A partir do processo de industrialização e crescimento urbano da cidade de São Paulo, o território do Rio Tietê passa a servir de suporte para uma série de aparatos técnicos e redes de infraestrutura essenciais ao funcionamento pleno da metrópole. Configura, assim, uma paisagem utilitária sobre a várzea. As diversas tentativas de controle do fluxo de suas águas não impediram, no entanto, que a relação entre cidade e ambiente se estabelecesse de modo conflituoso. Esta pesquisa reconhece que em meados dos anos 1960 ocorre uma inflexão na prática do planejamento urbano no Brasil e, consequentemente, no caráter dos projetos para o Rio Tietê. A consolidação dos sistemas de circulação sobre a várzea, o Estado como agente autoritário e centralizador e o advento dos planos de desenvolvimento regional, em conjunto com a problemática ecológica que se populariza nos anos 1970, marcam este período estudado. Propõe-se a compreender, neste âmbito, o papel dos urbanistas na definição das infraestruturas metropolitanas, especialmente nos casos estudados, e os limites e propósitos desta atribuição, deste modo contribuindo com a revisão da historiografia da arquitetura moderna brasileira, avançando na caracterização da produção urbanística pós-Brasília. / From the industrialization and urban growth process in São Paulo, the Tiete river territory become to provide support for a range of technical devices and infrastructure networks, that are essential to the full functioning of the metropolis, thus setting an utilitarian landscape over the floodplain. The various attempts to control the flow of its waters did not prevent, however, that the relationship between the city and the environment to be conflicting. This research recognizes in the mid-1960s an inflection in the practice of urban planning in Brazil and consequently in the character of the projects for the Tiete river. The consolidation of circulation systems on the floodplain, the state as an authoritarian and centralizing agent and the advent of regional development plans, together with the ecological problem that became popular in the 1970s, marks this studied period. It is proposed to understand, in this context, the role of planners in the definition of metropolitan infrastructure, especially in the studied cases, and the limits and purposes of this assignment, thereby contributing to the revision of the historiography of modern Brazilian architecture, contributing for characterization of the brazilian urbanistic production post Brasília.

<div><p>A variety of passenger car-trailer connections exist on the market. One specific type of the connections provides a tensile force measurement capability for the purpose of providing feedback for the semi-autonomous trailer’s control system. Semi-autonomous trailer is an innovative technology that can encourage drivers to use smaller vehicles for towing, which will contribute to restoration and improvement of urban infrastructure (NAE Grand Challenges for Engineering, 2020). The vehicle-semi-autonomous trailer connection’s safety concerns depend on multiple factors, but start with either a mechanical, or an electrical failure. The topic of safety of passenger car-semi-autonomous trailer connections is not well present in literature. The connections’ mechanical failures under load are in the focus of this work. The author addressed the following research question and the sub question. How do the existing “passenger car-trailer” connections with tensile force measurement capability compare to one another under load in terms of the possible failure? What is the failure mode of each of the compared connections? The author selected three prototypes from the literature, built three-dimensional (3D) models in SolidWorks 2018 and simulated the tests in the program’s add-on in accordance with the requirements of an industry standard on real-life testing of specific vehicle systems. The author compared the three prototypes by a number of different parameters. The research showed that none of the three existing prototypes are public road-ready in terms of safety. The study can be useful for future designers of passenger-car-semi-autonomous trailer connections.</p></div>

Parmi les formes d’organisation de l’habitat antique, il en est une qui est longtemps restée en retrait dans la recherche archéologique française. Les agglomérations antiques, qui correspondent à des formes très variées d’habitat groupé, suscitent un intérêt majeur depuis une vingtaine d’années.L’étude historiographique, à l’échelle de la Gaule, fait ressortir un espace en marge des recherches, celui des cités du Massif central. Cette thèse propose donc d’étudier les agglomérations antiques des cités arverne, vellave, gabale, rutène, cadurque et lémovice entre le Ier s. av. J.-C. et le Ve s. ap. J.-C. Les objectifs sont multiples. Il a été nécessaire dans un premier temps d’établir un corpus de sites à partir de la bibliographie régionale. Celui-ci est composé de notices normalisées au sein desquelles l’ensemble des données actuellement disponibles a été présenté. Pour répondre aux questions d’organisation spatiale et de classification, les données bibliographiques recueillies, complétées par des opérations de terrain (prospections terrestres, aériennes, géophysiques, relevés topographiques), ont été synthétisées à partir d’une série de descripteurs archéologiques développés sur le modèle d’Archaeomedes. L’emploi de ces descripteurs a permis la mise en œuvre d’analyses statistiques multivariées afin de dépasser le simple classement par niveaux de fiabilité (sites rejetés, agglomérations hypothétiques, agglomérations avérées). C’est sur la base de la classification retenue après différents tests et sur la hiérarchie urbaine proposée que les analyses spatiales et morphologiques permettent de brosser un tableau complet de l’armature urbaine des cités antiques du Massif central.Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’exposer et de comprendre à la fois les relations entre les agglomérations et le milieu naturel mais aussi avec leur environnement archéologique par l’étude de leurs relations avec l’habitat rural, les chefs-lieux, les limites des cités, leur territoire théorique, les axes de communications terrestres et fluviaux. En changeant d’échelle, l’analyse interne des agglomérations permet d’appréhender à la fois leur morphologie générale mais aussi la place des édifices monumentaux au sein des agglomérations et au sein des cités, le rôle de l’artisanat, les aménagements hydrauliques, … Pour l’analyse de l’armature urbaine, la thèse prend nécessairement en compte l’évolution chronologique des agglomérations à travers leur origine protohistorique, leur évolution durant l’Antiquité et leur devenir au début du Moyen Âge.Pour mener à bien ce travail, il a été nécessaire de croiser les approches documentaires (bibliographie, opérations de terrains), de croiser les échelles d’analyse (du site au Massif central) et de comparer les résultats à ceux des régions voisines. Passées, les analyses statistiques, c’est à partir d’un SIG et d’une base de données que l’ensemble des synthèses a pu être mené.Cette thèse constitue la première synthèse sur les agglomérations antiques des cités du Massif central. Les résultats mettent en avant l’importance des agglomérations dans le système de peuplement et des armatures urbaines variables entre les cités mais qui semblent structurées en partie par le relief et les axes de communications. Les fonctions présentes au sein des agglomérations, si elles sont variées et récurrentes, montrent des spécificités entre les cités mais aussi une hétérogénéité au sein de chacune d’elles. Enfin, l’analyse chronologique montre une réduction du nombre des agglomérations à partir du IIIe siècle mais pas leur disparition. De même, de nouvelles formes d’habitats groupés apparaissent à partir du IVe siècle attestant non pas une crise mais une évolution dans l’organisation urbaine des cités pour répondre à de nouveaux besoins. / Among the forms of organization one can observe in the ancient habitat, there is one particular structure that has been slightly ignored by French archeologists: the lesser urbanized settlements. However, in the last twenty years, small towns have attracted renewed interest.A historiographical study of the Gaul territory highlighted a less studied group of population: the ancient peoples of the Massif Central. In this thesis we intend to have a closer look at such populations as the Arvernes, the Vellaves, the Gabales, the Rutenes, the Cadurques, and the Lemovices from 1st century B.C. - 5th century A.D. We first established a corpus of sites starting with the study of the regional bibliography, which enabled us to create records for each area. We completed this first approach with several field operations such as ground, aerial, geophysical and topographical surveys. All those data were synthesized in a series of archaeological descriptors developed using the Archaeomedes model.The use of such descriptors enabled us to develop some statistical analyses and go beyond the simple reliability factor (which allows the distinction between rejected sites, hypothetical and true urbanized clusters). On the basis of our tested and proven classification, keeping in mind the suggested urban hierarchy and with the help of our spatial and morphological analyses, we were able to obtain a more complete picture of the urban framework of the ancient cities of the Massif Central.The data collected allowed us to better apprehend and understand the relation between such urban clusters and their natural environment, but also to place them in an archaeological context by studying the links between rural housing, the ancient administrative structure (chef-lieu), the city and territory limits, and the major communication routes (land and water). Through a multi-scale study of those population clusters, we were able to determine their general structure, to look at the role of local crafts and trade but also the place of major buildings, and waterworks. We took specific care to the chronological evolution in thosesmall towns by looking at them from their protohistoric beginnings through Antiquity and until early medieval times.While we cross-referenced all the different sources (bibliography and field surveys) and the analysis scales within the Massif Central, we also did a cross-comparison with other neighboring areas in order to validate such work. Besides the statistical data, we used the Geographic Information System and our database to reach our conclusions.This thesis aims at uncovering the reality of those ancient population clusters present in the Massif Central. Our results showed clearly the importance of those in the settlement system, their different forms structured according to the local geography and major trade routes. The functions/positions available in small towns were varied and recurrent but also corresponded to specific trades within each structure while remaining homogeneous.Through our chronological analysis we were able to point out a significant reduction in their numbers starting in the third century, though not their disappearing. In the 4th century new types of population clusters appeared, not as a response to an acute crisis, but more as a result of an evolution called on by new needs.