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Economic Development and Women Empowerment in China: Is There a Regional Pattern?Zhang, Huiyi January 2014 (has links)
The rapid economic development in China has successfully drawn a worldwide attention and benefit its population, with a average 8 percentage GDP growth rate every year and 500 million people out of poverty. While a large number of people are seeking for the reason why economic achievement in China has been so dramatic and unprecedented, less people show solicitude for Chinese women`s condition and empowerment. Women as a worldwide vulnerable group, their well-being need to be taken into consideration during the process of developing economy. In China, female population accounts for 48.47 percentage (633.2 million) of entire population. Under the big picture of economic prosperity, the author found that Chinese people`s living condition has advanced largely, the popularization of basic education and medical service has benefit the vast majority people, meanwhile, people can be more involved in political process to express their opinions. However, women are benefited disproportionately but still less empowered than men are. Moreover, since China is a geographically large country, the economic development has shown some regional characteristic, that means, in southeastern China, due to the convenient traffic condition, such as harbors, economic development process is faster than in northwestern China, where traffic and natural conditions are both weak. Would that cause a unequal empowered situation between women from different economic developed regions? Women has been paid less attention through the history of China, let alone different conditions of women in different regions. In this thesis, the author will describe women`s different empowered situation in rural and urban regions of China, via a capability approach viewpoint, and discussion of whether there is a regional pattern will be based on (Dis) Empowerment model.
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The spatial structure of employment and its impacts on the journey to work in the Jakarta metropolitan area: a Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR) perspectiveHakim, Ikhwan, Built Environment, Faculty of Built Environment, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
This thesis is developed upon inquires on urban spatial structure of Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR) and its impacts on travel. Literature suggests that while efforts in promoting transport sustainability in the developed world have included policy measures involving urban spatial structure and its physical features as a consequence of the understanding on strong link between land use and transport, there has been lack of understandings on the spatial structure in major cities in Southeast Asia. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is adopted for identification of important components of the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). The approach has been specifically designed in order to extract clusters as suggested in the Southeast Asian EMR concept. It is found that the spatial structure of employment in the JMA consists of the following major components: the urban core of Jakarta; the single dominant and expanded regional CBD within the urban core of Jakarta; manufacturing corridors that are largely follow toll roads radiating out of the urban core; local government regions that in general have not been developed into substantial sub-centres; desakota areas overlapping the manufacturing corridors and the agricultural areas; and portions of agricultural areas in the outer parts of Bekasi, Bogor and Tangerang regencies. The result shows that spatial structure of JMA conforms to the Southeast Asian EMR concept rather than the monocentric, polycentric or sprawl patterns debated for the case of developed cities. Commuting impacts of the identified spatial structure of employment and its physical features are investigated using the desireline analysis, home-to-work trip pattern comparisons (ANOVA) by the employment clusters, and ordinary linear regression and logistic regression models. It is found that the spatial structure identified and its physical features have significant associations to variations in the pattern of commuting across the region. The physical features of the employment spatial structure identified include important policy sensitive variables such as job density, job to household ratio, land use diversity and job accessibility. Policy implications of the findings are developed and centred on recommending both the spatial structure of employment and its physical characteristics that promote more sustainable transport in the JMA.
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Visioner och drömmar i Sveriges 4:e Storstadsregion : Järnvägens betydelse för regionalutvecklingen i Linköping/Norrköping / Visions and dreams in polycentric regions of Sweden : The importance of railway commutations in Linköping/NorrköpingEmenius, Carin January 2008 (has links)
Regioner har alltid funnits. Det har stått för det intermediära, en funktion mellan det lokala och det centrala styret. Den geografiska omfattningen har varit allt från länsindelningar till stora internationella eller kulturella regioner. Historiskt sätt, kan regioner vara funktionella, administrativa eller kulturella. När Sverige övergick till att bli ett industrisamhälle, blev regioner en viktig utgångspunkt för att förändra de nationella näten. För att förstå regioners utveckling, kan vi dela upp den i nyregionalism och gammal regionalism. Den gamla regionalismen innebar att staten hjälpte regioner att utvecklas genom att ge dem statliga bidrag. Detta var en process under 1960-1980-talet. Nyregionalismen, som kom därefter, utgjordes av att regioner fick större makt att själva förändra sin situation. Samtidigt i världen, började en in-ternationaliseringsprocess att märkas allt tydligare. Ekonomin i världen, påverkade även ekonomin i Sverige. Det lokala och det globala påverkade varandra och regioner började konkurrera globalt. Regioner styrdes inte längre av bara staten, utan av flera aktörer. Regioner skapas med hjälp av olika drivkrafter, samt de möjligheter som finns förankrade på platsen. Samtidigt som de måste drivas av en tro på sig själva och våga satsa på det de tror på. Ett annat sätt att förstå samhällsutvecklingen är genom Törnqvists uppdelning av regionalisering och globalisering. Regionalisering förutsätter att regionala eller lokala band gör att verk-samheter och människor binder sig till vissa platser. Globalisering innebär tvärtom att verk-samheter och människor är beroende av sin stora rörlighet och ett nätverk utan gränser. Både globalisering och regionalisering påverkas av suveräna stater, nätverk och självmedvetna regioner (som har kraft att styra sitt eget område, utan en Superior makt). Ohmae talar för att världen idag består av regioner och överstatliga/suveräna stater. Vi har ingått en andra globaliseringsfas, där världen är gränslös och digital. Även om regioner idag påverkas av landets lagar för att kontrollera människor och varor, så att samhället upprätthåller säkerhet och ord-ning. I regioner måste det finnas noder, där den globala världen knyts ihop och människor kan träffas i verkligheten. Regioner måste dessutom vara flexibla för att kunna anpassa sig efter den globala utvecklingen. En region är en social konstruktion som skapas genom människorna som vistas dagligen i den, samt hur de som ser den utifrån. Dess identitet skapas genom det sätt som den särskiljer sig från andra regioner. Enligt Soja förstår vi regioner ge-nom dess formation i landskapet och inte genom dess historia. Ett sätt att förstå regioner är genom att se dem som en polycentrisk urban region. Det vill säga, som ett stort geografiskt område med flera centrala punkter som gör att området hänger ihop, utan att någon punkt/nod dominerar. Genom områdets gemensamma resurser och till-gångar, blir den polycentriskt urbana regionen en starkare global konkurrenskraft. Ett sätt att stärka regionen är internt genom dess infrastruktur. De starka förbindelserna bygger bland annat upp regionens ekonomiska och sociala nätverk. Det har hävdats att det inte kan finnas polycentriska noder, utan att det alltid måste finnas en central punkt i samhället. Exempelvis måste det finnas centrala noder i ett globalt nät-verk. Linköping/Norrköping utgör ett undantag. Där har två lika stora storstäder gått ihop och börjat skapa sig en identitet genom att marknadsföra sig som Sveriges fjärde största Stor-stadsregion. Städerna har tidigare drivits av en stor konkurrenskraft sinsemellan, men har på senare tid börjat inse värdet i att arbeta tillsammans och därmed bilda ett flerkärnigt centrum i regionen. Detta för att åstadkomma en starkare konkurrenskraft, inte bara mot andra städer och storstadsregioner i Sverige, utan även internationellt och globalt. Tillsammans utgörs de båda kommunerna av ungefär 250 000 invånare och 22 300 dagliga in- och utpendlare. Norrköping har växt mycket tack vare att de fick utlokaliserat en del av Linköpings universitet för ungefär tio år sedan. Studenterna i staden har lyft fram industrilandskapet och attraherat både kultur och företag. Utbildning och infrastruktur är enligt många det som skulle utveckla Linköping/ Norrköpingsregionen bäst. Ett utvecklat transportnät skapar grunden till den funktionella regionen. Därför behövs infrastrukturen i Sveriges nya storstadsregion stärkas. När de fysiska nätverken fungerar, är det även möjligt att skapa en fullt integrerad arbetsmarknad i regionen. Därför är det viktigt att projektet med att binda ihop Norrköping och Linköping med en snabbtågsförbindelse, den så kallade Ostlänken, genomförs. Ostlänken är en del av både Europakorridoren och den nordiska triangeln. Den stöds till viss del av medel från EU-fonden Transeuropeiska nätverket – transporter (TEN-T), vars uppgift är att förbättra inf-rastrukturen i Europa (se bilaga 1-3). Ostlänken ska bli 15 mil lång, byggnationen planeras att starta 2010-2015 och vara klar 2025-2030 (se bilaga5). Med den här studien vill jag visa att Ostlänken är en viktig förutsättning för att regionen i Linköping/Norrköping ska kunna bli en bärkraftig Storstadsregion. / In Sweden during the 1960s to 1980s, regions became an important aid to arrange a more uniform distribution of work. The northern parts of Sweden had lost ten thousands of job opportunities in a period of five years. The government decided to react and supported the northern regions, and this was the start of regional development in Sweden. Since then regional development has become more of a bottom up issue where regions are believed to have an ability to change their position by themselves, even if they still are very affected by different authorities like the European Union. Today regions are often understood as policy areas in-between the local and central government. But according to Ohmae, we have also entered a second global stage, which means that the world is increasingly dependent on digital technologies and in some respect less depend-ent on traditional borders. At the same time, the rate of urbanisation is speeding up in many places. This has brought about the development of various forms of metropolis and polycentric regions. There are different kinds of polycentric regions, such as the functional which is a region that is made up of good communication abilities. This could be physical infrastructure such as railroads. As an empirical example of this, I have chosen to examine the visions concerning a polycentric region in Sweden, i.e. the new region uniting Linköping and Norrköping. In the summer of 2006 this urban space was officially recognized by Nutek, the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, as a potential new urban region. Both city regions have started a co-operation which strives to identify the two cities as a twin-city. The essay concludes that for the region to become an attractive and integrated new polycentric region, it is essential to develop functional commuting opportunities, such as the vision of the railway communication Ostlänken.
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Visioner och drömmar i Sveriges 4:e Storstadsregion : Järnvägens betydelse för regionalutvecklingen i Linköping/Norrköping / Visions and dreams in polycentric regions of Sweden : The importance of railway commutations in Linköping/NorrköpingEmenius, Carin January 2008 (has links)
<p>Regioner har alltid funnits. Det har stått för det intermediära, en funktion mellan det lokala och det centrala styret. Den geografiska omfattningen har varit allt från länsindelningar till stora internationella eller kulturella regioner. Historiskt sätt, kan regioner vara funktionella, administrativa eller kulturella. När Sverige övergick till att bli ett industrisamhälle, blev regioner en viktig utgångspunkt för att förändra de nationella näten. För att förstå regioners utveckling, kan vi dela upp den i nyregionalism och gammal regionalism. Den gamla regionalismen innebar att staten hjälpte regioner att utvecklas genom att ge dem statliga bidrag. Detta var en process under 1960-1980-talet. Nyregionalismen, som kom därefter, utgjordes av att regioner fick större makt att själva förändra sin situation. Samtidigt i världen, började en in-ternationaliseringsprocess att märkas allt tydligare. Ekonomin i världen, påverkade även ekonomin i Sverige. Det lokala och det globala påverkade varandra och regioner började konkurrera globalt. Regioner styrdes inte längre av bara staten, utan av flera aktörer. Regioner skapas med hjälp av olika drivkrafter, samt de möjligheter som finns förankrade på platsen. Samtidigt som de måste drivas av en tro på sig själva och våga satsa på det de tror på.</p><p>Ett annat sätt att förstå samhällsutvecklingen är genom Törnqvists uppdelning av regionalisering och globalisering. Regionalisering förutsätter att regionala eller lokala band gör att verk-samheter och människor binder sig till vissa platser. Globalisering innebär tvärtom att verk-samheter och människor är beroende av sin stora rörlighet och ett nätverk utan gränser. Både globalisering och regionalisering påverkas av suveräna stater, nätverk och självmedvetna regioner (som har kraft att styra sitt eget område, utan en Superior makt). Ohmae talar för att världen idag består av regioner och överstatliga/suveräna stater. Vi har ingått en andra globaliseringsfas, där världen är gränslös och digital. Även om regioner idag påverkas av landets lagar för att kontrollera människor och varor, så att samhället upprätthåller säkerhet och ord-ning.</p><p>I regioner måste det finnas noder, där den globala världen knyts ihop och människor kan träffas i verkligheten. Regioner måste dessutom vara flexibla för att kunna anpassa sig efter den globala utvecklingen. En region är en social konstruktion som skapas genom människorna som vistas dagligen i den, samt hur de som ser den utifrån. Dess identitet skapas genom det sätt som den särskiljer sig från andra regioner. Enligt Soja förstår vi regioner ge-nom dess formation i landskapet och inte genom dess historia.</p><p>Ett sätt att förstå regioner är genom att se dem som en polycentrisk urban region. Det vill säga, som ett stort geografiskt område med flera centrala punkter som gör att området hänger ihop, utan att någon punkt/nod dominerar. Genom områdets gemensamma resurser och till-gångar, blir den polycentriskt urbana regionen en starkare global konkurrenskraft. Ett sätt att stärka regionen är internt genom dess infrastruktur. De starka förbindelserna bygger bland annat upp regionens ekonomiska och sociala nätverk.</p><p>Det har hävdats att det inte kan finnas polycentriska noder, utan att det alltid måste finnas en central punkt i samhället. Exempelvis måste det finnas centrala noder i ett globalt nät-verk. Linköping/Norrköping utgör ett undantag. Där har två lika stora storstäder gått ihop och börjat skapa sig en identitet genom att marknadsföra sig som Sveriges fjärde största Stor-stadsregion. Städerna har tidigare drivits av en stor konkurrenskraft sinsemellan, men har på senare tid börjat inse värdet i att arbeta tillsammans och därmed bilda ett flerkärnigt centrum i regionen. Detta för att åstadkomma en starkare konkurrenskraft, inte bara mot andra städer och storstadsregioner i Sverige, utan även internationellt och globalt. Tillsammans utgörs de båda kommunerna av ungefär 250 000 invånare och 22 300 dagliga in- och utpendlare. Norrköping har växt mycket tack vare att de fick utlokaliserat en del av Linköpings universitet för ungefär tio år sedan. Studenterna i staden har lyft fram industrilandskapet och attraherat både kultur och företag. Utbildning och infrastruktur är enligt många det som skulle utveckla Linköping/ Norrköpingsregionen bäst. Ett utvecklat transportnät skapar grunden till den funktionella regionen. Därför behövs infrastrukturen i Sveriges nya storstadsregion stärkas. När de fysiska nätverken fungerar, är det även möjligt att skapa en fullt integrerad arbetsmarknad i regionen. Därför är det viktigt att projektet med att binda ihop Norrköping och Linköping med en snabbtågsförbindelse, den så kallade Ostlänken, genomförs. Ostlänken är en del av både Europakorridoren och den nordiska triangeln. Den stöds till viss del av medel från EU-fonden Transeuropeiska nätverket – transporter (TEN-T), vars uppgift är att förbättra inf-rastrukturen i Europa (se bilaga 1-3). Ostlänken ska bli 15 mil lång, byggnationen planeras att starta 2010-2015 och vara klar 2025-2030 (se bilaga5). Med den här studien vill jag visa att Ostlänken är en viktig förutsättning för att regionen i Linköping/Norrköping ska kunna bli en bärkraftig Storstadsregion.</p> / <p>In Sweden during the 1960s to 1980s, regions became an important aid to arrange a more uniform distribution of work. The northern parts of Sweden had lost ten thousands of job opportunities in a period of five years. The government decided to react and supported the northern regions, and this was the start of regional development in Sweden. Since then regional development has become more of a bottom up issue where regions are believed to have an ability to change their position by themselves, even if they still are very affected by different authorities like the European Union.</p><p>Today regions are often understood as policy areas in-between the local and central government. But according to Ohmae, we have also entered a second global stage, which means that the world is increasingly dependent on digital technologies and in some respect less depend-ent on traditional borders. At the same time, the rate of urbanisation is speeding up in many places. This has brought about the development of various forms of metropolis and polycentric regions. There are different kinds of polycentric regions, such as the functional which is a region that is made up of good communication abilities. This could be physical infrastructure such as railroads. As an empirical example of this, I have chosen to examine the visions concerning a polycentric region in Sweden, i.e. the new region uniting Linköping and Norrköping. In the summer of 2006 this urban space was officially recognized by Nutek, the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, as a potential new urban region.</p><p>Both city regions have started a co-operation which strives to identify the two cities as a twin-city. The essay concludes that for the region to become an attractive and integrated new polycentric region, it is essential to develop functional commuting opportunities, such as the vision of the railway communication Ostlänken.</p>
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Entwicklung eines halbautomatisierten Verfahrens zur Detektion neuer Siedlungsflächen durch vergleichende Untersuchungen hochauflösender Satelliten- und Luftbilddaten / Development of a Semi-Automated Process for the Detection of New Settlement Areas by Comparativ Examination of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Aerial PhotographsReder, Johannes 09 April 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Knowledge about land use and land cover represents an important information basis for various planning applications. In particular, urban and suburban regions are subject to a high dynamic development. The detection and identification of changes is therefore an important instrument to follow and accompany the developments by planning. Here, aerial photography and, increasingly, satellite images serve as an important basis for information. The recognition and mapping of changes is still a time-consuming and cost-intensive matter which is mostly realized by visual interpretation of aerial photography and to an increasing degree of high- and ultra-high-resolution satellite images. Within the scope of the present work a new, robust and largely automated process based on a statistical change analysis is developed and presented. Basis for the data are multitemporal high-resolution satellite image data. The generated suspect areas, respectively areas of change, are supposed to function as clues in order to facilitate the process of the visual interpretation of multitemporal image datasets with regard to change mapping, since only marked areas of change have to undergo further examination. Consequently, this process can be used as a tool to ease and accelerate the updating of planning bases in general and maps in particular so far realised by visual interpretation. However, the automation of the process is not only supposed to serve the purpose of saving time and cost but also to bring the interpretation process to a higher level of objectivity. In order to improve the quality of the whole process, for the preprocessing of the image data selected methods of image processing have been integrated. Through the use of additional geo-information reference data for the automated calculation of the areas of change, a further refinement of the results can be reached. The obtained results in the first time-cut (1997-1998) can be proved and verified by a different data-take (1997-2000). To reach a convenient use and a good distribution of the developed method, the process has been implemented by means of the widespread image processing software ERDAS IMAGINE. This allows to make the developed method available for other users, since it can easily be integrated into the working environment of ERDAS IMAGINE. / Das Wissen um die Landnutzung und Landbedeckung ist für planerische Anwendungsgebiete eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage. Gerade urbane und suburbane Regionen unterliegen einer hohen Entwicklungsdynamik. Das Erkennen und Aufzeigen von Veränderungen ist somit ein wichtiges Instrument um Entwicklungen zu verfolgen und planerisch zu begleiten. Luft- und zunehmend Satellitenbilder dienen hierfür als wichtige Informationsgrundlage. Das Erkennen und Kartieren von Veränderungen ist nach wie vor eine zeitaufwändige und kostenintensive Angelegenheit, die überwiegend durch visuelle Interpretation von Luft- und zunehmend auch mit hoch- und höchstauflösenden Satellitenbildern realisiert wird. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neues, robustes, weitgehend automatisiertes, auf einem statistischen Ansatz beruhendes Verfahren der Veränderungsanalyse entwickelt und vorgestellt. Die Datengrundlage bilden multitemporale, hoch auflösende Satellitenbilddaten. Die generierten Verdachts- bzw. Veränderungsflächen sollen als Anhaltspunkte fungieren, um den Prozess der visuellen Interpretation von multitemporalen Bilddatensätzen in Hinsicht auf eine Veränderungskartierung zu erleichtern, da nur als Veränderungsflächen markierte Areale einer weiteren Untersuchung unterzogen werden müssen. Das Verfahren kann somit als Werkzeug dienen, die durch visuelle Interpretation realisierte Aktualisierung von Planungsgrundlagen bzw. Kartenwerken zu erleichtern und zu beschleunigen. Die Automatisierung des Verfahrens soll jedoch nicht allein dem Zweck der Zeit- und Kostenersparnis dienen, sondern auch den Interpretationsprozess objektiver gestalten. Um die Qualität des Verfahrens zu erhöhen, werden ausgewählte Methoden der Bildverarbeitung für die Vorverarbeitung der Bilder in das Verfahren integriert. Durch das Einbinden zusätzlicher Geobasisdaten in die automatisierte Berechnung der Veränderungsflächen kann eine weitere Verbesserung der Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse, der im ersten Zeitschnitt (1997-1998) untersuchten Datensätze, werden mit Hilfe eines weiteren Zeitschnitts (1997-2000) überprüft und verifiziert. Um eine unkomplizierte Anwendung und Verbreitung der Methode zu erreichen, wurde das Verfahren mit Hilfe der weit verbreiteten Bildverarbeitungssoftware ERDAS IMAGINE realisiert. Dies ermöglicht, das Verfahren auch anderen Nutzern zur Verfügung zu stellen, da es problemlos in die Arbeitsumgebung des Bildverarbeitungssystems ERDAS IMAGINE integriert werden kann
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La ville mobile gouvernée : intercommunalités, politiques de déplacements et trajectoires de développement dans la région urbaine marseillaise / The mobile city governed : inter-municipal cooperation, mobility policies and development trajectories across the Marseille urban aeraClaux, Martin 04 September 2014 (has links)
Au début de la décennie 2000, en France, les intercommunalités d'agglomération deviennent compétentes afin d'élaborer les politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements. Ce changement pose la question des objectifs prioritaires assignés à ces politiques urbaines. Pour qui et pour quoi sont élaborées les politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements ? Ce travail de thèse pose l'hypothèse d'une différenciation des objectifs prioritaires de ces politiques urbaines selon l'histoire sociale, économique et urbaine des territoires urbains. La confrontation systématique des objectifs prioritaires des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements aux identités territoriales des territoires intercommunaux aboutit au résultat central de ce travail, à savoir une opposition idéale typique de la substance des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements. D'un côté, des territoires à l'histoire ouvrière et industrielle, en quête de solidarité, déploient des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements qui s'emploient à réactualiser la dimension sociale de la mobilité dans un contexte de ville motorisée. De l'autre côté, des territoires à l'histoire bourgeoise, en quête d'attractivité, déploient des politiques de transport et de déplacements dominées par l'impératif du rayonnement et de l'attractivité de la ville-centre à l'échelle de la région urbaine. Ce résultat de recherche interroge directement les registres de la solidarité métropolitaines qui émergeront de la future métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence. / During the first decade of the 21 century, in France, responsibility for the planning of urban transportation and mobility policies was transferred to the inter-municipal institutions. This major evolution now raises the question of the priorities assigned to these urban policies. For whom and why are these urban transport and mobility policies developed? In this context, this thesis is based on the assumption of a diferentiation in these urban policies priorities related to the social, economic and urban history of the urban territories. We will first describe the four supra-communal Marseille Urban Region identities. Then we will analyze the urban public transit and parking regulation policies implemented since the early 2000s by these four inter-municipal institutions. The systematic confrontation of these urban identities with the key objectives of these urban transport and mobility policies brings us to the central result of this work: a typical ideal opposition of the substance of these urban policies. On the one hand, industrial and working class territories, seeking more solidarity, develop urban transport and mobility policies putting forward the social dimension of mobility in a motorized city context. On the other hand, the bourgeois territories, in search of more attractiveness, devise urban transport and mobility policies dominated by the imperative of influence and attractiveness of the core city over the urban region. This research result directly brings up questions about the nature of the metropolitan solidarity that will emerge from the future Aix-Marseille-Provence metropolitan institution.
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Contribuição à petrografia de pedra britada / Contribution to Crushed Stone PetrographyPinho, Deyna 11 April 2007 (has links)
O conhecimento das propriedades físico-químicas da composição mineralógica dos agregados é de extrema importância para o não comprometimento da obra em que serão empregados. Desse modo, o conhecimento da petrografia, mineralogia e geologia das rochas-fonte para brita também são extremamente necessárias. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações sobre a geologia, mercado produtor e petrografia das rochas-fonte da pedra britada nas principais regiões produtoras do país. As informações disponíveis neste segmento da mineração são escassas, principalmente devido às próprias características do setor onde os investimentos em pesquisas geológicas geralmente são escassas e por vezes pouco exigidas. Os cinco principais pólos produtores de pedra britada, alvos de estudo deste trabalho, incluem as cinco maiores regiões metropolitanas do país: São Paulo,Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro , Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul. São locais que possuem diferentes rochas-fonte de brita para cada centro produtor, devido à diversidade geológica e abundância daquelas nestes centros. Assim sendo, na região de São Paulo capital a principal rocha-fonte utilizada são granitos e gnaisses provenientes do Embasamento; na região de Belo Horizonte são os calcários provenientes do Grupo Bambuí; na região do Rio de Janeiro capital são os sienitos alcalinos, localizados em diversos corpos alcalinos intrusivos e gnaisses; na região de Curitiba (RMC) são calcários (Formações Perau e Votuverava) e migmatitos extraídos de complexos migmatíticos; e na região de Porto Alegre (RMPA) são predominatemente basaltos e dacitos da Formação Serra Geral. Neste trabalho foi gerado um mapa geológico com localização das pedreiras ativas no período de 2004-2006 para cada região metropolitana relativa à capital de cada Estado. Em cada região foram selecionadas as minerações representativas de acordo com a geologia (rocha-fonte) e produtividade e feitas amostragens e mapeamento em frentes de lavra para a realização de análises petrográficas. As 180 amostras coletadas nas diferentes regiões metropolitanas foram analisadas petrograficamente de forma macroscópica, selecionadas e analisadas na forma microscópica, com base nas normas ABNT e recomendações do Laboratório de Petrologia e Tecnologia de Rochas do IPT. As principais características observadas foram: a composição mineralógica, texturas, estruturas, presença de minerais deletérios, grau de alteração deutérica e estado microfissural. Essas características intrínsecas da rocha-fonte influenciam diretamente a forma e a composição do material britado, e podem dificultar sua aplicação ou mesmo comprometê-la, tanto por motivo de geração de reação álcali-agregado com ligantes quanto por comprometer a resistência mecânica exigida na mistura. O desconhecimento dessas características muitas vezes gera um baixo aproveitamento dos materiais, principalmente finos de pedreira, que se acumulam em pilhas de rejeito ao derredor das empresas mineradoras podendo causar sérios problemas ambientais. Portanto, o trabalho gerou informações para uma melhor otimização e utilização das matérias-primas ou rochas-fonte de brita, contribuindo também indiretamente na redução desses problemas ambientais que atingem as principais regiões urbanas do país. / It is extremely important to know the physical and chemical properties of aggregate mineralogical composition so that the construction where they will be used is not compromised. In this sense, knowing the petrography and mineralogy is as necessary as knowing the geology of the rock deposit to be developed as a source of crushed stone. The main purpose of this work was to generate information on the geology, market and petrography of the rock source of crushed stone in the main producing areas of Brazil. This type of information is not commonly available, especially due to this sector?s characteristics, where investments in geological research are usually scarce and rarely required. The five main states that are crushed stone producers and that therefore contain the centers of production on which this present work focused as case study are: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Each production center presents different types of crushed stone, mainly because of the geological diversity and abundance of the source rock in these places. In the region of the capital of São Paulo the main source rocks are granite and gneiss extracted from the embasement; in Belo Horizonte they are carbonates from the Bambuí group; in Rio de Janeiro, the alkali sienites, localized in diverse intrusive alkaline rocks and gneiss; in the region of Curitiba they are carbonates (Perau and Votuverava Formations) and migmatites extracted from migmatite complex; finally, in the region of Porto Alegre (RMPA), they are basalts and dacites from the Serra Geral Formation. The rock mines in urban regions, related to the state capitals and which were active in the period from 2004 to 2006, are shown on the geological maps generated for the present work. One map has been made for each urban region. The most important mines are shown according to the geology of the source-rock and the productivity. Samples and mapping or description of the benches from the over feet were also made in order to further proceed in petrographic analysis. The 180 samples collected in each urban region suffered macroscopic petrographic analysis after which they were selected and analysed microscopically, according to the ABNT norms and to the recommendation of the Laboratory of Petrology and Rock Technology of IPT. The main observed characteristics were: mineral composition, texture, structure, presence of deleterious minerals, degree in metheoric alteration and microfissural mapping. These intrinsic characteristics of the source rock influence directly the form and composition of the crushed stones and might cause difficulty or even compromise its use due to alkali-aggregate reaction or because of mechanical resistance lower than that required in the mixture. The lack of acknowledgement of these characteristics will often cause the poor use of material, especially of the stone quarry fines, which will end up as reject piled up around mines, causing environmental problems. Therefore, the present work has generated relevant information that can be used to optimize and better use raw material and source rock of crushed stone. It might also contribute indirectly to diminish the environmental problems which are evident in the main urban regions of the country.
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Contribuição à petrografia de pedra britada / Contribution to Crushed Stone PetrographyDeyna Pinho 11 April 2007 (has links)
O conhecimento das propriedades físico-químicas da composição mineralógica dos agregados é de extrema importância para o não comprometimento da obra em que serão empregados. Desse modo, o conhecimento da petrografia, mineralogia e geologia das rochas-fonte para brita também são extremamente necessárias. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações sobre a geologia, mercado produtor e petrografia das rochas-fonte da pedra britada nas principais regiões produtoras do país. As informações disponíveis neste segmento da mineração são escassas, principalmente devido às próprias características do setor onde os investimentos em pesquisas geológicas geralmente são escassas e por vezes pouco exigidas. Os cinco principais pólos produtores de pedra britada, alvos de estudo deste trabalho, incluem as cinco maiores regiões metropolitanas do país: São Paulo,Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro , Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul. São locais que possuem diferentes rochas-fonte de brita para cada centro produtor, devido à diversidade geológica e abundância daquelas nestes centros. Assim sendo, na região de São Paulo capital a principal rocha-fonte utilizada são granitos e gnaisses provenientes do Embasamento; na região de Belo Horizonte são os calcários provenientes do Grupo Bambuí; na região do Rio de Janeiro capital são os sienitos alcalinos, localizados em diversos corpos alcalinos intrusivos e gnaisses; na região de Curitiba (RMC) são calcários (Formações Perau e Votuverava) e migmatitos extraídos de complexos migmatíticos; e na região de Porto Alegre (RMPA) são predominatemente basaltos e dacitos da Formação Serra Geral. Neste trabalho foi gerado um mapa geológico com localização das pedreiras ativas no período de 2004-2006 para cada região metropolitana relativa à capital de cada Estado. Em cada região foram selecionadas as minerações representativas de acordo com a geologia (rocha-fonte) e produtividade e feitas amostragens e mapeamento em frentes de lavra para a realização de análises petrográficas. As 180 amostras coletadas nas diferentes regiões metropolitanas foram analisadas petrograficamente de forma macroscópica, selecionadas e analisadas na forma microscópica, com base nas normas ABNT e recomendações do Laboratório de Petrologia e Tecnologia de Rochas do IPT. As principais características observadas foram: a composição mineralógica, texturas, estruturas, presença de minerais deletérios, grau de alteração deutérica e estado microfissural. Essas características intrínsecas da rocha-fonte influenciam diretamente a forma e a composição do material britado, e podem dificultar sua aplicação ou mesmo comprometê-la, tanto por motivo de geração de reação álcali-agregado com ligantes quanto por comprometer a resistência mecânica exigida na mistura. O desconhecimento dessas características muitas vezes gera um baixo aproveitamento dos materiais, principalmente finos de pedreira, que se acumulam em pilhas de rejeito ao derredor das empresas mineradoras podendo causar sérios problemas ambientais. Portanto, o trabalho gerou informações para uma melhor otimização e utilização das matérias-primas ou rochas-fonte de brita, contribuindo também indiretamente na redução desses problemas ambientais que atingem as principais regiões urbanas do país. / It is extremely important to know the physical and chemical properties of aggregate mineralogical composition so that the construction where they will be used is not compromised. In this sense, knowing the petrography and mineralogy is as necessary as knowing the geology of the rock deposit to be developed as a source of crushed stone. The main purpose of this work was to generate information on the geology, market and petrography of the rock source of crushed stone in the main producing areas of Brazil. This type of information is not commonly available, especially due to this sector?s characteristics, where investments in geological research are usually scarce and rarely required. The five main states that are crushed stone producers and that therefore contain the centers of production on which this present work focused as case study are: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Each production center presents different types of crushed stone, mainly because of the geological diversity and abundance of the source rock in these places. In the region of the capital of São Paulo the main source rocks are granite and gneiss extracted from the embasement; in Belo Horizonte they are carbonates from the Bambuí group; in Rio de Janeiro, the alkali sienites, localized in diverse intrusive alkaline rocks and gneiss; in the region of Curitiba they are carbonates (Perau and Votuverava Formations) and migmatites extracted from migmatite complex; finally, in the region of Porto Alegre (RMPA), they are basalts and dacites from the Serra Geral Formation. The rock mines in urban regions, related to the state capitals and which were active in the period from 2004 to 2006, are shown on the geological maps generated for the present work. One map has been made for each urban region. The most important mines are shown according to the geology of the source-rock and the productivity. Samples and mapping or description of the benches from the over feet were also made in order to further proceed in petrographic analysis. The 180 samples collected in each urban region suffered macroscopic petrographic analysis after which they were selected and analysed microscopically, according to the ABNT norms and to the recommendation of the Laboratory of Petrology and Rock Technology of IPT. The main observed characteristics were: mineral composition, texture, structure, presence of deleterious minerals, degree in metheoric alteration and microfissural mapping. These intrinsic characteristics of the source rock influence directly the form and composition of the crushed stones and might cause difficulty or even compromise its use due to alkali-aggregate reaction or because of mechanical resistance lower than that required in the mixture. The lack of acknowledgement of these characteristics will often cause the poor use of material, especially of the stone quarry fines, which will end up as reject piled up around mines, causing environmental problems. Therefore, the present work has generated relevant information that can be used to optimize and better use raw material and source rock of crushed stone. It might also contribute indirectly to diminish the environmental problems which are evident in the main urban regions of the country.
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Entwicklung eines halbautomatisierten Verfahrens zur Detektion neuer Siedlungsflächen durch vergleichende Untersuchungen hochauflösender Satelliten- und LuftbilddatenReder, Johannes 18 April 2005 (has links)
Knowledge about land use and land cover represents an important information basis for various planning applications. In particular, urban and suburban regions are subject to a high dynamic development. The detection and identification of changes is therefore an important instrument to follow and accompany the developments by planning. Here, aerial photography and, increasingly, satellite images serve as an important basis for information. The recognition and mapping of changes is still a time-consuming and cost-intensive matter which is mostly realized by visual interpretation of aerial photography and to an increasing degree of high- and ultra-high-resolution satellite images. Within the scope of the present work a new, robust and largely automated process based on a statistical change analysis is developed and presented. Basis for the data are multitemporal high-resolution satellite image data. The generated suspect areas, respectively areas of change, are supposed to function as clues in order to facilitate the process of the visual interpretation of multitemporal image datasets with regard to change mapping, since only marked areas of change have to undergo further examination. Consequently, this process can be used as a tool to ease and accelerate the updating of planning bases in general and maps in particular so far realised by visual interpretation. However, the automation of the process is not only supposed to serve the purpose of saving time and cost but also to bring the interpretation process to a higher level of objectivity. In order to improve the quality of the whole process, for the preprocessing of the image data selected methods of image processing have been integrated. Through the use of additional geo-information reference data for the automated calculation of the areas of change, a further refinement of the results can be reached. The obtained results in the first time-cut (1997-1998) can be proved and verified by a different data-take (1997-2000). To reach a convenient use and a good distribution of the developed method, the process has been implemented by means of the widespread image processing software ERDAS IMAGINE. This allows to make the developed method available for other users, since it can easily be integrated into the working environment of ERDAS IMAGINE. / Das Wissen um die Landnutzung und Landbedeckung ist für planerische Anwendungsgebiete eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage. Gerade urbane und suburbane Regionen unterliegen einer hohen Entwicklungsdynamik. Das Erkennen und Aufzeigen von Veränderungen ist somit ein wichtiges Instrument um Entwicklungen zu verfolgen und planerisch zu begleiten. Luft- und zunehmend Satellitenbilder dienen hierfür als wichtige Informationsgrundlage. Das Erkennen und Kartieren von Veränderungen ist nach wie vor eine zeitaufwändige und kostenintensive Angelegenheit, die überwiegend durch visuelle Interpretation von Luft- und zunehmend auch mit hoch- und höchstauflösenden Satellitenbildern realisiert wird. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neues, robustes, weitgehend automatisiertes, auf einem statistischen Ansatz beruhendes Verfahren der Veränderungsanalyse entwickelt und vorgestellt. Die Datengrundlage bilden multitemporale, hoch auflösende Satellitenbilddaten. Die generierten Verdachts- bzw. Veränderungsflächen sollen als Anhaltspunkte fungieren, um den Prozess der visuellen Interpretation von multitemporalen Bilddatensätzen in Hinsicht auf eine Veränderungskartierung zu erleichtern, da nur als Veränderungsflächen markierte Areale einer weiteren Untersuchung unterzogen werden müssen. Das Verfahren kann somit als Werkzeug dienen, die durch visuelle Interpretation realisierte Aktualisierung von Planungsgrundlagen bzw. Kartenwerken zu erleichtern und zu beschleunigen. Die Automatisierung des Verfahrens soll jedoch nicht allein dem Zweck der Zeit- und Kostenersparnis dienen, sondern auch den Interpretationsprozess objektiver gestalten. Um die Qualität des Verfahrens zu erhöhen, werden ausgewählte Methoden der Bildverarbeitung für die Vorverarbeitung der Bilder in das Verfahren integriert. Durch das Einbinden zusätzlicher Geobasisdaten in die automatisierte Berechnung der Veränderungsflächen kann eine weitere Verbesserung der Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse, der im ersten Zeitschnitt (1997-1998) untersuchten Datensätze, werden mit Hilfe eines weiteren Zeitschnitts (1997-2000) überprüft und verifiziert. Um eine unkomplizierte Anwendung und Verbreitung der Methode zu erreichen, wurde das Verfahren mit Hilfe der weit verbreiteten Bildverarbeitungssoftware ERDAS IMAGINE realisiert. Dies ermöglicht, das Verfahren auch anderen Nutzern zur Verfügung zu stellen, da es problemlos in die Arbeitsumgebung des Bildverarbeitungssystems ERDAS IMAGINE integriert werden kann
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