O presente trabalho analisou os problemas referentes aos processos de inundação e deslizamento de solo no município de Igrejinha. O entendimento destes eventos ocorridos no município viabilizou uma análise da região, propiciando a criação de diretrizes de ocupação urbana mais consistentes. Para que fosse possível alcançar esses objetivos, o trabalho fundamentou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas sobre geologia, geomorfologia e dados de Igrejinha e do Vale do Paranhana. Também foi realizada uma análise da ocorrência dos eventos de deslizamentos acontecidos no local, tornando possível o entendimento de seus condicionantes. A partir desses dados, foram elaborados mapas que mostram a situação do município em estudo no que tange à ocupação, inundação e deslizamentos de massa. A ferramenta que propiciou a construção dessas cartas foi o geoprocessamento, através do programa IDRISI, através do qual foram vetorizadas as cartas topográficas obtidas de um aerolevantamento de 1989. Utilizando essas bases foi possível indicar as áreas com suscetibilidade a deslizamento e inundação e, assim, indicar requisitos para a atividade na área urbana, chegando-se inclusive a indicar as áreas de restrição de crescimento da área urbana, as quais apresentam problemas significativos com relação a deslizamentos. / The present study examined the problems related to processes of flood and landslides in Igrejinha municipality. The knowledge of these events in the municipality allowed a better analysis of the region, resulting in more consistent urban guidelines for land occupation. To achieve these goals, the work was based on bibliographic research of geology, geomorphology and general data of Igrejinha municipality and Paranhana river valley. An analysis of the occurrence of landslide events which happened in the area was also carried out, making it possible the understanding of their conditioning factors. From these data were prepared maps that show the situation of the municipality under study regarding occupation, flooding and landslide movements. The tool that allowed the construction of these letters was the geoprocessing through the IDRISI program, by which were vectorized the topographic maps obtained from an aerial survey made in 1989. Using these informations was possible to indicate areas with susceptibility to landslide and flooding and thus infer requirements for activity in the urban area and there are some restrictions of growth in certain urban regions that present significant problems with respect to sliding.

O presente trabalho analisou os problemas referentes aos processos de inundação e deslizamento de solo no município de Igrejinha. O entendimento destes eventos ocorridos no município viabilizou uma análise da região, propiciando a criação de diretrizes de ocupação urbana mais consistentes. Para que fosse possível alcançar esses objetivos, o trabalho fundamentou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas sobre geologia, geomorfologia e dados de Igrejinha e do Vale do Paranhana. Também foi realizada uma análise da ocorrência dos eventos de deslizamentos acontecidos no local, tornando possível o entendimento de seus condicionantes. A partir desses dados, foram elaborados mapas que mostram a situação do município em estudo no que tange à ocupação, inundação e deslizamentos de massa. A ferramenta que propiciou a construção dessas cartas foi o geoprocessamento, através do programa IDRISI, através do qual foram vetorizadas as cartas topográficas obtidas de um aerolevantamento de 1989. Utilizando essas bases foi possível indicar as áreas com suscetibilidade a deslizamento e inundação e, assim, indicar requisitos para a atividade na área urbana, chegando-se inclusive a indicar as áreas de restrição de crescimento da área urbana, as quais apresentam problemas significativos com relação a deslizamentos. / The present study examined the problems related to processes of flood and landslides in Igrejinha municipality. The knowledge of these events in the municipality allowed a better analysis of the region, resulting in more consistent urban guidelines for land occupation. To achieve these goals, the work was based on bibliographic research of geology, geomorphology and general data of Igrejinha municipality and Paranhana river valley. An analysis of the occurrence of landslide events which happened in the area was also carried out, making it possible the understanding of their conditioning factors. From these data were prepared maps that show the situation of the municipality under study regarding occupation, flooding and landslide movements. The tool that allowed the construction of these letters was the geoprocessing through the IDRISI program, by which were vectorized the topographic maps obtained from an aerial survey made in 1989. Using these informations was possible to indicate areas with susceptibility to landslide and flooding and thus infer requirements for activity in the urban area and there are some restrictions of growth in certain urban regions that present significant problems with respect to sliding.

O presente trabalho analisou os problemas referentes aos processos de inundação e deslizamento de solo no município de Igrejinha. O entendimento destes eventos ocorridos no município viabilizou uma análise da região, propiciando a criação de diretrizes de ocupação urbana mais consistentes. Para que fosse possível alcançar esses objetivos, o trabalho fundamentou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas sobre geologia, geomorfologia e dados de Igrejinha e do Vale do Paranhana. Também foi realizada uma análise da ocorrência dos eventos de deslizamentos acontecidos no local, tornando possível o entendimento de seus condicionantes. A partir desses dados, foram elaborados mapas que mostram a situação do município em estudo no que tange à ocupação, inundação e deslizamentos de massa. A ferramenta que propiciou a construção dessas cartas foi o geoprocessamento, através do programa IDRISI, através do qual foram vetorizadas as cartas topográficas obtidas de um aerolevantamento de 1989. Utilizando essas bases foi possível indicar as áreas com suscetibilidade a deslizamento e inundação e, assim, indicar requisitos para a atividade na área urbana, chegando-se inclusive a indicar as áreas de restrição de crescimento da área urbana, as quais apresentam problemas significativos com relação a deslizamentos. / The present study examined the problems related to processes of flood and landslides in Igrejinha municipality. The knowledge of these events in the municipality allowed a better analysis of the region, resulting in more consistent urban guidelines for land occupation. To achieve these goals, the work was based on bibliographic research of geology, geomorphology and general data of Igrejinha municipality and Paranhana river valley. An analysis of the occurrence of landslide events which happened in the area was also carried out, making it possible the understanding of their conditioning factors. From these data were prepared maps that show the situation of the municipality under study regarding occupation, flooding and landslide movements. The tool that allowed the construction of these letters was the geoprocessing through the IDRISI program, by which were vectorized the topographic maps obtained from an aerial survey made in 1989. Using these informations was possible to indicate areas with susceptibility to landslide and flooding and thus infer requirements for activity in the urban area and there are some restrictions of growth in certain urban regions that present significant problems with respect to sliding.

Between 2015 and 2050, half of the net increase in the world's urban populationis expected to take place in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving drastic landcover changes and challenging the spatial organization of human societies.Understanding past and present dynamics of this urbanization process is criticalto achieve a sustainable pattern of urban development, yet is limited by thelack of accurate and multi-temporal spatial data on urban expansion. Since the2000s, the rise of satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) enabled the productionof several global urban maps, thereby mitigating the issue of data scarcity. ButSSA is still characterized by lower accuracies in satellite-based maps becauseof various issues, such as: a lower satellite imagery availability, a lack ofreference datasets, and a high heterogeneity across the urban areas of theregion.In this thesis, I propose to leverage open-access satellite catalogs along withvolunteered geographic information to improve large-scaled and automated mappingof the built environment in SSA. The proposed approach makes use ofOpenStreetMap to support model training and calibration, thereby bypassing theneed for reference datasets or manual digitization campaigns. This method wasassessed in 10 urban areas of SSA, reaching classification performances similarto manual approaches.Moreover, the combined use of multispectral and synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)imagery was explored. In 11 out of 12 case studies in SSA, multi-sensorclassification schemes outperformed single-sensor approaches. More specifically,multi-sensor classification dramatically increased built-up detection rates inarid and semi-arid regions---where bare soil and buildings may share a similarspectral signature.These findings were implemented to map the built environment of 46 urban areasat five different dates from 1995 to 2015, with an average F1-score of 0.93. Thestatistical interpretation of the produced dataset revealed the highheterogeneity that characterizes urban areas in SSA, and confirmed that thespatial patterns of urbanization highly depends on demographic and economicfactors. Overall, the present thesis provides promising insights for large-scaled andautomated mapping of the built environment in data-scarce regions. Severalissues are still affecting the mapping accuracies, such as: multi-temporalinconsistencies caused by the use of imagery from 7 different sensors, lowavailability of historical imagery in SSA, or missing data in OpenStreetMap.Still, with the growing availability of open-access EO catalogs and theincreasingly completeness of OpenStreetMap, the proposed approach is expected tobecome even more relevant in the near future. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

abstract: Slum development and growth is quite popular in developing countries. Many studies have been done on what social and economic factors are the drivers in establishment of informal settlements at a single cross-section of time, however limited work has been done in studying their spatial growth patterns over time. This study attempts to study a sample of 30 informal settlements that exist in the National Capital Territory of India over a period of 40 years and identify relationships between the spatial growth rates and relevant factors identified in previous socio-economic studies of slums using advanced statistical methods. One of the key contributions of this paper is indicating the usefulness of satellite imagery or remote sensing data in spatial-longitudinal studies. This research utilizes readily available LANDSAT images to recognize the decadal spatial growth from 1970 to 2000, and also in extension, calculate the BI (transformed NDVI) as a proxy for the intensity of development for the settlements. A series of regression models were run after processing the data, and the levels of significance were then studied and compared to see which relationships indicated the highest levels of significance. It was observed that the change in BI had a higher strength of relationships with the change in independent variables than the settlement area growth. Also, logarithmic and cubic models showed the highest R-Square values than any other tested models. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.U.E.P. Environmental Design and Planning 2011

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T11:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 4284905 bytes, checksum: 0bca905af249dedff89d147a3b615423 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this study is to reproduce the urban climate of the city of Joao Pessoa in the form of a cartographic representation through analysis of physical aspects that are interrelated and influence the local climate. For that, we used the methodology of Katzschner (2006) that characterizes the climate of urban environments according to a consideration of the energy balance of the city, determined by its thermal load and dynamic potential. Thus, there were the classification and valuation of city areas according to their abilities to increase the air temperature and blocking the flow of the winds. These assessments were based on scientific knowledge of climate behavior of Climatopes, which are defined by the characteristics of buildings, topography, vegetation and open spaces. This led to the realization of a field survey that identified in the region. For storage, processing and presentation of information of the geographical space studied, we used the Geographic Information System (GIS), which is widely used in studies of urban mapping. With these results, it was found that the current ordering of the urban structure, dictated by the rules and guidelines of the Master Plan, produced negative impacts in areas with a probable human thermal comfort, and concluded that the continuation of this current city development plan, most areas could jeopardize both the quality of life and health of the population and energy consumption. / A proposta deste trabalho é reproduzir cartograficamente o clima urbano da cidade de João Pessoa, a partir de análises de aspectos físicos que se interrelacionam e influenciam o clima local. Para tanto, utilizou-se da metodologia de Katzschner (2006) que caracteriza o clima de ambientes urbanos segundo uma consideração do balanço de energia da cidade, determinado pela sua carga térmica e potencial dinâmico. Deste modo, realizaram-se a classificação e a valoração das áreas da cidade segundo suas capacidades de elevação da temperatura do ar e de obstrução dos escoamentos dos ventos. Estas avaliações foram fundamentadas no conhecimento científico do comportamento climático dos Topoclimas, que são definidos pelas características das construções, da topografia, da vegetação e dos espaços abertos. Isto levou a realização de um levantamento de campo que os identificassem na região. Para o armazenamento, o processamento e a apresentação das informações do espaço geográfico estudado, empregou-se o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), que é amplamente utilizado nos estudos de mapeamento urbano. Com os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a atual ordenação da estrutura urbana, ditada pelas normas e diretrizes do Plano Diretor vigente, produziu áreas com impactos negativos em uma provável sensação de conforto térmico humano, e concluiu-se que, continuando o atual plano de desenvolvimento da cidade, mais áreas poderão comprometer tanto a qualidade de vida e a saúde da população quanto o consumo de energia.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1436338 bytes, checksum: 079676a21abf797e76c98dd2332b3235 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The constructions and reconstructions of urban spaces are not just a result of pressure pressing socio-economic system. They are also the result of ideological models on the "development" and "modernity" that are imposed on holders of power. Inserted in this problematics and going under strong pressure due to various ways of soil use and occupation, worldwide, the costal zones can be considered regions of contrast, constituting a privileged field, as well as a challenge in terms of different environmental management strategies. In this scenery, the urban and environmental plan represents an important tool of analysis and urban management. It is necessary an ecosystem approach, based on the principle of complexity, a holistic view of the city, in which all the elements, including the human societies, become part of a big net of relations. This academic study identifies, based on the present situation, the physical, environmental and legal compatibilities and incompatibilities, elaborating strategies for the use and occupation of soil in growing urban areas in the district of Jacumã, located in Conde city, state of Paraiba. Such analysis was performed taking into consideration a methodology proposed by McHarg (1972). As results, the research points to the extreme inefficiency and lack of basic infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, access to public transport, garbage collection and sites for leisure), and demonstrates serious environmental impacts related to uncontrolled urban expansion expressed in occupations in areas of environmental preservation. The creation of an indicator of environmental suitability in this study allowed the quantification and verification of a synthetic form of the incompatibility of current and future occupations. The procedures elaborated for such goal intend to contribute to the policies of sharing, use and occupation of soil as well as the urban strategies that rule those actions and that have an important role in conducting the cities in this process of sustainability. / As construções e reconstruções dos espaços urbanos não resultam apenas de uma pressão imperiosa do sistema socioeconômico. Elas também são o fruto de modelos ideológicos sobre o desenvolvimento e a modernidade que se impõem aos detentores de poder. Incluída nesta problemática e submetida à forte pressão por intensas e diversas formas de uso e ocupação do solo, a nível mundial, as Zonas Costeiras podem ser consideradas regiões de contrastes, constituindo-se num desafio para o exercício de diferentes estratégias de gestão ambiental. Nesse cenário, o planejamento urbano ambiental surge como ferramenta essencial de análise e gestão urbana. Sendo necessária uma abordagem ecossistêmica, uma visão holística da cidade, trazendo consigo o Princípio da Complexidade, na qual todos os elementos, incluindo as sociedades humanas, interagem numa gigantesca rede de relações. O presente trabalho identifica com base na situação atual, as compatibilidades e incompatibilidades físico-ambientais e legais, e elabora diretrizes para o uso e a ocupação do solo nas áreas de expansão urbana do Distrito de Jacumã, localizado no município do Conde, Paraíba. Esta análise foi feita a partir da metodologia proposta por McHarg (1972). Como resultados a pesquisa aponta para a extrema carência e ineficiência de infra-estrutura básica (abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, acesso a transportes públicos, coleta de lixo e áreas destinadas ao lazer), além de demonstrar sérios impactos ambientais relativos a expansão urbana desordenada expressos nas ocupações em áreas de preservação ambiental. A criação do indicador de adequabilidade ambiental nesse trabalho permitiu a quantificação e a verificação de forma sintética da incompatibilidade das ocupações atuais e futuras. As diretrizes elaboradas pretendem contribuir com as políticas de parcelamento, uso e ocupação do solo e as práticas urbanísticas que viabilizam estas ações e que possuem papel efetivo na meta de conduzir as cidades no percurso da sustentabilidade.

Rapid urbanization is taking place in Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Often there is not sufficient data monitoring the quick urban change. This study explores the use of machine learning classification within remote sensing to foster sustainable urban practices in a secondary city in an LMIC. The aim is to extract spatially detailed land cover data and investigate its temporal evolution from 2018 to 2021. Furthermore, targeted interviews with residents were conducted to gain an in-situ understanding of the land cover changes. The research reveals a trend of increased impervious surface in Sekondi-Takoradi, especially around the urban outskirts. Some patterns of densification can also be identified, predominantly in urban areas with a mix of impervious surfaces and vegetation. These findings reveal similar land cover change patterns as previous remote sensing studies, a decrease in vegetation, and an increase in impervious surfaces.  The used method can be applied at a larger scale to monitor the urbanization of secondary cities in LMICs, a field that often is neglected. These insights can contribute to achieving the UN's 11th Sustainable Development Sustainable Cities and Communities.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation explores the integration of remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) in geospatial mapping, specifically through the development of knowledge-based mapping systems. Remote sensing has revolutionized Earth observation by providing data that far surpasses traditional in-situ measurements. Over the last decade, significant advancements in inferential capabilities have been achieved through the fusion of geospatial sciences and AI (GeoAI), particularly with the application of deep learning. Despite its benefits, the reliance on data-driven AI has introduced challenges, including unpredictable errors and biases due to imperfect labeling and the opaque nature of the processes involved.</p><p dir="ltr">The research highlights the limitations of solely using data-driven AI methods for geospatial mapping, which tend to produce spatially heterogeneous errors and lack transparency, thus compromising the trustworthiness of the outputs. In response, it proposes novel knowledge-based mapping systems that prioritize transparency and scalability. This research has developed comprehensive techniques to extract key Earth and urban features and has introduced a 3D urban land cover mapping system, including a 3D Landscape Clustering framework aimed at enhancing urban climate studies. The developed systems utilize universally applicable physical knowledge of targets, captured through remote sensing, to enhance mapping accuracy and reliability without the typical drawbacks of data-driven approaches.</p><p dir="ltr">The dissertation emphasizes the importance of moving beyond mere accuracy to consider the broader implications of error patterns in geospatial mappings. It demonstrates the value of integrating generalizable target knowledge, explicitly represented in remote sensing data, into geospatial mapping to address the trustworthiness challenges in AI mapping systems. By developing mapping systems that are open, transparent, and scalable, this work aims to mitigate the effects of spatially heterogeneous errors, thereby improving the trustworthiness of geospatial mapping and analysis across various fields. Additionally, the dissertation introduces methodologies to support urban pathway accessibility and flood management studies through dependable geospatial systems. These efforts aim to establish a robust foundation for informed urban planning, efficient resource allocation, and enriched environmental insights, contributing to the development of more sustainable, resilient, and smart cities.</p>