Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar o fenômeno da pluriatividade nos pequenos estabelecimentos familiares do espaço rural do município de Nova Friburgo, localizado na região Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Retomando a ênfase (presente em trabalho anterior) nos efeitos sociais promovidos pela inserção do espaço rural municipal em uma lógica de mercado, e, levando em consideração as cautelas que devem ser tomadas, no âmbito nacional, na utilização de tal noção, a nossa intenção foi a de questionarmos as valorações que vêm sendo atribuídas a esse fenômeno (de possibilidade de diversificação de emprego e renda; melhoria das condições de vida das populações rurais; e, até mesmo, do estabelecimento de um espaço rural dotado de múltiplas funções), a partir de uma realidade como a friburguense. Esta se, por um lado, é marcada pela significativa expressão espacial dos pequenos estabelecimentos familiares e por um quadro econômico, relativamente, diversificado, por outro lado, também, sofre os efeitos da implementação de um modelo de modernização da agricultura, extremamente excludente e desigual, e, em menor escala, do avanço de um intenso processo de urbanização. Analisado como estratégia de sobrevivência e reprodução no recorte espacial mencionado, os desdobramentos do fenômeno da pluriatividade identificados no mesmo, de certo, complexificam a realidade estudada, ficando a dialética entre relações capitalistas e não-capitalistas, balizada, grosso modo, pela permanência da agricultura com ênfase no trabalho familiar, de um lado, e pela expansão de uma lógica urbano-industrial que, além (e para além) de relações setoriais, também, envolve a inserção de membros das famílias dos pequenos produtores em outras atividades, não-agrícolas, de outro. Para que fosse atingido, portanto, o objetivo proposto, a operacionalização adotada consistiu tanto no levantamento bibliográfico acerca da temática escolhida quanto na realização de vários trabalhos de campo, direcionados a pequenos estabelecimentos familiares de algumas localidades dos vários distritos do município, assim como a órgãos públicos, ligados à produção agrícola, ao turismo e às indústrias de confecções de moda íntima. / This essays objective is to analyze the idea of pluriactivité in the small family farms of Nova Friburgos rural space, localized in the Serrana region of Rio de Janeiro state. In a return of the emphasis (presents in previous work) on the social effects caused by the inclusion of the rural space in the capitalist logic, and considering the cares we must take when using that idea in the analysis of the national reality, our intention has been to question the ideas that have been given to the pluriactivité (possibility of different earnings and jobs; improving rural peoples life; and even of a rural space with different functions), based on Nova Friburgos reality. This, if its marked by a significant spatial expression of small family farms, and by a relatively varied economic table, in the other hand, also suffers the effects caused by the establishment of a agriculture modernization model, extremely excluding and unequal, and, in a smaller scale, by an intense urbanization process approach. The pluriactivités examples, which have been identified in the municipality rural space like survival and reproduction strategies, certainly, make the studied reality more complex, and leave the dialectic between capitalists e no capitalists relations marked by the remaining of the agriculture based on family work, in one hand, and by an industrial urban logic approach, that plus the relations based on sections, also involves, in the other hand, the inclusion of small family farms in other activities, no relate to agriculture. To reach the objective that has been proposed, the used procedures have been bibliographic researches about the chosen subject and camp researches in the small family farms of some municipality districts localities, added up the interviews to public establishments, related to the agriculture production, the tourism and the underclothes factories

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-02-09T10:17:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Amanda Pires de Mesquita - 2014.pdf: 3606658 bytes, checksum: 9ddd960b0f8d39f263905a22ff07d559 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-20T09:53:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Amanda Pires de Mesquita - 2014.pdf: 3606658 bytes, checksum: 9ddd960b0f8d39f263905a22ff07d559 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T09:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Amanda Pires de Mesquita - 2014.pdf: 3606658 bytes, checksum: 9ddd960b0f8d39f263905a22ff07d559 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Changes in the society-space relationship changed the academic debate surrounding the interpretations about the city and country. The traditional divisions between these spaces were renovated from events and actions that insert and modify what until then was perceived as rural or urban way. New studies on the small urban centers are inserted in this context, and should hold up in the face of these new approaches as it is to understand the rural and the urban parts of the same process that recognizes these spaces. Thus, this research arises from the need to understand the current changes in the field and in the city, which resonate in the Organization and Constitution of new spaces, with new features, and dynamic content. Small urban centers translates from the understanding the relationship field/city, seen that depend on a regional urban system and maintain meaningful relationships with its rural surroundings. The starting point for analysis of small urban centers relies on dimensions that go beyond visions focus on economic activities to recognize other dimensions, such as everyday life. The everyday is essential concept in the interpretation of these dynamics, and allows individual-centered analysis and in their relations with one another and with the place. The village of Pires Belo, municipality of Catalão (GO) was taken as empirical basis of this research, considered part of the Brazilian urban system that presents a rural way of life. Particularity that needs to be considered to meet the dynamism of urbanization process of the country. To understand the relationship between the rural and the urban in the village of Pires Belo, through the everyday life and the relationship with the place of the locals, discussed on: urban/rural; small urban centers; everyday life and place; way of life and culture. Documents examined of the IBGE (2001, 2010, 2012) laws and decrees (complementary law nº 4/1990; Constitutional amendment nº 15/1996; Municipal law nº 1,599/1997 among others). Applied of semi-structured and open interviews roadmaps, unstructured observation and photographic record was held in three moments between 2011 and 2013. The dissertation is organized into four sections, in addition to the introduction and closing remarks seeking to contemplate the objectives proposed to consider that the way of life of the village is characterized by a set of tangible and intangible elements, such as personal relations and relations with the place, which translate into specific ways of life and determine the form of organization of space. In the village, the relationship field/city and the reasons of permanence of rural ways of life are found in everyday life, in which, demonstrating links with rural areas and if you recognize the culture of the place. Reading the daily life of the village allows you to recognize their particularities, and thus, the aspirations of the population. / As mudanças na relação sociedade-espaço alteraram o debate acadêmico em torno das interpretações sobre o campo e a cidade. As tradicionais divisões entre esses espaços foram renovadas a partir de eventos e ações que inserem e modificam o que até então era entendido como rural ou como urbano. Novos estudos sobre os pequenos núcleos urbanos se inserem nesse contexto, e devem realizar-se em face dessas novas abordagens, pois é ao entender o rural e o urbano como partes de um mesmo processo que se reconhece esses espaços. Assim, essa pesquisa surge da necessidade de compreender as atuais transformações ocorridas no campo e na cidade, as quais repercutem na organização e na constituição de novos espaços, com novas funcionalidades, dinâmicas e conteúdos. Os pequenos núcleos urbanos se traduzem a partir da compreensão da relação campo/cidade, visto que dependem de um sistema urbano regional e mantêm significativas relações com seu entorno rural. O ponto de partida para análise dos pequenos núcleos urbanos assenta-se nas dimensões que ultrapassam visões centradas nas atividades econômicas para reconhecer outras dimensões, como a vida cotidiana. O cotidiano é conceito essencial na interpretação dessas dinâmicas, e permite análises centradas no indivíduo e nas suas relações com o outro e com o lugar. A vila do distrito de Pires Belo, município de Catalão (GO) foi tomada como base empírica dessa pesquisa, considerada parte do sistema urbano brasileiro que apresenta um modo de vida rural. Particularidade que precisa ser considerada para conhecer a dinamicidade do processo de urbanização do país. Para compreender a relação entre o rural e o urbano na Vila de Pires Belo, por meio da vida cotidiana e da relação com o lugar dos moradores, discutiu-se sobre: rural/urbano; pequenos núcleos urbanos; vida cotidiana e lugar; modo de vida e cultura. Analisouse documentos do IBGE (2001, 2010, 2012) leis e decretos (Lei Complementar nº 4/1990; Emenda Constitucional n° 15/1996; Lei Municipal nº 1.594/1997 dentre outras). Aplicou-se de roteiros de entrevistas semi-estruturados e abertos, observação não estruturada e registro fotográfico foi realizada em três momentos entre 2011 e 2013. A dissertação está organizada em quatro seções, além da introdução e das considerações finais que buscam contemplar os objetivos propostos ao considerar que o modo de vida da Vila é caracterizado por um conjunto de elementos materiais e imateriais, como as relações pessoais e as relações com o lugar, os quais traduzem em modos de vida específicos e determinam a forma de organização do espaço. Na Vila, a relação campo/cidade e os motivos de permanência de modos de vida rurais são encontrados na vida cotidiana, na qual, manifestam-se relações com as áreas rurais e se reconhece a cultura do lugar. A leitura do cotidiano da Vila permite reconhecer suas particularidades, e assim, os anseios da população.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Urbanization and rural-urban migration are processes that are surrounded by a great deal of controversy and pose as significant challenges in contemporary South Africa. In dealing, controlling, and managing urbanization and rural urban migration, the South African government has developed a number of policies to respond to this to these challenges such as Urban Development Framework of 1997 which aims to promote effective urban reconstruction and development, to guide development policies, strategies and actions of all stakeholders in the urban development processes and other policies that are geared towards urban development management. In this study, an effort is made to evaluate rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement patterns at Disteneng area (Limpopo Province). The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data. Questionnaires, formal interviews and observations were used to assemble primary data. Policies, journals, books were used to gather secondary data. The study found that there are quite number of issues that lead to rural-urban migration such as rural poverty and unemployment. It also established that policies that have been developed to control rural-urban migration and urbanization are not comprehensive enough to respond to rural-urban migration. They need to be revitalized and reviewed. The study also found out that the main reason for the backlog in services and development relate to a lack of commitment, capacity and experience of officials mandated to bring development to the study area. Recommendations of the study include community empowerment, skills development, monitoring of performance and capacity building for officials. There is a direct link between rural-urban migration and the sprawling of urban informal settlements calling for multi-pronged interventions from multiple government agencies to address the phenomenon. The Disteneng area is a melting pot which requires urgent attention.

"July 24, 2004" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-319) / xix, 319 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2004

Urbanisation is an ever-growing global phenomenon which creates altered environments characterised by increased human habitation, exotic species, impermeable surfaces, artificial structures, landscape fragmentation, habitat loss, and modified energy– and resource pathways. The vulnerable Rand Highveld Grassland vegetation unit in the Tlokwe Municipal area, South Africa, has been extensively degraded and transformed by urbanisation and agriculture. Only 1% of this endangered ecosystem is currently being actively conserved. Grassland fragments in urban areas are considered to be less species rich and less functional than their more “natural” counterparts, and are therefore not a priority for conservation. In this study the effects of landscape matrix quality on intra patch variables, namely plant species diversity and functional diversity, and fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function (as determined by Landscape Function Analysis or LFA) of 30 fragments of the Rand Highveld Grassland vegetation unit were explored. Four urbanisation measures (percentage urban land cover, percentage grass land cover, edge density, and density of people), acting as indicators for patterns and processes associated with urban areas, were calculated for matrix areas with a 500m radius surrounding each selected grassland fragment to quantify the position of each grassland remnant along an urban-to-rural gradient. Using the specific urbanisation measures, the grassland fragments were objectively classified into two classes of urbanisation, namely “rural/peri-urban” and “urban”, to allow for statistical comparisons between intra-patch variables for grassland remnants exposed to similar urbanisation pressures. Plant species composition and diversity were determined in the selected grassland fragments and nine functional traits were described for each species. Plant functional diversity was determined by five functional diversity indices, namely functional richness, evenness, divergence, dispersion, and specialisation. Fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function was determined by executing the LFA method. LFA assesses fine-scale landscape patchiness and 11 soil surface indicators to produce three main LFA parameters (stability, infiltration, and nutrient cycling), which indicates how well a system is functioning in terms of resource conservation and soil processes. Possible relationships between fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function and plant species- and functional diversity were also investigated. NMDS ordinations and basic statistics were used to determine trends and effects within the data. The results indicated that urban grassland remnants had lower mean plant species richness, Shannon species diversity (significantly), and Pielou species evenness than rural/peri-urban grassland fragments. Urban grassland fragments also contained significantly higher percentage of exotic species. Correlations were found between the four urbanisation measures and percentage species of the total species richness possessing certain functional attributes. This indicated that increased urbanisation may influence the species composition and the occurrence of certain plant traits in the selected grassland fragments. Urbanisation seems to have no effect on fine-scale landscape heterogeneity of the selected grassland fragments. Rural/peri-urban grassland fragments had higher infiltration capacity, nutrient cycling potential, and total SSA functionality (although not significantly), which may be ascribed to differences in management practices, such as mowing in urban areas and grazing in rural areas. Rand Highveld Grassland fragments in the urban landscape matrix of Potchefstroom city are just as conservable in terms of plant species diversity and functional diversity, as well as on a biophysical function level involving soil processes than rural/peri-urban grassland fragments. High plant species diversity and the presence of certain plant traits did not contribute to high soil surface stability, infiltration capacity, nutrient cycling potential and total soil surface functioning. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Urbanisation is an ever-growing global phenomenon which creates altered environments characterised by increased human habitation, exotic species, impermeable surfaces, artificial structures, landscape fragmentation, habitat loss, and modified energy– and resource pathways. The vulnerable Rand Highveld Grassland vegetation unit in the Tlokwe Municipal area, South Africa, has been extensively degraded and transformed by urbanisation and agriculture. Only 1% of this endangered ecosystem is currently being actively conserved. Grassland fragments in urban areas are considered to be less species rich and less functional than their more “natural” counterparts, and are therefore not a priority for conservation. In this study the effects of landscape matrix quality on intra patch variables, namely plant species diversity and functional diversity, and fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function (as determined by Landscape Function Analysis or LFA) of 30 fragments of the Rand Highveld Grassland vegetation unit were explored. Four urbanisation measures (percentage urban land cover, percentage grass land cover, edge density, and density of people), acting as indicators for patterns and processes associated with urban areas, were calculated for matrix areas with a 500m radius surrounding each selected grassland fragment to quantify the position of each grassland remnant along an urban-to-rural gradient. Using the specific urbanisation measures, the grassland fragments were objectively classified into two classes of urbanisation, namely “rural/peri-urban” and “urban”, to allow for statistical comparisons between intra-patch variables for grassland remnants exposed to similar urbanisation pressures. Plant species composition and diversity were determined in the selected grassland fragments and nine functional traits were described for each species. Plant functional diversity was determined by five functional diversity indices, namely functional richness, evenness, divergence, dispersion, and specialisation. Fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function was determined by executing the LFA method. LFA assesses fine-scale landscape patchiness and 11 soil surface indicators to produce three main LFA parameters (stability, infiltration, and nutrient cycling), which indicates how well a system is functioning in terms of resource conservation and soil processes. Possible relationships between fine-scale biogeochemical landscape function and plant species- and functional diversity were also investigated. NMDS ordinations and basic statistics were used to determine trends and effects within the data. The results indicated that urban grassland remnants had lower mean plant species richness, Shannon species diversity (significantly), and Pielou species evenness than rural/peri-urban grassland fragments. Urban grassland fragments also contained significantly higher percentage of exotic species. Correlations were found between the four urbanisation measures and percentage species of the total species richness possessing certain functional attributes. This indicated that increased urbanisation may influence the species composition and the occurrence of certain plant traits in the selected grassland fragments. Urbanisation seems to have no effect on fine-scale landscape heterogeneity of the selected grassland fragments. Rural/peri-urban grassland fragments had higher infiltration capacity, nutrient cycling potential, and total SSA functionality (although not significantly), which may be ascribed to differences in management practices, such as mowing in urban areas and grazing in rural areas. Rand Highveld Grassland fragments in the urban landscape matrix of Potchefstroom city are just as conservable in terms of plant species diversity and functional diversity, as well as on a biophysical function level involving soil processes than rural/peri-urban grassland fragments. High plant species diversity and the presence of certain plant traits did not contribute to high soil surface stability, infiltration capacity, nutrient cycling potential and total soil surface functioning. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

No description available.

Les territoires ruraux disposent du principal gisement d’énergie renouvelable en France. Les réseaux énergétiques y sont moins denses que dans les zones urbaines et certains vecteurs, tels que le gaz, en sont souvent absents. Or, alors que les systèmes énergétiques urbains ont été abondamment étudiés, les spécificités de la demande énergétique rurale restent méconnues, notamment dans le secteur résidentiel. Des travaux récents mettent en avant les enjeux liés à la décentralisation du système énergétique français et le besoin d’une connaissance fine de l’offre et de la demande, tant sur le plan spatial que temporel. Ce travail de thèse poursuit deux objectifs. Tout d’abord il s’attache à identifier les spécificités de la consommation énergétique des logements ruraux par rapport aux logements urbains. Ensuite, il vise à analyser la réponse que peut apporter le gisement local d’énergie renouvelable à la demande résidentielle sur un territoire mixte urbain-rural, dans une optique de territoire à énergie positive – équilibre annuel entre l’offre et la demande énergétique du territoire. / Rural areas have the main resources of renewable energy in France. Energy networks are less dense there than in urban areas and some energy vectors, like gas, are often missing. However, as urban energy systems have been widely studied, the specificities of rural energy demand remain little-known, especially for the residential sector. Recent works highlight new challenges related to decentralization of the French energy system and the need for fine knowledge of demand and supply, on both spatial and time scales. This research work pursues two objectives. First, it commits to identify the specificities of rural housing energy consumption. Then, it aims at analyzing the potential response of local renewable energy sources to the residential demand in a mixed urban-rural territory, in a 100 % RES process – equilibrium between annual energy demand and supply on the territory.

The conservation of aquatic-breeding amphibian populations and their habitats is increasingly challenged by urban and rural development, which is occurring more intensively and more rapidly than ever before. Some species are now impacted by development throughout their range. This has forced a re-evaluation of the potential of developed landscapes for providing habitat and contributing to regional conservation strategies. For many amphibians, little is known about the criteria necessary for persistence in a developed landscape. Considerable variation in the physiology, habitat requirements, and movement behaviour of amphibians suggests that responses to habitat loss, alteration, and fragmentation are species-specific. In this thesis, I investigate species-habitat relationships for the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) and the Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a mixed urban-rural landscape in southwestern British Columbia to evaluate the potential for species persistence despite urban and rural development throughout their range. I used repeat auditory surveys of the species’ breeding chorus to determine presence or absence at potential breeding wetlands. I then related species occurrence and abundance to characteristics of the aquatic and terrestrial environment measured at multiple spatial scales. Both species were found to use rural and urban wetlands, though R. aurora were rarely detected while P. regilla were common. Occurrence was best explained by characteristics of the terrestrial environment, rather than within-wetland characteristics, though influential terrestrial characteristics and their scale of impact differed between species. Within the context of the developed landscape, I identify species-specific positive and negative habitat associations and suggest the spatial scales at which management of these habitat characteristics will be most effective. These criteria may help to explain the species’ current distribution, prioritize management strategies, predict the effectiveness of habitat conservation and restoration projects, and inform development in municipalities seeking to maintain or enhance amphibian diversity. / Graduate / 2019-09-11

abstract: City governments are increasingly incorporating urban and peri-urban agriculture into their policies and programs, a trend seen as advancing sustainability, development, and food security. Urban governance can provide new opportunities for farmers, but it also creates structures to control their activities, lands, and purposes. This study focused on Mexico City, which is celebrated for its agricultural traditions and policies. The study examined: 1) the functions of urban and peri-urban agriculture that the Government of Mexico City (GMC) manages and prioritizes; 2) how the GMC’s policies have framed farmers, and how that framing affects farmers’ identity and purpose; and 3) how the inclusion of agrarian activities and lands in the city’s climate-change adaptation plan has created opportunities and obstacles for farmers. Data was collected through participant observation of agricultural and conservation events, informal and semi-structured interviews with government and agrarian actors, and analysis of government documents and budgets. Analysis of policy documents revealed that the GMC manages agriculture as an instrument for achieving urban objectives largely unrelated to food: to conserve the city’s watershed and provide environmental services. Current policies negatively frame peri-urban agriculture as unproductive and a source of environmental contamination, but associate urban agriculture with positive outcomes for development and sustainability. Peri-urban farmers have resisted this framing, asserting that the GMC inadequately supports farmers’ watershed conservation efforts, and lacks understanding of and concern for farmers’ needs and interests. The city’s climate plan implicitly considers farmers to be private providers of public adaptation benefits, but the plan’s programs do not sufficiently address the socioeconomic changes responsible for agriculture’s decline, and therefore may undermine the government’s climate adaptation objectives. The findings illuminate the challenges for urban governance of agriculture. Farms do not become instruments for urban sustainability, development, and food security simply because the government creates policies for them. Urban governments will be more likely to achieve their goals for agriculture by being transparent about their objectives, honestly evaluating how well those objectives fit with farmers’ needs and interests, cultivating genuine partnerships with farmers, and appropriately compensating farmers for the public benefits they provide. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017