Les parois moulées sont des ouvrages de fondations en béton armé. Le béton de paroi moulée n'est jamais vibré et présente une fluidité élevée. Les observations effectuées après le terrassement et le rabotage des parois montrent que celles-ci présentent des défauts qui sont reliés au ressuage du béton lors de sa mise en place. Les cheminées de remontées d’eau représentent 90% des désordres observés sur les chantiers. Les constituants du béton sont souvent mis en cause. Une étude a été menée afin de comprendre l'influence des divers paramètres affectant le ressuage. Quatre formulations de béton issues de chantier ont été caractérisées en laboratoire. Une formule a montré sur chantier sa robustesse vis à vis du ressuage, tandis que les trois autres formulations ont abouti à des pathologies plus ou moins sévères. La formulation qui présentait le plus de pathologies a été modifiée de manière à observer l’effet des constituants de la formulation vis à vis du ressuage forcé et statique. Différentes pressions ont été étudiées afin de simuler différentes hauteurs de paroi moulée. Cette étude a permis de valider la pression 5 bars prédite par les recommandations Bauer. La formulation de base de ce béton de fondation a été modifiée de manière à obtenir une courbe granulaire continue, un rapport G/S proche de 1 et une augmentation du dosage en fines supérieur à 430 kg/m3. Les résultats des essais ont permis de limiter le seuil admissible du filtre presse Bauer à 15 ml au lieu de 24,4 ml. Les formulations du béton de fondation de plusieurs chantiers de parois moulées ont été modifiées, ce qui a permis de valider les prescriptions précédentes. Des recommandations ont pu être proposées. / The diaphragm walls are foundations made with reinforced concrete. The concrete of diaphragm wall is never vibrated and has a high fluidity. The observations recorded following excavation and planing of diaphragm walls demonstrate that defects are observed which are correlated with concrete bleeding during placement. Water upwelling pathology represents 90% of all disorders observed at project sites. Mix components are often implicated. A study was conducted to understand the influence of various parameters affecting the bleeding. Four concrete mix designs derived from the field were characterized in the laboratory. On a jobsite, one design has, revealed its robustness with respect to bleeding, whereas the other three have led to pathologies of varying severity. The tested concrete displaying the most of pathologies was modified so as to observe the effect of different mix components on the forced and static bleeding. A range of pressures was introduced as a means of simulating various diaphragm wall heights.This study validated the pressure 5 bar predicted by the Bauer recommendations. The basic formulation of this concrete of foundation has been modified in order to have a continuous granular curve, G / S close to 1 and an increasing in the dosage of fines greater thinly than 430 kg / m3. The results of tests served to limit the admissible threshold of filter press Bauer at 15 ml instead of 24,4 ml. The formulations of the concrete foundation of several diaphragm walls have been modified accordingly, which validated the previous prescriptions. Recommendations have been proposed.

Le Système d’Upwelling Péruvien (PUS) et la Zone à Oxygène minimum (OMZ) qui y est associée font partie des régions les plus marquées par les variations climatiques de type El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), tant à l’échelle interannuelle qu’à l’échelle décennale. Or, peu d’enregistrements de l’impact de l’ENSO sur cette zone géographique atteignent ces résolutions temporelles, malgré des conditions propices à la conservation de dépôts sédimentaires laminés.Nous avons analysé ces archives sédimentaires à l’échelle de la lamine et en utilisant des marqueurs sédimentologiques, micro paléontologiques et géochimiques afin de retracer les variations de tous les paramètres susceptibles de répondre aux changements climatiques(précipitations, productivité, dénitrification, températures océaniques de surface). Cette approche nous a permis de disposer d’un enregistrement complet des conditions environnementales dans l’OMZ du Pérou à des échelles pluri-annuelle à multidécennale, ce qui est inégalé sur des périodes au-delà du dernier millénaire. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence une forte empreinte de la circulation de Walker sur le PUS. Cet impact est modulé par les régions extra tropicales de l’hémisphère Nord, en particulier par l’Oscillation Nord-Atlantique (NAO) à l’échelle multidécennale, par la circulation thermohaline à l’échelle centennale et par l’Anticyclone Sibérien à l’échelle millénaire. / The Peruvian Upwelling System (PUS) and the corresponding Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) are part of the regions where the imprint of climatic variations due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the interannual and multidecadal timescales is the strongest. However,only a few records of ENSO-like climatic variability reach such short timescales in thisgeographical area, despite prevailing conditions favorable to the preservation of laminatedsediments. We analyzed these sedimentary archives at the scale of the lamination, using sedimentology, micropaleontology and geochemistry. The aim was to trace variations in all parameters responding to climatic changes (rainfall, productivity, denitrification, sea surfacetemperatures). This approach has provided a full record of environmental conditions in thePeruvian OMZ at multiannual and multidecadal timescales for the first time on time intervals exceeding the last millennium. We thus evidenced a strong imprint of the Walker circulation on the PUS. This impact is paced by the extratropical northern hemisphere, especially by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the multidecadal timescale, by the thermohaline circulation at the centennial timescale and by the Siberian High at the millennial timescale.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-13T15:18:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Manuel Moreira.pdf: 7413069 bytes, checksum: 0f15055b235c438ffd4fac6dde85f099 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T15:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Manuel Moreira.pdf: 7413069 bytes, checksum: 0f15055b235c438ffd4fac6dde85f099 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Elementos-tarços são freqüentemente utilizados como indicadores das condições redox e da paleoprodutividade marinha, que podem afetar a distribuição e o fracionamento geoquímico destes elementos. O potencial efeito do ciclo re-oxidativo da pirita sedimentar sobre o grau de piritização destes indicadores (degree of trace metal pyritization – DTMP) não tem sido anteriormente avaliado. Esta avaliação foi realizada em testemunhos sedimentares da plataforma continental sob influência do Sistema de Ressurgência de Cabo Frio (RJ). A relação do DTMP com a assinatura isotópica do S na pirita (δ34S), que se torna mais leve em resposta ao ciclo re-oxidativo da pirita na área de estudo, sugere que a influência pode ser alta (para Pb, As, Cd e Mn), baixa (para Zn e Cu) ou desprezível (para Cr e Ni), dependendo do elemento considerado. Sedimentos mais antigos e ricos em pirita possibilitaram a identificação de um aparente limiar para o efeito da re-oxidação, após o qual os elementos Pb, As, Cd, Mn e Zn apresentaram maior piritização. Um testemunho em posição intermediária na plataforma apresentou correlações negativas das concentrações reativas de Mn, Cu, Ni e Pb com as concentrações de Fe na pirita, assim como outros dois testemunhos apresentaram em relação a Mn e Pb. Isto sugere um consumo de óxidos de Mn (e metais associados) em reação com a pirita, contribuindo para explicar o alto DTMP apresentado pelo Pb, que discorda das predições termodinâmicas e de cinética de incorporação deste metal pela pirita. As assinaturas isotópicas da pirita na área de estudo (que apresenta condições óxicas), foram semelhantes às de ambientes sedimentares anóxicos e euxínicos reportadas na literatura, sugerindo que o ciclo re-oxidativo pode afetar a susceptibilidade de incorporação e a preservação dos elementos na pirita em uma ampla variedade de condições sedimentares. A abordagem metodológica proposta pode subsidiar a melhor interpretação do processo de piritização e suas aplicações para a indicação de condições paleo-redox e de paleo-produtividade / Potential effects of sedimentary pyrite re-oxidative cycling on the degree of trace metals pyritization (DTMP) were evaluated in four sediment cores from the continental shelf under the influence of a tropical upwelling system (Cabo Frio, Brazil). The DTMP relation with stable isotope signals (δ34S) of chromium reducible sulfur, which became lighter in response to intense pyrite re-oxidative cycling in the study area, suggests high (Pb, As, Cd and Mn), low (Zn and Cu) or negligible (Cr and Ni) re-oxidation influences. Oldest pyrite-richer sediments provide an apparent threshold for intense pyrite re-oxidation, after which most trace elements (Pb, As, Cd, Mn and Zn) presented more accentuated DTMP. A middle shelf core presented negative correlations of reactive Mn, Cu, Ni and Pb with pyrite iron, suggesting Mn oxide (and associated metals) depletion in reaction with pyrite. This contributes to explain the observed high degree of Pb pyritization in disagreement with predictions derived from both thermodynamics and water exchange reaction kinetics. Pyrite δ34S signatures under the oxic bottom water from the study area were similar to those from euxinic sedimentary environments, suggesting that pyrite re-oxidative cycling can affect trace element susceptibility to be incorporated and preserved into pyrite in a wide range of sedimentary conditions

Sedimentation rates and compositions of sinking particles were investigated at three sites on the Beaufort slope and one in Canada Basin during the period 1990-1994 using moored sequential sediment traps. A method was developed to identify the terrigenous and biogenic components of the fluxes. The physical context including ice cover, ocean currents, river inputs, winds, air temperature, incident light, and nutrient availability provide essential information to the interpretation of the particle fluxes and to the understanding of shelf-basin sediment transport in this area. Eddies, internal waves, upwelling and downwelling, and the state of the ice cover all played important and overlapping roles in the pattern of observed fluxes. A peak in the flux of highly terrigenous material under complete ice cover in mid-winter to the northwest of Mackenzie Trough was associated with predominantly downwelling conditions and the passage of a series of eddies and internal waves. A prolonged spring diatom bloom occurred in the mid-slope area and was clearly associated with an early opening of the ice on the east side of the shelf. Higher fluxes at the Canada Basin site were associated with a large eddy clearly identifiable from the current-T-S record and also from the composition of the suspended material carried with it. At the base of the slope (2700 m), the composition was highly terrigenous and remarkably consistent. Higher up the slope (700 m), biogenic peaks in the summer diluted the terrigenous material briefly, but it appears that there is a constant background of highly terrigenous material. There was a high degree of variability between sites and over the slope there was not enough data to asses the inter-annual variability. In Canada Basin, the inter-annual variability was closely linked to the extent of open water in the summer period. At all sites, lateral transport is clearly indicated by the increase in flux with depth. The data robustly demonstrate the need for detailed knowledge of physical processes for informed interpretation of particle fluxes and sediment transport in this area.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:06453006 研究代表者:才野 敏郎 研究期間:1994-1996年度