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Water and energy are two of the most precious and essential resources which are inseparably connected; vital for the survival and well-being of humanity. Sustainable water resources and energy management emphasizes the requirement for a holistic approach in meeting the needs of the present and future generations. In order to indentify the needs and obstacles relating to water reuse and renewable energy initiatives, Hanson Formpave in partnership with The University of Edinburgh implement a five-year pilot project between May 2005 and June 2010. The research project addressed the use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) such as permeable pavements systems (PPS) and integration of renewable energy tools such as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). The research uses the novel and timely urban drainage system and focuses on water quality assessment when incorporated with GHPs. Twelve-tanked laboratory scaled experimental PPS were evaluated at The King’s Building campus (The University of Edinburgh, Scotland) using different compositions. Variations in designs included the presence of geotextiles layers and geothermal heating/cooling applications. The experimental rigs were examined for a two year period (March 2008 to April 2010). Two types of urban stormwater were used in the analysis; (i) gully pot liquor and (ii) gully pot liquor spiked with Canis lupus familiaris (dog) faeces. This urban wastewater represented the extreme worstcase scenario from a storm event, which can occur on a permeable pavement parking lot. The pavement systems operated in batch-flow to mimic weekly storm events and reduce pumping costs. Six PPS were located indoor in a controlled environment and six corresponding PPS were placed outdoors to allow for a direct comparison of controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. The outdoor rig simulated natural weather conditions whilst the indoor rig operated under controlled environmental conditions such as regulated temperature, humidity and light. The project assessed the performance of these pavement rigs with the integration of ground-source heating and cooling, standalone PPS and the abilities for water quality treatment from a physical, chemical and microbiological perspective. The performance efficiency of the GHP was measured by the energy efficiency ration (EER) for steady state cooling efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the heating cycle efficiency. Findings from the combined PPS and GHP system and standalone systems were able to significantly lower levels for all physiochemical and microbial water quality parameters in the range of (70-99.99%) respectively. Outflow concentrations for all pavement systems met the European Commission Environment Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The presence of geotextiles resulted in a significant reduction of contaminants when compared to PPS systems without (p <0.05). Photocatalytic disinfection with titanium dioxide (TIO2) was applied to the effluent from PPS for further treatment and polishing of the stormwater. After the photocatalytic disinfection, the water met the requirements for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) water recycling guidelines and the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for potable water consumption with regards to microbial contamination. An Energy and temperature balance was developed for two PPS using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method to model the heat fluxes and energy balance within the pavement system. Machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (backpropagatioin feed forward neural networks) and self-organising maps (SOM) were applied and successfully predicted the effluent concentrations of nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and microbial pollutants. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the development of a new generable of sustainable and eco-friendly pavements. The research project proves scientifically that PPS is one of the most appropriate systems for GHP installation and does not affect its efficiency for water pollutant removal.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Lima’s Villa El Salvador is one of the cities of Peru with the highest population growth rate in recent decades, and still it is needing to develop many urban infrastructure services. However, this process of urbanization has also produced a decrease in the permeability of the terrain causing in recent years flooding and severe damages by the occurrence of heavy rains in the district. It was proposed the implementation of a sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) to provide an engineering solution to this problem. It consists of a set of elements of the drainage network that will allow the collection, transport, retention, infiltration, and rainwater evacuation sustainably. Four SUDS alternatives were analyzed using well-founded methodologies to select the best alternative solution for the existing problem using technical, economic, and environmental criteria. The implementation of a retention tank and green ditches is the solution adopted to reduce the risk of flooding because of urbanization in the studied area. Runoff from the upper part of the basin will be collected through the green ditches, and the collected water will be distributed to increase the green spaces of the district. However, it will be necessary to supplement with irrigation to preserve them since this locality is climatologically arid. Successful storm water management requires integration with the urban and regional development plans.

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Urbanisation, a process associated with industrialisation and development has been characterised by unsustainable impacts such as increased impervious surfaces, increased air pollution, increased use of natural resources, increased volume of surface run-off, decreased quality of surface run-off, and depletion of biodiversity and habitats. The effects of these impacts on the environment include climate change, flooding, erosion, pollution of water bodies, and destruction of aquatic life and biodiversity. Studies have shown that sustainable designs such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) would help mitigate some of these effects sustainably. SuDS are natural drainage systems that simulate the natural drainage of a site/catchment and work in harmony to achieve increase in ground infiltration and treatment of runoff; and reduction in flow rates and volume of surface runoff, thereby improving storm water quality, reducing erosion, recharging groundwater, improving biodiversity and ultimately improving sustainability. However, sustainability of SuDS devices are questionable because their component parts involve the use of natural resources i.e. topsoil and gravel. The overall aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the application of recycled/waste materials in performing at least as well as topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS, thereby improving water quality and overall sustainability. The materials applied were compost and recycled aggregates. In assessing their efficacy in vegetative SuDS, the risk these materials could pose to water quality was not overlooked but was considered in establishing an ideal model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS. Results of this research showed that overall compost and recycled aggregates were able to perform at least as well as gravel and topsoil in vegetative SuDS in terms of characterisation, biofilm and vegetative development, and remediation of runoff pollutants thereby improving the sustainability of vegetative SuDS. Compared to gravel and topsoil, characterisation of compost and recycled aggregates was shown to be less expensive, less time consuming (except for recycled aggregates) and more sustainable, in terms of conserving natural resources. It was deduced that compost would be able to biodegrade organic pollutants in vegetative SuDS in varying conditions, compared to topsoil, thereby improving water quality. Vegetative growth in profiles containing compost were more prolific than those with topsoil alone, indicating that vegetative SuDS containing compost would attenuate stormwater and remediate pollutants by phytoremediation, better than topsoil. Results showed that compost and recycled aggregates performed as well as gravel and topsoil in remediating pollutants, with >98% of pollutants being retained mostly within the growth media, confirming that most pollutants are treated within the growth media of vegetative SuDS devices. This research was able to establish that SuDS components can be as unsustainable as components of conventional drainage systems in terms of their social, economic and environmental impacts; and that recycled materials could perform just as well as conventional materials, whilst improving their sustainability. This research further established that compost and recycled aggregates can be used in vegetative SuDS, such as swales, as literature has shown that the use of compost and recycled aggregates in vegetative SuDS has been limited to compost blankets and socks and substrates for green roofs. Suggestions for other waste materials that can be used instead topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS were also made. Results from this research were applied in the development of a swale model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS.

As obras de Ampliação da Calha do Rio Tietê fazem parte de medidas estruturais que visaram ao aumento da capacidade de vazão para o controle das enchentes na RMSP. A regularidade da capacidade de vazão dependerá, dentre outras ações, de dragagens de manutenção e retirada do material dragado, cuja destinação é bastante problemática. O objetivo deste trabalho é a elaboração de um estudo sobre o processo de dragagem, transporte e disposição final de material de leito de rio por meio da apresentação do processo adotado no estudo de caso: Ampliação da Calha do Rio Tietê Fase II. Para esse fim, são abordados os principais aspectos técnicos, ambientais, sociais e econômicos relativos às obras do estudo de caso, dando ênfase à gestão do sedimento dragado, que busca estar em consonância com as normas e diretrizes legais vigentes. São finalmente enunciadas as principais recomendações e conclusões que devem ser aplicadas na gestão do sedimento dragado do Rio Tietê. / The works of Enlargement of Rio Tietê\'s Gutter (Waterway) are part of structural measures that objective increase the flow capacity for inundation control in RMSP (Metropolitan Region of São Paulo). The regularity of the flow capacity will depend, among other actions, of maintenance dredgings and retreating of dredged material, whose destination is plenty of problem. The aim of this work is the elaboration of a study about the dredging process, transport and final disposition of the river bed sediment through the presentation of the process adopted in the case study: Enlargement of Rio Tietê\'s Gutter Phase II. For that purpose, the main technical, environmental, social and economical aspects related to the works of the case study are discussed, giving emphasis in the administration of the dredged sediment, that seek fitting to the in course norms and legal guidelines. Finally, the main recommendations and conclusions that should be applied in the administration of Rio Tietê\'s dredged sediment are examined.

A análise sobre o comportamento e o desempenho de elementos para drenar que compõem galerias pluviais pode contribuir para identificar informação, métodos e técnicas que orientem decisões sobre ações preventivas e corretivas para controle de processos de erosão e inundações, uma contribuição à orientação sobre diretrizes para melhoria da qualidade de vida. Esta dissertação de mestrado relata e discute resultados obtidos ao mostrar que a simulação de movimento de água em sarjetas, bocas de lobo e galerias pluviais pode contribuir para comparar as conseqüências de alteração de especificações e processos de projeto, escolha de equipamentos e controle de obras de drenagem. O conhecimento de índices de comportamento de características de fluxo de água pode contribuir para identificar conseqüências do funcionamento de equipamentos para drenar vias urbanas. O método adotado foi um processo de simulação decorrente de uma escolha de variáveis e índices de desempenho de equipamentos de drenagem, hipóteses e critérios para estimar características de movimento de água. Para estudo de caso foram usados dados obtidos na cidade de Franca, estado de São Paulo. O principal processo adotado foi o manuseio de resultados de estimativas sobre características de fluxo e vazões em obras existentes, produtos de observação sobre dados obtidos ao refazer projetos de redes de galerias pluviais em operação / The analysis on the behavior and the acting of elements to drain that composes pluvial galleries can contribute to identify information, methods and techniques that guide decisions about preventive and corrective actions for control of erosion processes and floods, a contribution to the orientation on guidelines for improvement of the life quality. This work tells and it discusses results obtained when showing that the simulation of movement of water in gutters and pluvial galleries can contribute to compare the consequences of alteration of specifications and project processes, choice of equipments and control of drainage works. The knowledge of indexes of behavior of characteristics of flow of water can contribute to identify consequences of the operation of equipments to drain urban roads. The adopted method was a simulation process due to a choice of variables and indexes of acting of drainage equipments, hypotheses and criteria to esteem characteristics of movement of water. For case study were used data obtained in the city of Franca, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The main work process was the handling of results of estimates on flow characteristics and flows of existent works, observed from new data obtained when redoing the projects of pluvial galleries in operation

A ocupação desordenada e o grande percentual de superfície impermeabilizada em áreas urbanas, agravando os eventos extremos, é um dos problemas mais discutidos no meio técnico nacional e internacional. O conceito utilizado para projeto de drenagem urbana convencional, desta forma, tornou-se um tanto obsoleto nos dias de hoje, pois além dos problemas relativos aos picos elevados das tormentas, culminando em enchentes, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, há que se observar os aspectos de qualidade das águas pluviais. Neste sentido, começou-se a desenvolver na década de 1980 o conceito dos chamados BMP, do inglês, Best Management Practices, que consiste em técnicas que visam não somente o abatimento dos picos de eventos extremos como também a melhoria na qualidade da água precipitada com um enfoque mais ambiental. Procurou-se apresentar, ao longo do trabalho, o estágio de desenvolvimento dessas técnicas em vários países e a equalização das diversas terminologias utilizadas com o intuito de tornar estas ferramentas mais acessíveis ao meio técnico nacional, visando auxiliar no processo de mudança cultural brasileira. Analisou-se também a aplicabilidade dessas técnicas em um projeto real de drenagem urbana desenvolvido para a Prefeitura de São Paulo, na região do Butantã Zona Oeste, verificando-se a possibilidade de redução do sistema convencional ou sua eliminação com base nas informações técnicas elencadas. / Unregulated occupation and the growing proportion of non-porous, covered urban surface area as aggravating factors in the effects of extreme weather events is one of the most talked about problems in national (Brazilian) and international technical circles. This factor has rendered the conventional methods historically applied when planning urban stormwater drainage somewhat obsolete because, in addition to the flash floods caused by intense downpours and storms in large metropolitan centers, the quality of the stormwater itself is deteriorating. To combat these effects, the initial foundations of the BMP (Best Management Practices) were laid down in the 1980\'s to develop methods to not only diminish the effects of extreme events but also to improve the quality of the water deposited by focusing on environmentally friendly urban planning. In this study, an attempt has been made to illustrate the developmental stage of these methods in several countries and to standardized the different technical terms used so that such tools become more accessible to the relevant Brazilian technical field and thereby further the respective process of cultural change in Brazil. It has also been analyzed how these methods could be applied to an actual urban drainage plan developed for the São Paulo City Hall implemented in the Butantã district in the city\'s \'Western Zone\' by assessing the possibility of reducing the conventional system or even eliminating it, based on the technical information studied.