Air pollution is a public health issue, and traffic is one of the main sources of pollutants such as NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. Consequently, European cities have been implementing low-emission zones (LEZs) by defining regulated areas, where the most-polluting vehicles are prohibited from driving. Such measure has been proven to mostly accelerate local fleet renewal rates, thus decreasing emissions and overall pollutant concentrations, provided that restrictions were strict enough. The 2019 mobility-orientation law in France made mandatory for some territories to set up action plans for tackling air pollution issues. With only four currently implemented LEZs in France, feedback from similar territories within the country may be lacking for decision-makers. The goal of this thesis was therefore to aggregate past experiences of already-implemented LEZs in Europe in order to provide recommendations for a large-scale implementation of such policy in France. Relevant city-specific indicators were identified, and K-Means clustering was implemented in order to classify European cities currently implementing LEZs. Such typology was applied to French territories that may face an obligation to implement a LEZ. Recommendations regarding the most relevant strategies were thus formulated. Four city archetypes were identified – public transport metropoles, cycling cities, car-oriented cities, and walkable-impoverished cities. LEZ strategies applied in Berlin, Brussels and Lisbon were respectively the identified best practices associated with the first three clusters. Moreover, out of the 263 French territories targeted in the mobility-orientation law, 54 of them were classified according to the developed typology. More specifically, the majority of them fell into the car-oriented archetype and 20 agglomerations could hence reasonably adapt the Lisbon strategy to their local specificities. Six territories at the outskirts of Paris, associated with public transport metropoles, could also investigate how the current Greater Paris LEZ affect their inhabitants. This thesis is the first to propose a typology tailored for LEZ evaluation. By incorporating modal shares within the classification indicators, potential synergies between LEZs and existing transportation networks were highlighted. Additionally, this thesis shows that future research should focus on investigating impacts of LEZs on traveling patterns and mode choices (vehicle purchases, modal shifts, etc.). This would help future ex-ante evaluations to better calibrate hypotheses regarding direct effects of LEZs.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre o Zoneamento por meio da abordagem dos aspectos morfológicos e tipológicos resultantes de sua utilização como instrumento de planejamento urbano. O zoneamento continua sendo um dos instrumentos mais difundidos e utilizados no tocante ao controle do uso e ocupação do solo entre os municípios brasileiros mesmo diante das inovações pós-Estatuto da Cidade, aprovado em 2001. Sua concepção de regulação da forma urbana, construída por meio de um processo cumulativo por mais de um século, utiliza uma matriz de parâmetros urbanísticos com base em critérios de incomodidade de usos e controle da replicabilidade do solo. A pesquisa contou com a investigação teórica de conceitos ligados à disciplina da morfologia urbana e urbanidade, a partir dos quais foram definidos componentes para seleção e análise de tecidos urbanos existentes, que compuseram o corpus desta dissertação. Tais análises, realizadas com base no universo da amostragem selecionada, composta por alguns municípios paulistas, permitiram apontar as principais limitações do zoneamento no que se refere à qualidade urbanística e urbanidade das cidades, assim como, a ausência quanto às considerações das dimensões das políticas urbanas e de otimização do solo. Pretende-se assim, contribuir para possíveis (e necessários) avanços na regulação da forma urbana como parte da estratégia de cumprimento da função social da propriedade e da cidade, principalmente diante do atual cenário socioeconômico, marcado pela intensa produção imobiliária e acirramento na disputa pela terra urbana. / This thesis intends to investigate the Zoning ordinances, using a morphological and typological approach regarding the results of its use as an urban planning instrument. Zoning remains one of the most widespread and employed instrument in the control of land use and occupancy between Brazilians municipalities, even in spite of the new legal framework after the \"Estatuto da Cidade\" Act, approved in 2001. Its conception to regulate the urban form was formulated by a centenary cumulative process, using an urban code array based on the control of nuisance uses and occupancy intensity. Theoretical investigation on urban morphology and livable environment were performed. From its results, components for the selection and analyzes of urban pattern were defined. Theses components draw up the main data of this thesis. Such analyzes, which sampling was composed by some municipalities in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), allowed point out the main zoning limitations, regarding the quality of urban places, as well as the absence of urban policies and better land use. It is thus intended, contribute for possible (and necessary) advances in urban form regulation, as part of a strategy to achieve the right to the city and the social function of private property, mainly due to the actual socioeconomic scenario, characterized by intense real estate development and worsening in the struggle for urban land.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre o Zoneamento por meio da abordagem dos aspectos morfológicos e tipológicos resultantes de sua utilização como instrumento de planejamento urbano. O zoneamento continua sendo um dos instrumentos mais difundidos e utilizados no tocante ao controle do uso e ocupação do solo entre os municípios brasileiros mesmo diante das inovações pós-Estatuto da Cidade, aprovado em 2001. Sua concepção de regulação da forma urbana, construída por meio de um processo cumulativo por mais de um século, utiliza uma matriz de parâmetros urbanísticos com base em critérios de incomodidade de usos e controle da replicabilidade do solo. A pesquisa contou com a investigação teórica de conceitos ligados à disciplina da morfologia urbana e urbanidade, a partir dos quais foram definidos componentes para seleção e análise de tecidos urbanos existentes, que compuseram o corpus desta dissertação. Tais análises, realizadas com base no universo da amostragem selecionada, composta por alguns municípios paulistas, permitiram apontar as principais limitações do zoneamento no que se refere à qualidade urbanística e urbanidade das cidades, assim como, a ausência quanto às considerações das dimensões das políticas urbanas e de otimização do solo. Pretende-se assim, contribuir para possíveis (e necessários) avanços na regulação da forma urbana como parte da estratégia de cumprimento da função social da propriedade e da cidade, principalmente diante do atual cenário socioeconômico, marcado pela intensa produção imobiliária e acirramento na disputa pela terra urbana. / This thesis intends to investigate the Zoning ordinances, using a morphological and typological approach regarding the results of its use as an urban planning instrument. Zoning remains one of the most widespread and employed instrument in the control of land use and occupancy between Brazilians municipalities, even in spite of the new legal framework after the \"Estatuto da Cidade\" Act, approved in 2001. Its conception to regulate the urban form was formulated by a centenary cumulative process, using an urban code array based on the control of nuisance uses and occupancy intensity. Theoretical investigation on urban morphology and livable environment were performed. From its results, components for the selection and analyzes of urban pattern were defined. Theses components draw up the main data of this thesis. Such analyzes, which sampling was composed by some municipalities in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), allowed point out the main zoning limitations, regarding the quality of urban places, as well as the absence of urban policies and better land use. It is thus intended, contribute for possible (and necessary) advances in urban form regulation, as part of a strategy to achieve the right to the city and the social function of private property, mainly due to the actual socioeconomic scenario, characterized by intense real estate development and worsening in the struggle for urban land.