A utilização de mecanismos inteligentes e com suporte legal como a Operação Urbana Consorciada implementando o “Potencial Adicional de Construção", permite à iniciativa privada o desenvolvimento de empreendimentos imobiliários modernos, com usufruto por toda comunidade local, propiciando benefícios nas vias públicas, drenagem, transporte coletivo e habitações de interesse social. As Operações Urbanas podem ser implantadas nas mais diversas regiões, induzindo o progresso já encontrado na região sudoeste da cidade de São Paulo, melhor direcionando os vetores de crescimento, objetivando um melhor equilíbrio urbanístico. A viabilidade econômica de empreendimentos imobiliários incentivados por Operações Urbanas, possibilitando a parceria público-privada com a flexibilização e racionalização no uso e ocupação do solo, constitui-se no objetivo desta dissertação. / The use of intelligent mechanisms and legal support such as the Urban Operation implementing a better Construction’s Additional Potenciality enables free enterprise to develop modern building enterprises, allowing their fruition by the whole local community, propitiating benefits to public roads, draining, collective transportation and dwellings of social interest. The Urban Operations can be implanted in the most different regions leading to the progress already found in the southwestern part of the city of São Paulo, improving the growth vectors’ direction, looking to a better urbanistic equilibrium. The economic viability of this enterprise, encouraged by the Urban Operations enabled the public/ private partnership to flexibilize the rationality of earth occupation use and is the main objetive of this work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work is a proposal of an ecological and economical zoning (ZEE Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico, in Portuguese) for the Environmental Protection Area (APA Área de Proteção Ambiental, in Portuguese) (both categories used by IBAMA, the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Natural Resources) at Tambaba on the littoral of Paraíba state. The APA of Tambaba is located in the Microregion of the Paraiban southern littoral, in the Mesoregion known as Mata Paraibana (Paraiban woods), in the municipalities of Conde, Pitimbu, and Alhandra. The area is delimited by the watersheds of the stream Caboclo and of the rivers Bucatu, Graú, and Mucatu, which form a drainage basin covering a total area of 114.46 km2. The present ZEE was generated by a model where it is considered the interdependence among the components and phenomena of the geographical space, where several aspects are Tambaba APA s territory is divided into two large zones: the Preservation and the Restoration zones integrated and analysed. In this context, it is necessary to employ technologies that make possible to handle a large amount of data, organized in a way that different interactions may be performed by a combination of social and physical attributes of local environment. The methodology consists on assigning weighted values to evaluate the Human, Productive, Institutional, and Natural Potential aiming the estimation of the social potential of the municipalities that make part of the APA. It was also evaluated local vulnerability with respect to themes related to Geology, Geomorphology (sloping surfaces), Pedology, Climate, and Vegetation/current use of soil according to the ecodynamics theory. Then, the vulnerability values assigned to each theme were integrated by using mathematical formulation which generates a map of vulnerability of the physical environment by employing techniques from geocoding process. In order to obtain a synthesized map of the ZEE, the maps related to the social potentiality and physical vulnerability are integrated, resulting in five use zones, namely: Expansion, Consolidation, Preservation, Restoration, and Institutional Use. This methodology generated the following results: the expansion areas are characterized by low potentiality and low vulnerability (stable) and correspond to top areas totalling 2.32 km2 (2.02% of the APA s area), being more easily found on top sites on the right bank of the Graú River separating the drainage basins of the rivers Graú and Mucatu; the consolidation areas are characterized by high potentiality and low vulnerability (stable), which corresponds to top areas totalling 6.57 km2 (5.74% of the APA s area), being more evident in the BTUs basic territorial units (UTB Unidade Territorial Básica, in Portuguese) at the plain tops that separate the watersheds of the rivers Graú and Bucatu and of the stream Caboclo; the preservation areas presented the highest degree of vulnerability and low potentiality, covering a total area of 32.11 km2, being located in the BTUs to southern of the Tambaba s APA on the right bank of the low and middle course of the Graú River and in the whole hydrologic basin of the Mucatu River, contiguous to the expansion areas; the restoration areas with high vulnerability cover 46.32 km2 and are located north- and westward of the APA, contiguous to the consolidation areas; and finally, the areas related to Institutional use are those protected by the Federal government s, Paraíba state s and municipality s legislations, which represent 23.71% (27.14 km2) of the whole area of the Tambaba s APA. It is noteworthy the urgent need for an effective control of activities carried out in the APA s territory, since the median social potentiality and stability and the moderate instability of the physical environment presented throughout the majority of its territory, propitiate a critical situation, as the / O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico - ZEE para a Área de Proteção Ambiental APA Estadual de Tambaba. A APA de Tambaba está localizada na Microrregião do Litoral Sul Paraibano e na Mesorregião da Mata Paraibana, abrange os municípios do Conde, Pitimbu e Alhandra. Está delimitada pelos divisores naturais do riacho Caboclo e dos rios Bucatu, Graú e Mucatu que drenam a região, ocupando uma área de 114,46 Km². O presente ZEE foi produzido a partir de um modelo que considera as interdependências entre os elementos e fenômenos do espaço geográfico, onde diversos aspectos são integrados e analisados. Neste contexto, são necessárias tecnologias que permitam o manuseio de uma grande quantidade de dados, organizados de forma que diferentes interações sejam realizadas, combinando atributos sociais e do meio físico. A metodologia consiste na atribuição de valores ponderados para se avaliar o Potencial Humano, Produtivo, Institucional e Natural objetivando estimar a potencialidade social dos municípios abrangidos pelo território da APA. Também é avaliada a vulnerabilidade local com respeito aos temas Geologia, Geomorfologia (declividade), Pedologia, Clima e Vegetação/uso atual do solo de acordo com a teoria da ecodinâmica. Em seguida os valores de vulnerabilidade para cada tema são integrados utilizando-se de uma formulação matemática, gerando o mapa de vulnerabilidade do meio físico com a utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Para se obter o mapa síntese do ZEE são integrados os mapas de potencialidade social e vulnerabilidade física obtendo-se cinco zonas de uso: Expansão, Consolidação, Preservação,Recuperação e Uso Institucional. Com a aplicação dessa metodologia na área de estudo foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: as áreas de expansão caracterizam-se por baixa potencialidade e baixa vulnerabilidade (estáveis) e correspondem às áreas de topo com 2,32Km² (2,02% da área da APA), sendo mais evidentes nos topos da margem direita do rio Graú que dividem as bacias hidrográficas do rio Graú e Mucatú; as áreas de consolidação caracterizam-se por alta potencialidade e baixa vulnerabilidade (estáveis), correspondendo às áreas de topo, com 6,57Km² (5,74% da área da APA), sendo mais evidentes nas UTB s (Unidades Territoriais Básicas) dos topos planos que dividem as bacias hidrográficas do rio Graú, Bucatu e do Riacho Caboclo; as áreas de preservação possuem maior grau de vulnerabilidade e baixa potencialidade, ocupam 32,11Km² e estão localizadas nas UTB s ao Sul da APA de Tambaba na margem direita do baixo e médio curso do rio Graú e em toda bacia hidrográfica do rio Mucatú contíguas às áreas de expansão; as áreas de recuperação com elevada vulnerabilidade ocupam 46,32 Km² e estão localizadas ao norte e a oeste da APA contíguas as áreas de consolidação; e por fim as áreas de uso institucional são aquelas protegidas por legislação federal, estadual e municipal, representam 23,71% (27,14Km²) da área da APA de Tambaba. Ressalta-se a extrema necessidade de um controle efetivo das atividades desenvolvidas no território da APA, visto que a média potencialidade social, a média estabilidade e moderada instabilidade do meio físico apresentada em grande parte de seu território, condicionam uma situação preocupante dividindo o território da APA de Tambaba em duas grandes zonas: a de Preservação e a de Recuperação

A utilização de mecanismos inteligentes e com suporte legal como a Operação Urbana Consorciada implementando o “Potencial Adicional de Construção”, permite à iniciativa privada o desenvolvimento de empreendimentos imobiliários modernos, com usufruto por toda comunidade local, propiciando benefícios nas vias públicas, drenagem, transporte coletivo e habitações de interesse social. As Operações Urbanas podem ser implantadas nas mais diversas regiões, induzindo o progresso já encontrado na região sudoeste da cidade de São Paulo, melhor direcionando os vetores de crescimento, objetivando um melhor equilíbrio urbanístico. A viabilidade econômica de empreendimentos imobiliários incentivados por Operações Urbanas, possibilitando a parceria público-privada com a flexibilização e racionalização no uso e ocupação do solo, constitui-se no objetivo desta dissertação. / The use of intelligent mechanisms and legal support such as the Urban Operation implementing a better Construction’s Additional Potenciality enables free enterprise to develop modern building enterprises, allowing their fruition by the whole local community, propitiating benefits to public roads, draining, collective transportation and dwellings of social interest. The Urban Operations can be implanted in the most different regions leading to the progress already found in the southwestern part of the city of São Paulo, improving the growth vectors’ direction, looking to a better urbanistic equilibrium. The economic viability of this enterprise, encouraged by the Urban Operations enabled the public/ private partnership to flexibilize the rationality of earth occupation use and is the main objetive of this work.

At Constitutional level, legislation in South Africa entrenches the provision of food and water for all its citizens. In instances where citizens are unable to provide in these basic requirements for themselves, social assistance should be provided to ensure a healthy life for all. In this regard, legislation and Town Planning ordinances and regulations are in place to ensure that built-up environments in which we live and work are healthy and safe for all. However, this study revealed that food provisioning by community gardeners is peripheral in legislation, ordinances and regulations and the practice of urban agriculture is, in many instances, in conflict with the principle of safe and healthy food for all. Community gardeners/urban agriculturists are food farmers within the city who produce food for themselves and others without the checks and balances that are otherwise applicable to food brought into the city from outside. While food production on any piece of available land is vital for these community gardeners for their sustenance and survival, it could become a potential health hazard if no checks or testing measures are in place to ensure that the food being produced is safe for human consumption. The study sought the views and perceptions of community gardeners, residents, Environmental Health Practitioners and Town Planners in the eThekwini Metro region with regards to community gardening/urban agriculture and its impact on food provisioning to citizens. For data collection, a one-on-one interviewing survey method was used with all four groups and results were calculated and converted to average percentages and analysed. The results revealed that there was conflict between legislation, ordinances and regulations regarding the production of food in the built-up environment of the EThekwini Municipality. It was also revealed that there was no cohesive policy to control the production of food produced and sold by community gardeners in the study area. The need for control measures and regulations regarding food production and sale by community gardeners was highlighted. Moreover, where ineffective or none such measures or controls exist, a transparent and consultative process involving all stakeholders must take place in order to establish up viable and sustainable control measures. The people who will be most affected by these rules, namely the community gardeners, should be pivotal role players in the establishment of a sustainable urban agriculture policy. Recommendations to address the problems illuminated by the study are presented. / Environmental Sciences / Ph.D. (Environmental Management)

At Constitutional level, legislation in South Africa entrenches the provision of food and water for all its citizens. In instances where citizens are unable to provide in these basic requirements for themselves, social assistance should be provided to ensure a healthy life for all. In this regard, legislation and Town Planning ordinances and regulations are in place to ensure that built-up environments in which we live and work are healthy and safe for all. However, this study revealed that food provisioning by community gardeners is peripheral in legislation, ordinances and regulations and the practice of urban agriculture is, in many instances, in conflict with the principle of safe and healthy food for all. Community gardeners/urban agriculturists are food farmers within the city who produce food for themselves and others without the checks and balances that are otherwise applicable to food brought into the city from outside. While food production on any piece of available land is vital for these community gardeners for their sustenance and survival, it could become a potential health hazard if no checks or testing measures are in place to ensure that the food being produced is safe for human consumption. The study sought the views and perceptions of community gardeners, residents, Environmental Health Practitioners and Town Planners in the eThekwini Metro region with regards to community gardening/urban agriculture and its impact on food provisioning to citizens. For data collection, a one-on-one interviewing survey method was used with all four groups and results were calculated and converted to average percentages and analysed. The results revealed that there was conflict between legislation, ordinances and regulations regarding the production of food in the built-up environment of the EThekwini Municipality. It was also revealed that there was no cohesive policy to control the production of food produced and sold by community gardeners in the study area. The need for control measures and regulations regarding food production and sale by community gardeners was highlighted. Moreover, where ineffective or none such measures or controls exist, a transparent and consultative process involving all stakeholders must take place in order to establish up viable and sustainable control measures. The people who will be most affected by these rules, namely the community gardeners, should be pivotal role players in the establishment of a sustainable urban agriculture policy. Recommendations to address the problems illuminated by the study are presented. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Management)