente un enjeu primordial. Ce travail de thèse, qui s’inscrit dans le programme du PIREN-Seine, s’est intéressé à la plaine alluviale de la Bassée, à l’amont de Paris, la plus large plaine alluviale de la Seine.Cette plaine alluviale joue le rôle d’une zone tampon contrôlant les flux entre le réseau de surface et un aquifère régional. Connaître les hétérogénéités sédimentaires est primordial pour la compréhension des écoulements et fait l’objet de ce travail.L’architecture à l’échelle kilométrique des dépôts alluviaux et la chronologie des nappes associées est établie. La géométrie du contact nappe-substrat, une vallée incisée, est estimée par krigeage. Une restitution paléo-hydrologique s’appuie sur les paléo-tracés préservés en surface des nappes alluviales. L’architecture fine des dépôts est restituée à partir de données de sondages converties en propriétés pétrophysiques et d’imagerie géoradar.La plaine de la Bassée correspond à deux terrasses étagées (Saalien terminal et Weichsélien) dans lesquelles sont emboîtées deux autres terrasses (Tardiglaciaire et Holocène).L’estimation de la géométrie du contact alluvions-substrat suggère la présence d’une rupture de pente liée à une érosion régressive durant le Weichsélien. Les faciès des différentes nappes sont assez semblables et dominés par des dépôts de forte perméabilité (sables et graviers). De faibles valeurs de perméabilités sont associées aux faciès de colmatage de chenaux et dépôts en masse.Les résultats obtenus sur la plaine de la Bassée méritent d’être confrontés et validés sur des affluents de la Seine (Marne, Yonne, Oise…) afin de proposer un modèle cohérent à l’échelle du bassin. / In the scope of water resource management, the characterization of alluvial plain architecture and heterogeneity represents a challenge. This PhD work which is part of the PIREN-SEINE program focuses on largest alluvial plain of the River Seine, “La Bassée”, located upstream of Paris.This alluvial plain can be considered as a buffer layer that controls the water fluxes between the fluvial system and the regional aquifers. Determining the sedimentary heterogeneities is essential for the comprehension of fluxes, this is the aim of this work.Kilometric scale architecture of the alluvial deposits and the associated alluvial sheets chronology are established. The geometry of the sheet-bedrock contact, an incised valley, is estimated by kriging interpolation. A paleohydrological restitution is based on the paleochannels preserved at the top of the alluvial sheets. The fine scale architecture of deposits is restored from sampling data converted into petrophysics properties and ground-penetrating radar acquisitions.The alluvial plain of La Bassée corresponds to two terraces (terminal Saalian and Weichselian) in which two other terraces are staircased (Late Glacial and Holocene).The estimated sheet-bedrock contact geometry suggests the presence of a knick-point related to a regressive erosion during the Weichselian. Sedimentary facies are very similar from one alluvial sheet to another, and are dominated by high permeability deposits (sand and gravel). Low permeability facies are associated to channel plugs and mass transport deposits.The infilling model of La Bassée region obtained in this study should be compared and validated on the River Seine tributaries (Marne river, Yonne river, Oise river…) to propose a coherent model at the basin scale.

Le territoire belge est caractérisé par de nombreuses découvertes de Préhistoire ancienne, réparties sur un espace géographique restreint mais contrasté en termes de relief et de disponibilité des ressources minérales. Il est donc favorable à létude de la relation de lHomme à son Environnement par le biais des importantes différences régionales relatives aux types de sites représentés (grottes/plein air) ainsi quà la proximité et à la morphologie du silex disponible. Le rapport entre les populations néandertaliennes et chacun des types denvironnements rencontrés constitue le cur de ce travail, structuré en quatre parties intimement liées. La première partie est consacrée aux variations environnementales. Celles du substrat dabord, puisque quelques kilomètres à peine séparent les plaines riches en silex de Moyenne Belgique des profondes vallées de Haute Belgique. Variations chronologiques ensuite, puisque la sédimentation quaternaire eut une incidence tant sur laccessibilité des ressources lithiques que sur la préservation des traces archéologiques qui nous sont parvenues. Lhistorique des recherches est aussi abordé car les motivations et les contraintes des chercheurs qui se sont succédés depuis 1829 sont largement responsables de labondance mais aussi de la qualité très variable des documents. La deuxième partie concerne cette documentation. Nous avons identifié 437 lieux, inégalement répartis sur le territoire, qui ont livré des artefacts relatifs au Paléolithique moyen : 46 sites en contexte karstique (dont 16 majeurs) et 391 en plein air (dont 31 majeurs). Leur distribution tient tant à des paramètres taphonomiques et aux circonstances des découvertes quà des choix opérés par les Néandertaliens eux-mêmes. Deux environnements sont particulièrement favorisés : les plaines dont le substrat livre un silex abondant et les grottes du Bassin mosan. Lexamen de la position topographique des gisements montre des récurrences traduisant des choix liés à limplantation dans le paysage : les plateaux ou le haut des versants surplombant de petites vallées sont ainsi clairement privilégiés. La distribution chronologique des traces est aussi abordée, mettant notamment en évidence labondance de la documentation relative au Début Glaciaire weichselien, labsence de véritable occupation durant le Pléniglaciaire weichselien inférieur ainsi quune concentration de traces attribuables au Pléniglaciaire weichselien moyen tout à fait exceptionnelle pour le Nord-Ouest européen. En létat actuel des données, les datations situent les industries les plus récentes du Paléolithique moyen vers 38.000 B.P. (grotte Scladina) et les derniers Néandertaliens vers 36.000 B.P. ( Bètche-aux-Rotches à Spy). La troisième partie consiste en une étude approfondie dune dizaine dindustries lithiques dépendant de contextes environnementaux variés. Plusieurs tendances générales sen dégagent dans la manière dont les populations paléolithiques ont adapté leurs systèmes dacquisition et dexploitation des roches. Ainsi, des variations claires se marquent dans les systèmes dacquisition des roches exploitées selon un gradient nord-est sud-ouest. En Basse Belgique, lemploi de galets de silex local est couplé à limportation de nucléus et d'éclats provenant de Moyenne Belgique. En Moyenne Belgique, le silex disponible localement est employé prioritairement et le recours à dautres roches locales ou importées est tout à fait exceptionnel. En Haute Belgique, limportation de silex depuis la Moyenne Belgique combinée au recours à dautres matériaux disponibles localement constitue la règle. Ces variations dans les systèmes dacquisition génèrent de la diversité en termes de nature, de morphologie, de conditionnement et de disponibilité des matériaux mis en uvre par les tailleurs. Ces différents paramètres ont une incidence sur les choix techniques posés par les Néandertaliens lors de la phase de débitage. Sobservent ainsi des différences régionales importantes. Les sites de Haute Belgique procèdent doptions économiques qui se manifestent tant dans la réduction des blocs, comme au Trou du Diable à Hastière, que dans ladaptation des concepts de débitage à tel point quils en deviennent parfois atypiques comme lattestent les nombreux remontages de la grotte Scladina. À linverse, les sites de Moyenne Belgique témoignent dun usage dispendieux de la matière première et dune expression des concepts Levallois, Discoïde et Laminaire dans leur acception la plus stricte comme le montrent notamment les industries du gisement paléolithique dOtrange ou dObourg Canal. La quatrième partie est consacrée à une discussion des résultats et à une ouverture sur le reste de lEurope. Cette disparité des productions liée à la position géographique des gisements est particulièrement importante : des sites voisins mais diachroniques (couches 5 et 1A de la grotte Scladina) présentent entre eux plus danalogies que dautres pénécontemporains mais dépendant denvironnements contrastés (couches 1A de la grotte Scladina et WFL de Veldwezelt-Hezerwater). Dautres facteurs de variabilité se surimposent à cette diversité régionale : fonction des sites, traditions culturelles et techniques, variations paléoenvironnementales, chronologie. Des comparaisons sont opérées avec les résultats obtenus dans les régions limitrophes de la Belgique mais aussi à plus grande distance, des similitudes comportementales étant observées dans le sud de lEurope, dans des environnements qui évoquent par certains aspects le karst des vallées du Bassin mosan. Belgium is noted for its many ancient prehistoric sites which are spread over a limited geographic area. Despite its limited size, this area shows important regional contrasts in terms of topographic relief and availability of mineral resources. These factors in conjunction with important regional differences related to the types of sites represented (cave/open air) as well as the proximity and morphology of the available flint make this area favorable for the study of man's relationship with his environment. The connection between the Neanderthal populations and the types of environments encountered constitutes the focus of this study which is divided into four closely associated parts. The first part is devoted to environmental variation starting with the interface between the flint-rich plains of Middle Belgium and the deep valleys of Upper Belgium. Only a few kilometers separate these two contrasting environments. Chronological variations follow because quaternary sedimentation had as much impact on the accessibility of lithic resources as on site preservation. The history of the research from 1829 to the present is also addressed. The motives and constraints of the researchers are responsible for both the abundance of documentary evidence and for the extremely variable quality of these documents. The second part concerns the previously mentioned documentation. Artifacts attributable to the Middle Paleolithic have been recovered from 437 sites : 46 sites (16 major ones) are found in karstic contexts and 391 sites (31 major ones) are open air sites. The distribution of these sites is a direct result of taphonomic processes, circumstances of discovery, and choices made by the Neanderthals themselves. In particular, two environments were favored : the plains which have abundant flint resources and the caves of the Mosan Basin. Prehistoric Man's choice of sites appears to be linked to topographical position : plateaus or cliff tops overhanging small valleys were preferred. Chronological distribution is also examined. It notably shows an abundant documentation from the Beginning of the Weichselian Pleniglacial and an absence of occupation during the Lower Weichselien Pleniglacial It also shows a concentration of archaeological evidences related to the Middle Weichselian Pleniglacial which is very exceptional for Northwest Europe. Based on research to date, Scladina Cave (38.000 B.P.) gives the most recent date for Middle Palaeolithic industries and Betche-aux-Rochtes at Spy (36.000 B.P.) provides the date for the last Neanderthals. The third part consists of a detailed study of ten lithic industries and their environmental context. Several general tendencies were detected in the way Palaeolithic populations adapted their systems of acquisition and exploitation of rocks. Clear variations in the systems of acquisition and exploitation along a northwest/southeast gradient were noted. In Lower Belgium, the use of local flint pebbles was coupled with the importation of nuclei and flakes from Middle Belgium. In Middle Belgium, the available local flint was used almost exclusively. Recourse to other local rocks or to imports was very exceptional. In Upper Belgium, the importation of flint from Middle Belgium in combination with other locally available materials constituted the rule. These variations in the systems of raw material procurement generated diversity in terms of nature, morphology, conditioning, and availability of the nodules chosen by the knappers. These diverse parameters impacted the technical choices of the Neanderthals during the reduction or debitage stage. Other important regional differences were also observed. The sites of Upper Belgium exhibited economic options which manifested in the reduction of blocks (Trou du Diable at Hastière) and in extreme adaptations or manipulation of concepts of reduction such as those recognized in several refittings from Scladina Cave. The sites of Middle Belgium exhibited an extravagant use of the primary material and a strict expression of different concepts : mainly Levallois, also Discoid, and volumetric blade production (gisement paléolithique d'otrange, Obourg Canal). The fourth part is devoted to a discussion of the results and a preliminary comparison to the rest of Europe. The connection of the diversity in lithic productions and the geographic position of the sites is particularly important. Lithic industries from the two occupation layers of Scladina (layers 5 and 1A) present more analogies between themselves than other plenicomtemporaneous sites in different environments (lays 1A of Scladina and WFL of Veldwezelt-Hezerwater). Other factors of variability superimpose themselves in this diverse region : function of the sites, cultural traditions and techniques, palaeoenvironmental variations, chronology. Comparisons with the results obtained from regions bordering Belgium as well as those obtained from greater distances showed some behavioural similarities in southern Europe in environments which evoke aspects of the karst valleys of the Mosan Basin. Translation : Cheryl Roy, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vancouver Island University

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The principal goal of this thesis was to provide relevant information on the spatiotemporal dynamics of erosion-sedimentation and weathering processes in the last climatic cycle and to interpret the obtained data in the context of European paleoenvironmental development. Representative sequences of loess, paleosols and lacustrine sediments from the area of the Bohemian Massif, the Carpathian Foredeep, the the Vienna Basin and the northern edge of the Panno-nian Basin were investigated using a wide range of instru-mental tools and paleontological methods. A uniform analytical approach applied to these sedimentary facies has provided ample new information about the paleoclimatolog-ical and paleoenvironmental development of East-Central Europe - an important region in the transition zone from oceanic to continental macro-climatic settings. The individu-al studies included in this PhD thesis cover the complete period of the Upper Pleistocene (MIS 5-2; ~130-12.7 ky BP) and are presented as separate chapters in the order of the superposition of strata. Chapters III/1-3 deal with the results of research into six loess/paleosol sequences (LPSs) situated in the Central Bohemian Massif, throughout the Moravian Valleys, and at the northwest and north edge of the Pannonian Basin. A detailed paleoenvironmental...

Over the past century, woody plants and shrubs have increased in abundance at the expense of grasslands in many semiarid regions. The availability and concentrations of nutrients influence the relative success of plants, but the effects of fire frequency on soil nutrients is unknown for semiarid grasslands. On the gunnery ranges of Fort Huachuca in southeastern Arizona, study sites were established to examine the effects of fire frequency on soil biogeochemistry, plant biochemistry, and δ¹³C values in soil organic matter (SOM). The sites were on homogeneous granitic alluvium where wildfire frequency history is known from 1973 to present and no cattle grazing has occurred in recent decades. Subplots represent fire frequencies of no burns, 3 fires per decade, and 5 fires per decade. The "no burn" plot has abundant C₃ Prosopis veleruina (mesquite) trees, whereas the burned plots are open C₄-dominated grasslands with scattered mesquite trees. Prosopis trees have altered SOM pools by the concentration of plant nutrients and the addition of isotopically light shrub litter. Frequent fires have altered the basic geochemistry and nutrient availabilities of the soil, and the changes appear to be significant enough to affect plant growth. Soil pH increases with burning frequency, and TOC, total nitrogen, and plant -available phosphorus show significant increases on the infrequently burned plot. Burning is advantageous for preservation or restoration of grasslands, as total living grass biomass is greater on the two burned plots. Root biomass is significantly lower on the "frequently burned" plot. Concentrations of the key nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus are reduced in plants on the burned sites compared to plants on the unburned site. Fires help re-distribute nutrients but evidence of nutrient concentrations and δ¹³C values are retained in SOM for many decades. Estimates of bulk carbon turnover rates range from 112 to 504 years. Evidence for modern C₃ shrub expansion is found in the shift of SOM δ¹³C values from values characteristic of C₄ grasses to C₃ shrubs in surface soil layers. δ¹³C(SOM) values indicate that the Holocene and Late Pleistocene were dominated by C₄ grasslands, and the pre-Late Pleistocene vegetation was a C₄-grass savanna with abundant C₃ plants.