Cities in Turkey are great risk pools. Underqualified building stocks are the major components of such risk pools. For the mitigation of risks, &#039 / engineering approach offers retrofitting of individual buildings as an ultimate method. However, this proposition has economic and legal difficulties. Instead, it is essential to develop new policies to focus on areas of high earthquake risk as comprehensive urban regeneration activities. This new policy requires new tools to monitor urban regeneration processes. It is obligatory to make comprehensive plans for high risk areas and to take low income groups into consideration in mitigation action plans. Comprehensive regeneration in existing districts could provide means and standards of safety not necessarily maintained by the retrofitting of individual buildings. Potentials of regeneration processes are readily observed and practiced in Turkey as means of regulating urban regeneration processes, even if for purposes other than safety. Analysis of a set of regeneration projects selected from world experience indicates that current regeneration practice in Turkey is far from a comprehensive approach. Municipalities are fully empowered to designate regeneration areas and carry out redevelopment activities often providing increased dentsities on compensate for the costs. This has been reinstated in the new draft law. Rather than a separate law, general regulation of regeneration could be accommodated in the Development Law 3194. A special Law concerning regeneration could instead focus only on risk reduction issues in cities throughout Turkey. The identification of priorities for such regeneration processes could be made by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement as the central authority, clarifying the scale and timing of each project. The implementation tools of urban regeneration and issues like authorization, responsibility, funding, and auditing could be determined in this special law. A new approach for urban regeneration is needed to describe organizational, participatory, financial framework.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / Community leaders have substantial interest in fostering the local cultural economy as the arts attract both businesses and residents. Because art and creativity are regarded as spontaneous, organic processes, most researchers recommend planning initiatives that capitalize on a community’s existing cultural economy rather than producing contrived elements of creativity. One strategy that fits the framework of such recommendations is the concept of cultural district development. These districts typically evolve naturally to some extent, due to pre-existing urban form and cultural activities. Because this revitalization strategy does not demand large public investments, it is attractive to public leaders. However, revitalization strategies may have unanticipated results at the detriment to those “urban pioneers” who initially improved the area and catalyzed the districts’ reinvestment. While such districts rely on the collaborative efforts of community members, local governments and public organizations can play a pivotal role in allowing them to address such threats with effective policies. This master’s report investigates the process and effects of cultural district development through a case study of the Crossroads Arts District in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. This illustrates how this particular district evolved, why and how planning initiatives formalized the district, what processes and players were involved, and the resulting changes to the area. As the Crossroads Arts District is becoming increasingly formalized, this report will explore the past, present, and future of the neighborhood with insights drawn from interviews and supplementary historical document review. Through a case study of planning activities, through the scope of cultural district development, this report illustrates the organic nature of creative synergy, the importance of community associations, the relationship between the arts and revitalization, the role of public planning in addressing citizen needs, and the dynamic character of communities.

This study aims to understand the interface between the governance of event-led regeneration and sustainable development by taking the London 2012 Olympic Games/Lower Lee Valley area regeneration process as a case study. Since the early 1990s, there is a widespread trend towards the use of mega-events to promote a city, stimulate the local economy and regenerate rundown post-industrial areas and communities. The importance of mega-events in destination development has gained increasing attention and they are also considered as a catalyst for city regeneration. The emphasis in the aims of event-led regeneration has changed over the time and the sustainability in terms of economic, physical, social and governance dimensions has gained significant attention from both organisers and researchers. In the context of sustainable event-led regeneration, multiple stakeholder perspectives are essential and it is important to know how different actors are involved and interact in an event-led regeneration. London used 2012 Olympics to regenerate East London, one of the most deprived parts of the city. It is taken as an opportunity to explore new frontiers of interaction and cooperation between the local, regional and national stakeholders. This research adopts an integrative approach, which evaluates the changes in the built environment, social structure and stakeholder organisation together to evaluate the sustainability of the event-led regeneration governance. Data collection methods include interviews with stakeholders of London 2012 planning and organization, focus group meetings with residents living in and around the fringe of the London 2012 Olympic Park, secondary data analysis and document analysis. The research provides a sound base from which the planning of more sustainable mega-events can be undertaken by using the epistemological framework for sustainable event-led regeneration and the evaluation of their impact more fully measured across a wider stakeholder community. The conclusion emphasises the importance of the collaborative approach for the governance and resilience as critical for sustainable event-led regeneration.

Throughout the urban development process over the last seven decades in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, many self-generated neighbourhoods have developed in which the majority of the residents are low-income families. On one hand, the main spatial attribute of these deprived neighbourhoods is spatial isolation from the surrounding, more affluent areas, which is accompanied by inadequate urban infrastructure and a lack of accessibility and permeability. On the other hand, the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation - the governmental sector which is in charge of the deprived areas - is incapable of conducting urban regenerations without investment from the private sector, and is seeking methods to create ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’ to attract private sector participation in regeneration programmes. In this regard, this research investigates the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ which in return causes socio-economic isolation as highlighted in the literature. The research suggests that in order to develop feasible regeneration programmes, which can meet the interest of both people and government, and release the deprived area from isolation both spatially and socio-economically, the regeneration plans should focus on public open space developments as ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. With regard to this idea, the research highlights the street as a ‘social arena’ – not arteries or thoroughfares – as the type of public open space in which its development could not only release the deprived areas from spatial isolation, but could also direct more pedestrian movement to and through the deprived neighbourhoods, making more opportunities for the creation of socio-economic interactions. In this respect, the theory of ‘natural movement’ and theories and literature of ‘integrated public open spaces’ form the theoretical framework of the research to support this idea. For further investigation, two case studies, one as the deprived area and one as the control area, have been chosen, and the spatial pattern of the city and the two cases have been analysed in regard to the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ through Space Syntax using Depthmap software and GIS. Also, the correlation between the distribution pattern of commercial land uses and syntactic measures across the city of Tehran is investigated to identify the potential streets in which to create commercial opportunities. Afterwards, in order to study the street life and the variety of activities the streets can afford, a few locally integrated streets in the deprived case have been chosen. At this stage, nineteen behaviours have been observed and classified in five major classes including the necessary, social, optional, hazardous, and occasional activities, and the correlation with syntactic measures are studied. Moreover, the methods of developing a route filtering system and a transformability index for identifying the most suitable streets for the creation of a pedestrian friendly network are discussed, using an example of a deprived area, integrating it with the surrounding urban fabric to create the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. The results show that by identifying the underlying spatial pattern of the urban fabric, it is possible to release the deprived areas from its spatial isolation through developing a street network without causing urban fragmentation. This approach could also form a cost-effective basis for developing a pedestrian friendly street network as one of the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’, which the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation is looking for; the type of streets that not only support the necessary activities and transportation, but could also facilitate socio-economic interaction.

Student Number : 9603019J - MSc dissertation - School of Architecture and Planning - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / The aim of this research report is to determine the viability of the hypothesis that ethnic enclaves have the potential to contribute positively to urban regeneration. This research is motivated by the importance that is placed on regenerating cities at present and by the fact that many cities around the world, including Johannesburg, are intensely diverse and are composed of a significant number of ethnic minority groups. The Johannesburg Inner City area of Fordsburg has been chosen as a case study. The area has for many years been closely associated with the Indian community of Johannesburg and appears to be showing signs of renewed interest and rejuvenation. Secondary research has been employed as a means to structure the theoretical base of the report and to explain current debates regarding urban regeneration and ethnic enclaves. Quantitative and qualitative criteria have been applied in analysing the findings regarding the scenario in Fordsburg. According to the theory, even in the modern contemporary metropolis, members of society still ascribe to ethnic identities and organise themselves spatially into ethnic enclaves within cities. It is also revealed that urban regeneration can be achieved through several means and that initiatives that target and include ethnic minorities have the potential to produce coherent and desirable results. This includes meaningful input from public sector, private sector and members of community. In analysing Fordsburg, it is shown that the area could definitely be considered as an ethnic enclave and is undergoing a certain amount of regeneration. This regeneration has been mainly driven by the private sector and members of community who identify with the Indian/South Asian enclave. While public sector input has been less significant in Fordsburg’s regeneration, it is nevertheless asserted that ethnic enclaves do have the potential to positively promote urban regeneration.

Lida-se aqui com políticas públicas de regeneração urbana de áreas marcadas por expressivo patrimônio cultural, cujo principal objetivo seja a promoção do lazer, turismo e entretenimento, combinada com a preservação desse patrimônio. O objeto de estudo centra-se nas intervenções públicas realizadas no Pátio de São Pedro, no período 1969-2008, localizado no Bairro de São José, parte do núcleo antigo do Recife. O pátio foi alvo de um dos primeiros projetos de regeneração urbana do Brasil, em 1969, e também passou por sucessivos projetos e propostas desse tipo, ao longo dos anos 1980, 1990 e 2000, provendo um histórico de políticas públicas. Esse objeto enriquece-se com a adoção de uma análise em perspectiva comparada, com os casos do Bairro do Recife e de cidades inglesas que passaram por políticas públicas similares. Busca-se compreender a lógica por trás dessas políticas públicas e seus principais impactos e conseqüências sobre as áreas alvo da intervenção, bem como avaliar esse tipo de política pública, discutindo o ajuste de seus meios a seus fins. Normativamente, pretende-se discutir e propor, a partir da análise feita, critérios de procedimentos de preservação do patrimônio cultural, em políticas públicas que vinculem essa preservação com o turismo. A metodologia de pesquisa compreendeu a revisão de literatura teórica, histórica e de estudos de caso, levantamento de documentos em fontes primárias, entrevistas, observação participante e levantamento fotográfico. O trabalho de campo contemplou a visita às seguintes cidades inglesas: York, Kingston upon Hull, Sheffield, Manchester, Salford, Bury, Liverpool, Chester e Wigan. As supracitadas políticas públicas transformaram o pátio num espaço singular no núcleo antigo; a sua configuração urbana e conjunto arquitetônico íntegros e conservados contrastam com o \"mar\" de descaracterizações, mutilações e demolições no núcleo antigo. Entretanto, essa preservação patrimonial não foi acompanhada por ações de educação patrimonial, o que faz com que o pátio não seja apropriado pela maior parte da população recifense, sendo-lhe indecifrável. Ele também nunca conseguiu ser transformado em centro de turismo, para além de três ou quatro meses de sua \"inauguração\" como tal. A falta de gestão da Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife sobre o espaço público e casas de sua propriedade, no pátio revela a sua baixa capacidade institucional para formular e implantar políticas públicas de regeneração urbana, bem como a fragilidade das áreas de turismo e cultura dentro da prefeitura. A tese apresenta três conclusões. Primeiro, as supracitadas políticas públicas não transformaram o pátio em um espaço urbano espacial e socialmente segregado, mesmo tendo retirado-o (parcialmente) do cotidiano do núcleo antigo. Segundo, avalia-se que os sucessivos projetos de regeneração urbana sempre apresentaram sérias deficiências, não informando diretrizes e intervenções adequadas para a sua efetiva recuperação, a nível de conceito e de operação. Terceiro, propõe-se um novo modelo de gestão pública para o pátio, que combine responsabilização, administração do cotidiano e busca pela autosustentabilidade econômico-financeira, e a consideração dos moradores e/ou trabalhadores do núcleo antigo como seu principal \"público-alvo,\" alvo de ações de educação patrimonial e da transformação do logradouro em espaço de lazer, contemplação e convivência. / This work deals with public policies on urban regeneration areas with significant cultural heritage, whose main objective is the promotion of leisure, tourism and entertainment, combined with the preservation of this heritage. The object of study focuses on public interventions performed in Pátio de São Pedro, in the period 1969-2008, located in São José neighborhood, downtown Recife. The pátio was the target of one of the first urban regeneration projects in Brazil, in 1969, and also went through successive drafts and proposals of this kind, over the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, providing a history of public policy. This object is enriched by the adoption of a comparative perspective analysis among Bairro do Recife and some English cities that have had similar policies. We seek to understand the logic behind these policies and their impacts and consequences on the main target areas of intervention and evaluate this type of public policy, discussing the adjustment of their means to their ends. Normatively, we intend to discuss and propose, from the analysis, criteria, procedures for preservation of cultural heritage, public policies that link the preservation of tourism. The research methodology included the review of theoretical literature, and historical case studies, collection of primary source documents, interviews, participant observation and photographic survey. The field work included the following visit to the English cities: York, Kingston upon Hull, Sheffield, Manchester, Salford, Bury, Liverpool, Chester and Wigan. The above policies have transformed the pátio into a unique space in downtown Recife; the maintenance of its urban setting and architectural integrity and preserved contrast with the \"sea\" of de-characterization, mutilation and demolitions in downtown. However, the preservation of this heritage was not accompanied by actions of heritage education, which makes the patio not appropriate and indecipherable for the majority of Recife´s population. It also never managed to be transformed into a urban-tourism precinct, except for the first few months of its three \"inaugurations\". The lack of management of the City of Recife on the public space and of their homes and property in the pátio reveals its low institutional capacity to formulate and implement public policies of urban regeneration as well as the fragility of the areas of tourism and culture within the municipal approach. The thesis presents three conclusions. First, the public policies have not turned the pátio into an urban space spatially and socially segregated, despite having withdrawn it (partially) from downtown to everyday life. Second, it is estimated that the successive urban regeneration projects always had serious deficiencies, not informing appropriate interventions and guidelines for its effective recovery, the level concept and operation. Third, we propose a new model of public management to the pátio, which combine accountability, administration of daily life and pursuit of economic and financial self-sustainability, and consideration of residents and / or employees of the old town as its primary \"target audience\": target actions of heritage education and transforming the street into a space for recreation, contemplation and coexistence.

A partir da segunda metade do século XX, o futebol consolidou-se como um importante ramo da indústria do entretenimento no Brasil e assim sendo, deflagrou a necessidade de se projetar novos estádios, mais eficientes especialmente no que tange os processos de requalificação do seu entorno construído. O crescimento desordenado das cidades brasileiras a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, conjugado ao desenvolvimento da indústria do futebol expuseram a incapacidade dos grandes estádios brasileiros, construídos na sua maioria em concreto armado durante o regime militar, de se tornarem peças centrais em processos de regeneração urbana e nem mesmo de acomodar com qualidade seus espectadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa reavaliar o arquétipo do estádio de futebol contemporâneo verificando a presença de estratégias projetuais que permitam a estes edifícios tornarem-se qualificadores do espaço construído, especialmente neste momento em que o país será sede de mega eventos esportivos, como a Copa do Mundo e os jogos olímpicos. Além disto, a organização destas competições, juntamente com a consolidação da industria esportiva nacional, deve ser compreendida como uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento de sistemas de infraestrutura urbana e políticas sociais que contribuam para a regeneração de áreas urbanas subutilizadas. Sendo assim, o presente resumo sintetiza os resultados obtidos com a dissertação de mestrado intitulada: O estádio contemporâneo: uma arquitetura regeneradora do seu tecido urbano. Inicialmente, o trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos internacionais, como: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. Posteriormente, a metodologia aplicada a pesquisa utilizou-se da análise de estudos de caso, que apontaram os aspectos arquitetônicos que contribuíram para que os edifícios analisados tornassem-se regeneradores, e não desagregadores de seu contexto urbano. Portanto, o estudo concentrou-se na análise dos estádios de futebol contemporâneos, construídos como sedes de competições internacionais, a partir da compreensão das estratégias projetuais presentes nestes edifícios propostos como requalificadores de seu contexto urbano. Os resultados obtidos pelo estudo indicaram que as tendências arquitetônicas apresentadas pelos estádios contemporâneos são consequências de transformações morfológicas ocorridas durante o século XX que incorporaram ao edifício novas tecnologias e sistemas construtivos que reafirmam a sua função enquanto regeneradores de tecidos degradados. A necessária ligação ente o estádio e o seu contexto urbano demanda que estes sejam concebidos conjugadamente com sistemas de infraestrutura, possibilitado ao edifício estar inserido na malha consolidada de grandes cidades, uma condição fundamental para que estes equipamentos consolidem-se enquanto pontos focais de sua estrutura espacial. Desta forma, o estudo dos estádios contemporâneos, sedes de grandes eventos esportivos, possibilitou identificar as diretrizes de projeto e planejamento que possibilitam repensar esta tipologia arquitetônica, propondo uma integração coerente com a malha consolidada de sua cidade, permitindo assim que o mesmo seja parte integrante de processos de regeneração urbana / Brazil, has been well known worldwide for its deep relation with soccer as its national sport. Through the last century this sport modality has become a strong branch of the entertainment industry and it has brought with it the need of more efficient stadia specially regarding the urban regeneration aspect. The massive growth of Brazilian cities during the 60\'s and 70\'s and the development of soccer industry in the last decades have exposed the incapability of Brazilian\'s huge concrete bowls built for soccer practice during the military regime to function as catalysts of urban change nor to accommodate fans. Clearly there is a great need of reviewing the archetypal of Brazilian stadia since the country will be the next host of the two greatest contemporary mega-events: the World Cup and the Summer Olympics. Furthermore, hosting this mega-events and the settlement of its sports industry can be understood as a possibility to develop urban infrastructure systems and social policies contributing for the regeneration of underdeveloped urban areas. Therefore, this abstract summarizes the results obtained with the dissertation entitled: The contemporary stadium: an urban regeneration architecture. Initially, the work was developed from a bibliographical research in international journals such as: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. This research focus on the analysis of the contemporary stadia built for mega-events starting from the comprehension of the design strategies proposed by these buildings which expect to become the centerpieces of a process of urban renewal. The research understands that the design trends proposed by contemporary stadia is a consequence of a set of architectural morphological transformations occurred during the 20th century, which incorporated new technologies and building systems to its conception, confirming a new function to this typology of building also responsible for the urban regeneration of parts of the city. The connection between the stadium and its surroundings suggests that this buildings must be designed together with infrastructure systems, which allow these great sports buildings to be placed near the city centre, a fundamental condition for these facilities to achieve the status of architectonic monument. Therefore, the systems of mass transportation are a key element on the stadia proposal, especially in the cases where these building will be venues of important sports events such as the summer Olympics or the World Cup. A critical analysis of contemporary stadia will identify the relation between this buildings and its host cities, using the mass transportation systems planned for mega-evens since Atlanta 1996 as an object of the study as well as the architectonic aspects that contribute for the stadium to boost the regeneration process instead of becoming a burden to the host city.

This thesis illustrates the relationship between body and space in the process of identity construction amongst groups of young men of migrant origins between 16 and 21 practicing capoeira and parkour in Turin's public spaces. Urban spaces in contemporary Turin, Italy, are contested sites where competing images of society, politics and citizenship are (re)produced and negotiated. While at a national level, widespread xenophobic discourses define immigrants and their children as alien bodies in Italian cities, Turin leaderships and cultural entrepreneurs aiming to attract visitors and capital investments have based the city's urban renewal on an image of multiculturalism and inclusiveness. The intersection of such discourses shapes the manifold ways through which immigrant bodies, and identities, become valorised, pathologised and essentialised in Turin. Based on fourteen months of ethnographic research conducted with a multi-method qualitative approach, this study explores how participants negotiated identity and processes of inclusion/exclusion in Turin, through engaging with capoeira and parkour. The analysis of participants' embodied and emplaced identity negotiations enacted through capoeira and parkour addressed the shifting articulations of race/body/marginality, and the relationship between physical culture(s), spaces and subjectivity within the rebranding urban landscape of early 21st century Turin. The exploration of participants' contested practices of diasporic cosmopolitanism and (contingent) citizenship provided insightful perspectives to address the changing meanings, and stakes of multiculturalism, citizenship and social justice in contemporary European societies. The critical analysis of capoeira and parkour also interrogated the ambivalent nature of participants' negotiations in a historical global context, marked by ubiquitous bio-political health imperatives and individualizing moralities of self-fashioning. The study findings therefore contribute to a scholarship aiming to recognize and articulate global processes within local sites of inequalities and negotiations, in exploring how contemporary identities are constructed and (re)produced within the spaces of our cities.

This thesis deals with the role of actors involved in brownfield revitalization in the town of Sušice. Specifically, it concerns the revitalization of the former Solo Sušice and former maternity hospital. These old unused buildings and lands necessarily need revitalize and find new functional uses. The role of actors can have a key influence on the regeneration of both monitored areas themselves. The work discusses mainly cooperation, communication and consensus between public administration, the private sector and the public. The theoretical part is focused on institutional theories, factors of territorial development, actors of spatial development, management of city administration and use of spatial development documents. In the empirical part, brownfields in Sušice are presented and the results obtained through interviews, questionnaire and development document analysis are presented. Research has shown a very different role for actors involved in revitalization. In Sušice, the most important role is played by the association My ze Sušice. On the contrary, public administration seems to be rigid and has no interest in revitalization. Keywords: brownfields; actors of urban planning; urban plan; urban regeneration; Sušice

The main aim of the thesis is to analyse the recent socio-spatial patterns of Istanbul, in which squatter areas on publicly-owned land (gecekondu) and old historical centre of the city are subjected to regeneration projects, under the impact of making Istanbul a purified place for the significant social classes via exclusion of the others. The formulations of Henri Lefebvre for analysing the production of (social) space are used as the conceptual framework of the thesis. To reveal the case study, the recent urban regeneration projects in Istanbul, a wide range of qualitative data collection techniques and methodology, documentary analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observations, which will pave a way to understand the complex relations among social and spatial formations, are used. According to the analysis on the acceleration of urban regeneration projects in the city of Istanbul, the thesis argues two main points: Firstly, the specificity of urbanisation period in Istanbul after 2000 is characterised with the strong role of the central state, mainly MHA. Secondly, the people, who are living in the gecekondu areas and old historical centres in the inner city are not only evicted from their living spaces, they are also socially and spatially excluded from the city centres.