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Policy formulation is a complex process involving many stakeholders. Teacher involvement in this process is vital if policies are to be successfully implemented at the classroom level. An understanding of the factors that affect teacher involvement in policymaking may assist in enhancing teacher involvement in future policy development. This study investigated teacher perceptions of their involvement in system po1icy formulation in relation to eight areas: the complex policy process, political / economic influences, teacher empowerment and morale, willingness, relationship with the governing body, opportunities, support / encouragement and implementation. Teachers from four primary schools and one high school were involved in the study. A questionnaire was completed by 68 respondents and a sub-sample of 8 participated in a semi-structured interview. The main findings of the study show that teachers are willing to become involved in the policy process, however, are inhibited by ineffective information flows (Kennedy: 1992) (Fullan:1994) (Waugh & Godfrey: 1995), lack of support (Short: 1994), knowledge (Gamoran:1994), and awareness of opportunities (Pajak:1992).

The purpose of this research is to investigate how the Rwanda NEPAD e-schools project is achieving its objectives, in order to draw lessons for policy. Case studies of three NEPAD e-schools were conducted to explore the integration of ICT in schools. This qualitative research was based on semi-structured interviews with Ministry of Education staff, school personnel and students, as well as a review of policy documents. The literature review identified a number of factors that hinder the use of ICT, which factors were also evident in the research findings. It was found that greater support is required to overcome the barriers, including lack of policy, teaching and learning, funding, access, training and professional development, curriculum content, technical support, time and attitudes towards ICTs. The analysis of the position in these e-schools offers lessons for policy and practice in Rwanda and with regard to the NEPAD e-schools programme on the continent. Ministries of Education in African countries should align ICT in education policy with other education strategic and operational policies to ensure that ICT initiatives are in line with national developmental goals and objectives.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which participatory deliberative democracy is being practised in the constitution making process in Zimbabwe. The nature of public participation determines the character, quality and extent of consultations and democratic deliberation in policy formulation Constitution making has inescapably remained an ‘unfinished business’ in Zimbabwe as a consequence of the Lancaster House settlement of 1979. Yet, a national constitution is a biography of the nation, whose crafting must embody legitimacy and credibility. This research sought to examine the processes available for public participation for constitution making in Zimbabwe. The research focused on the constitution making process as a case study against the background of a partocratic policy making system that existed since 1980, and the advent of the Inclusive Government consummated on 13 February 2009 whose policy making architecture is premised on the GPA. The central question of this study was: “What processes are being used to secure deliberative democratic participation in the constitution design process in Zimbabwe? The research relied on documentary evidence, the researcher’s experience and observations as well as targeted semistructured interviews on public participation in the constitution making process in Zimbabwe for data collection, as a case study. The researcher relied on secondary data from published and unpublished literature and tracked newspaper publications to gather data related to the constitution making process. The researcher also visited and observed some of the Constitution Select Committee (COPAC) outreach meetings to gather information relating to the quality of deliberation at the meetings. The main findings were that the COPAC structure did not adequately provide a framework for delivering deliberative democracy as political parties retained decision making at stages of the process. The research concluded that political parties, the Executive and Parliament, dominated the process. Participation was cosmetic and “Executo-partocratic driven” rather than a “people-driven” process. The prevalence of citizen harassment and intimidation as well as the occurrence of violence during the consultative process hampered meaningful participation in deliberative processes by citizens. Similarly the inauspicious operating environment discouraged the free flow of information and debate, alienating citizen views and limiting deliberative participatory democracy. In the main, the policy making approach adopted was ‘Executo-partocratic’ and as such limited the citizens participation in equal, open and free deliberation resulting in a process that lacked legitimacy and credibility.

This thesis looks at policy formulation in a Revenue Office over the nine-year period, from 1984 to 1993. It presents a case study that is based on actual events; but, because of the difficulties in reporting on the events in a large organisation without the possible influence of some staff, particularly senior management, it was decided to change the names of the organisation, the people and policies. The thesis is based on an examination of a number of policy initiatives that were 'quilted' together. Its focus is not on the contents of the policies or primarily on their economic success, but on the bureaucratic and stakeholder processes involved in their formulation. The purpose of the thesis is to provide a way of understanding events in organisations that are portrayed or categorised by research as policy formulation. Policy formulation is considered to be a core process in organisations, but it is still poorly understood or explained by current models, particularly those based on a rationalistic view of the world. Many of these models have their roots in economic theory and rationality, which promotes the idea that policy is a fundamental and almost inevitable part of organisation goal attainment. These ideas permeate and structure the theory and depiction of organisations and, hence, the way we understand the nature of the social actions and interactions supporting policy formulation. The thesis rejects the assertion that organisations move in a consistently calculated and logical direction based on goal setting and developing policies to meet objectives. An alternative view is proposed: that policy formulation must be understood within the phenomenon of an organisation where people enact a particular form of social reality. Under this model organisations are created and maintained by social processes that are continually executed by people. In this context, individuals and groups use processes of negotiation and power to manipulate and re-define the meanings attributed to problems and solutions to maintain a perception of consistent and coordinated change and goal attainment in policy formulation. This social practice is an attempt to define reality and maintain legitimacy for the policy changes. Thus, the emphasis is on social processes rather than outcomes, thereby focusing on the development and maintenance of perceptions of problems and solutions. This thesis analyses policy formulation as a distinctive kind of social practice using a case study of policy developments in a revenue office, as a means of explaining the basic nature of ongoing corporate life. The case study explores the way that core revenue office policies, proposed as 'logical' change, were formulated by individuals and groups who constantly used 'legitimising' management models and principles, agenda management, and bargaining and power processes to negotiate, influence, modify and manipulate the perceptions of change. The aim is to explain how policy options were generated in the 'Charisma period', to examine their origins and how they were acted upon, and to develop a set of summary concepts that might be used to understand policy development behaviours. / Master of Commerce (Hons)

Thesis (M.M. (Public and Development Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2015. / Development aid plays a significant role on the African continent in a number of ways which include, but is not limited to, financing budget deficits, conflict resolution and humanitarian assistance. South Africa, China, India and Brazil are among the “four main South powers” emerging on the global scene with aid policies designed at providing development aid to African Countries [Tjønneland, 2013: 1]. This study has examined the establishment and implementation of the African Renaissance and International Co-operation Fund (ARF) by analysing the policy processes that led to its creation and operation, from 2000 to 2009. The principle behind the development of such an act was South Africa’s desire to show its commitment in assisting in resolving Africa’s socio-economic challenges that impede development in Africa. ARF has suffered inconsistency in policy making and implementation. The study has found that the challenges in ARF policy processes were attributed to governance issues, issues of accountability, temptation to be used as a state fund for political interest, weakness in the institutional framework, absence of autonomy in management, absence of monitoring and evaluation, political power and poor administration systems.

This thesis draws on electronic government (e-govemment) policy formulation, implementation and execution. IT has been enthused by the perceived lack of a model for e-government in Saudi Arabia public sectors. A model for e-government implementation is developed for Saudi Arabia. It examines critical factors that have impacts on e-government implementation in Saudi public sectors by collecting and analysing data in both quantitative and qualitative approaches, and further presenting an extensive review on literature. This exercise is significant, to avoid the pitfalls of imposing universal approaches to research and policy practices. The conclusions and recommendations of this research are significant for both practitioners, in providing guidelines for e-government implementation, and scholars, in suggesting further research in the new area of e-government.

Orientador: Ana Maria Canesqui / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeSordi_GeorgiaSoares_M.pdf: 944066 bytes, checksum: 430549e702dc15a95cf4ee97a486d9cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O município de Campinas possui uma rede assistencial densa e complexa na área de saúde mental, fruto de investimentos técnico-assistenciais e políticos, ancorados nas reformas psiquiátrica e sanitária. Desde a década de 1990, o município realiza um movimento de desospitalização e desinstitucionalização, visando a criação de uma rede assistencial articulada aos princípios do SUS e substitutiva ao manicômio. Dentro de um panorama histórico ampliado, no período de 2001 a 2004, foram formuladas novas políticas de saúde mental, havendo um incremento considerável na oferta da rede de cuidado. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a formulação da política de saúde mental no período acima citado, enfocando os principais agentes formuladores, assim como reconstruir o contexto das políticas nacionais de saúde mental como substrato à compreensão da política local. A formulação é uma etapa da política e os agentes, gestores da política local, peças fundamentais, na medida em que decidem qual é o modelo político/assistencial a ser implementado no município. Nesta pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os agentes decisores da formulação da política, tendo como fonte secundária documentos arquivados no Cedoc - Centro de Documentação, e alguns documentos cedidos pelos agentes decisores. A análise de formulação contribuirá para a compreensão do modelo técnico-assistencial proposto pelos gestores, reconstruindo aspectos históricos inerentes ao processo de formulação/implementação das políticas e sua importância frente aos resultados alcançados pelo modelo assistencial empregado / Abstract: The city of Campinas has a dense and complex public mental health care network as a result of technical-assistance and political investments, anchored in the psychiatric and sanitary reform. Since the decade of 1990 the city has started a movement for the attention of patients outside hospitals and institutions, aiming to create an assistance network articulated to the principles of SUS and replacing the mental hospitals. In a panoramic history context, in the period from 2001 to 2004, new policies for mental health assistance have been formulated, with a considerable increase in the mental health care network. The scope of this research is to analyze the public mental health care policy formulation during this period, focusing on the main actors, as well as to reconstruct the context of national public mental health care policies as a substrate for the comprehension of local policies. Formulation is one of the phases of policy implementation and the actors and administrators of local policies are fundamental parts of this process, since they are the ones who decide which choice of political/assistance model would be implemented in the city. In this research, with a qualitative scope, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the deciding agents of policies formulation, having as secondary source the documents from City Health Secretary (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) archives of CEDOC (Center for Documentation of City Health Secretary), as well as some documents provided by the deciding agents. The analysis of the policy formulation may help the comprehension of the mental health care model proposed by the administrators, reviewing historical aspects inherent to the process of formulation/implementation of policies and their importance to the results attained by the implemented assistance model / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This study focuses on the contradictory ways officials frame the problem of providing water services in Kampala with specific emphasis on the debates about framing of key factors that constrain delivery. Perceptions about and framing of policy issues implicitly suggest the causes of problems. Policy scholars acknowledge that formulating policy is “messy” and that it is about values, and not as “evidence-based” as is often assumed. Using a social constructionist perspective that stresses that perceptions tell one how people define situations, this study demonstrates the often contradictory ways that state officials see public problems. Drawing on debates about rational and muddling-through approaches, the study uses thirty structured questionnaires and several semi-structured in-depth interviews to explore the narratives of government officials regarding policy formulation in water delivery. The thesis found that almost all officials see rapid growth in population density in informal areas coupled with unplanned settlements as the single biggest combined issue inhibiting progress. Officials favoured market-related solutions even though their diagnosis of the problem suggested more concerted and comprehensive public planning of urban development.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The purpose of this study is to investigate what the municipalities within the greater Cape Town area are doing regarding Education, Training and Development within their different departments in relation to the National Qualifications Framework and the manner in which it affects career plans and prospects of employees and how the latter impacts on overall institutional transformation as a prerequisite for effective service delivery.