Submitted by RODRIGO YUJI MORI null (mori856@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-11T00:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DE_MESTRADO_RODRIGO YUJI MORI.pdf: 4084050 bytes, checksum: a21b66d1dd543073e9dc71378b3a19ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T18:07:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mori_ry_me_guara.pdf: 4084050 bytes, checksum: a21b66d1dd543073e9dc71378b3a19ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T18:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mori_ry_me_guara.pdf: 4084050 bytes, checksum: a21b66d1dd543073e9dc71378b3a19ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Uma das formas de reduzir os custos de produção de uma unidade de sulfatação é diminuir o consumo de utilidades, principalmente energia elétrica e vapor. Como as plantas de sulfatação liberam energia térmica durante o processo de produção dos tensoativos sulfatados, tornou-se interessante pensar em utilizar esta energia de forma racional, o que pode representar uma oportunidade para aumentar a eficiência energética. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar um estudo em uma planta real de sulfatação para propor alternativas de reaproveitamento da energia térmica disponível, proveniente dos processos da fabrica. Para definir as formas de utilização desta energia térmica, primeiro foi realizada uma auditoria energética na unidade de sulfatação em cada setor da planta. Após isto, foram apresentadas as propostas de utilização desta energia, denominadas de A, B e C, dentro de um complexo industrial. A proposta A irá consumir a energia térmica da corrente de ar/SO2 que sai do forno para gerar vapor, além de utilizar a energia das correntes de ar quente dos trocadores de calor para aquecer a água de alimentação da caldeira. A proposta B irá utilizar a energia térmica das correntes de ar quente para complementar o consumo energético em um sistema de secagem por pulverização. Já a proposta C pretende usar a energia térmica para aquecer tambores metálicos em uma estufa. A auditoria energética revelou que são consumidos 103,6 kW de energia térmica nos setores de armazenamento de enxofre e secagem da sílica, sendo descartado para atmosfera 730 kW nas correntes de ar quente, e retirados 131 kW para resfriar a corrente de ácido da torre de sulfúrico. Com as propostas, é possível aproveitar até 100% da energia térmica disponível na planta de sulfatação, aumentando em até 87% a eficiência térmica do processo de secagem por pulverização, fornecer até 98% da energia térmica para aquecer o enxofre líquido após o recebimento e promover o aquecimento de tambores em estufa. Desta forma espera-se reduzir o consumo de combustíveis utilizados na geração de vapor e aquecimento de ar para o secador, representando redução entre 9.419,00 R$/mês a 304.727,00 R$/mês, de acordo com a capacidade de operação das propostas de reaproveitamento energético. / One way to reduce production costs of a sulfation unit is to decrease the consumption of utilities, especially electricity and steam. As the sulfation plants release thermal energy during the production process of sulfated surfactants, it becomes interesting to think about using this energy in a rational way, which may represent an opportunity to increase the energetic efficiency. This paper has the objective to make a study in a real plant sulfation to propose alternatives reuse of thermal energy available in the processes of the fabric. To define ways to use this thermal energy, an energy audit was firstly fulfilled in sulfation unit to quantify the thermal energy present in every sector of the plant. In the sequence, proposals have been presented for using this energy, called A, B and C, within an industrial complex. The proposal A consumes the thermal energy of the air stream/SO2 exiting the furnace to generate steam, using the energy of the hot air flows from heat exchangers to heat the feed water of the steam boiler. The proposal B uses the thermal energy of the hot air currents to complement the energy consumption in a spray drying system. Proposal C is presented to use the thermal energy to heat metal drums in a hothouse. The energy audit showed that 103,6 kW of thermal energy are consumed in the drying of silica and sulfur storage sectors, but 730 kW are discharged to atmosphere in the hot air currents, and 131 kW are withdraw to cool the acid chain sulfuric tower. With the proposals, it is possible to use 100% of the thermal energy available in the sulfation plant, increasing the thermal efficiency of spray drying processes until 87%, providing until 98% of the thermal energy to heat the liquid sulfur after reception and promote heating drums in an oven. In this way, a reduction in the consumption of fuels used to generate steam and heating air to the dryer may represent a reduction in the range 9,419.00 R$/month to 304,727.00 R$/month, according to the operating capacity of energy reuse of proposals.

Resumo: A sociedade necessita de energia para o seu desenvolvimento econômico e social, mas o consumo de energia desenfreado que se acelerou nas últimas décadas, traz conflitos na relação entre o homem e o meio ambiente. Mudar este panorama requer uma melhoria contínua nos processos de transformação e mudanças nos hábitos de consumo. As possíveis formas de atuar junto à população concentram-se no desenvolvimento de programas sociais e principalmente na educação, o que requer mudanças de postura tanto do aluno como do professor. Buscando contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia elétrica na classe residencial foi realizada com a participação de alunos e professores de sete escolas da Região do Vale do Paraíba esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo conceber, desenvolver e avaliar uma proposta de intervenção em escolas de ensino médio utilizando a metodologia de Aprendizagem por Projetos. Foram realizados atividades de capacitação com os professores e programadas ações de interferência na realidade do aluno que, mediante a orientação destes professores, desenvolveram atividades voltadas para a economia de energia em suas residências. Para a constatação da eficiência da pesquisa foram utilizadas ferramentas de avaliação, tais como questionários, entrevistas, acompanhamento in loco e o monitoramento do consumo de energia elétrica das residências dos alunos envolvidos. Acredita-se que com esta pesquisa foi possível contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia, principalmente no entendimento de como trabalhar com alunos e professores de ensino médio com esta temática. / Abstract: The society needs energy for its economic and social development, but the consumption of energy in the last decades is increasing very fast, and conflicts in the relation between the man and the environment is appear. To change this scene it is required a continuous improvement in the transformation processes and changes in the consumption habits. The probable forms to act with the population are mainly in the development of social programs and in the education, what in such a way requires changes of atittude of the students as of the teachers. Looking in the question of the rational use of electric energy in the residential class, this research was carried through with the participation of students and teachers of seven schools of the Vale do Paraíba Region, which target was to conceive, to develop and to evaluate a proposal of intervention in high schools using the methodology of Project Based Learnig. Activities of qualification with the teachers had been carried through and actions of interference in the reality of the students was programmed, being guided through these teachers, and activities directed toward the economy of energy in its residences was developed. For the efficiency of the research it was used evaluation tools, such as questionnaires, interviews, making follow up in the field and the monitoring of the consumption of electric energy of the students residences. It is a fact that with this research it was possible to contribute in the question of the rational use of energy, mainly in the agreement of how to work with students and teachers of High School with this matter. / Orientador: Jânio Itiro Akamatsu / Coorientador: Galeno José de Sena / Banca: Silvio Henrique Fiscarelli / Banca: José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fe_me_guara.pdf: 1066466 bytes, checksum: c6e8b6ac9dc2da3361315669abfe1b5c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A sociedade necessita de energia para o seu desenvolvimento econômico e social, mas o consumo de energia desenfreado que se acelerou nas últimas décadas, traz conflitos na relação entre o homem e o meio ambiente. Mudar este panorama requer uma melhoria contínua nos processos de transformação e mudanças nos hábitos de consumo. As possíveis formas de atuar junto à população concentram-se no desenvolvimento de programas sociais e principalmente na educação, o que requer mudanças de postura tanto do aluno como do professor. Buscando contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia elétrica na classe residencial foi realizada com a participação de alunos e professores de sete escolas da Região do Vale do Paraíba esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo conceber, desenvolver e avaliar uma proposta de intervenção em escolas de ensino médio utilizando a metodologia de Aprendizagem por Projetos. Foram realizados atividades de capacitação com os professores e programadas ações de interferência na realidade do aluno que, mediante a orientação destes professores, desenvolveram atividades voltadas para a economia de energia em suas residências. Para a constatação da eficiência da pesquisa foram utilizadas ferramentas de avaliação, tais como questionários, entrevistas, acompanhamento in loco e o monitoramento do consumo de energia elétrica das residências dos alunos envolvidos. Acredita-se que com esta pesquisa foi possível contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia, principalmente no entendimento de como trabalhar com alunos e professores de ensino médio com esta temática. / The society needs energy for its economic and social development, but the consumption of energy in the last decades is increasing very fast, and conflicts in the relation between the man and the environment is appear. To change this scene it is required a continuous improvement in the transformation processes and changes in the consumption habits. The probable forms to act with the population are mainly in the development of social programs and in the education, what in such a way requires changes of atittude of the students as of the teachers. Looking in the question of the rational use of electric energy in the residential class, this research was carried through with the participation of students and teachers of seven schools of the Vale do Paraíba Region, which target was to conceive, to develop and to evaluate a proposal of intervention in high schools using the methodology of Project Based Learnig. Activities of qualification with the teachers had been carried through and actions of interference in the reality of the students was programmed, being guided through these teachers, and activities directed toward the economy of energy in its residences was developed. For the efficiency of the research it was used evaluation tools, such as questionnaires, interviews, making follow up in the field and the monitoring of the consumption of electric energy of the students residences. It is a fact that with this research it was possible to contribute in the question of the rational use of energy, mainly in the agreement of how to work with students and teachers of High School with this matter.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T14:47:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 amirborgesferreiraneto.pdf: 1440796 bytes, checksum: d1063738233f05deb58bbed84b623a4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:23:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amirborgesferreiraneto.pdf: 1440796 bytes, checksum: d1063738233f05deb58bbed84b623a4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amirborgesferreiraneto.pdf: 1440796 bytes, checksum: d1063738233f05deb58bbed84b623a4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-05 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Insumos energéticos são essenciais e possuem poucos substitutos. O consumo energético, além de estar associado ao bem-estar das famílias, é indispensável em qualquer processo produtivo. O crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico dos países não membros da OCDE vêm acarretando em modificações na estrutura de demanda das famílias e na estrutura produtiva dos países por meio do progresso técnico, o que modifica a demanda pelos diferentes insumos energéticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar como a mudança nestes elementos associados à demanda, i.e. demanda das famílias e estrutura de produção, afetam o uso de energia em países emergentes (Brasil, China e Índia) e em países desenvolvidos (Alemanha, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos). Para tanto, foram utilizadas matrizes de insumo-produto de 1995 e 2005, utilizando-se da técnica de Análise de Decomposição Estrutural. Os seguintes resultados podem ser destacados: i) os setores que se verificam como importantes fornecedores da economia são setores que fazem maior uso de energia; ii) para a demanda das famílias o efeito quantidade demandada é em geral maior que o efeito alocação da demanda, tanto nos países desenvolvidos como nos países em desenvolvimento; iii) para a contribuição tecnológica, a parcela referente apenas à variação dos insumos energéticos é maior em geral que a parcela relativa aos insumos não energéticos, tanto para os países desenvolvidos como os emergentes. / Energetic inputs are essential and have few substitutes. The energy consumption is associated to households’ well-being and is needful in any productive process. The economic growth and development of non-OECD countries is causing modification in households’ structure of demand and in the production structure through technical progress, which changes the demand by the different energy inputs. In this context, this thesis goal is to access how the changes in the elements associated to the demand, i.e. households’ demand and production structure, impact the use of energy in developing countries (Brazil, China and India) and in developed countries (Germany, United Kingdom and United States). To achieve such objective we used input-output matrix of 1995 and 2005, applying the Structural Decomposition Analysis. The following results can be highlighted: i) the sectors verified as main suppliers in the economy are those which use more energy; ii) for the households’ demand the quantity effect is in general higher than the allocation effect, in both developed and developing countries; iii) for the technological contribution, the portion referring only the changes in the energetic inputs is in general higher than the portion regarding the changes in the non-energetic inputs, in both developed and developing countries.

The thrive to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 is never been easy, and numbers are still showing that Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging in access to electricity index. Most of the energy poor communities residing in the rural part of the region, this by itself is a conundrum with multifaceted implications. The high capital expenditure for renewable energy technologies, the low paying ability of the society in Sub-Saharan Africa, the unavailability of anchor customer’s and so on needs new means of approaching the access problem. This study aims to enlighten policy makers on promoting energy as input to production than merely focusing on the access issue. In the report, a renewable mini-grid powering a local economic activity of a remote agrarian village in Ethiopia is discussed. Through a simulation study using PVsyst and Homer Pro tools, a yearly optimized PV diesel hybrid system with rounded up lowest LCOE of $0.17/kWh is obtained for the village in the case study. The LCOE of the mini-grid with lead acid battery and Li-ion battery is also studied at a yearly average operating temperature range of 10 to 40 ℃. The simulation-based study demonstrated that mini-grid systems with lead acid and Li-ion battery have fairly comparable LCOE between 10 to 20 ℃, however the Li-ion battery results in a lower LCOE for operating temperature beyond 25 ℃. The study has shown that mini-grids with productive energy can be cost effective option for powering areas where the grid-connection is cost and time intensive to address the energy poverty issue by 2030 or after.

In accordance with the main aim of the study, a widely accessible, modifiable tool was created for parties interested in maintaining the national electricity supply network and parties interested in informing policy on plug-in vehicle adoption schemes and recharging behaviour control. The Parry Tool enables the user to incorporate present limits to plug-in vehicle recharging demand scheduling as imposed by the state of present technology (no third party mechanism for monitoring and control of recharging), present human travel behaviour needs and existing patterns in electricity usage; into the investigation of the impacts of recharging demand impacts and the design of mitigation measures for deflecting (parrying) worst case scenarios. The second aim of the project was to demonstrate the application of the Parry Tool. The multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary information gathered by the Parry Tool was used to produce national demand profiles for plug-in vehicle recharging demand, calculated using socioeconomic and travel behaviour-estimated population sizes for plug-in eligible vehicles and vehicle usage patterns, which were added to existing national electricity demand for a chosen test week – this was the first scenario subsequently tested. The information gathered by the Parry Tool was then used to inform the design of two demand management methods for plug-in vehicle recharging: Recharging Regimes and weekly recharging load-shifting – these were the second and third scenarios subsequently tested. Unmitigated simultaneous recharging demand in scenario 1 (all vehicles assumed to recharge at home upon arrival home every day) severely exacerbated peak demand, raising it by 20% above the highest peak in existing demand for the year 2009 over half an hour from 58,554 MW to 70,012 MW – a challenge to the generation sector. This increased the difference between daily demand minima and maxima and made the new total demand have sharper peaks – a challenge for grid regulators. Recharging Regimes in scenario 2 split the estimated national plug-in vehicle populations into groups of different sizes that started recharging at different times of the day, with the word ‘regime’ being applied because the spread of start times changed over the course of the test week from workdays to weekend. This avoided exacerbation of the peak and reduced the difference between daily demand minima and maxima by raising minima, providing a load-levelling service. Scenario 3 embellished the Recharging Regimes with workday-to-weekend recharging load-shifting that therefore took better advantage of the often overlooked weekly pattern in existing demand (demand being higher on workdays than weekends), by allowing partial recharging of a segment of the plug-in vehicle population. Limited consideration of the impact of changing vehicle energy usage (for which distance travelled was assumed to proxy in this study) showed that the more vehicles used their batteries during the day, the better the levelling effect offered by Recharging Regimes. Greater utilisation of battery capacity each day, however, can also be assumed to lessen the potential for workday-to-weekend load levelling, because load-shifting depends upon vehicles being able to partially recharge or defer recharging to later days and still meet their travel needs plus keep a reserve State Of Charge (SOC) for emergency and other unplanned travel. Whilst altering vehicle energy usage did not change the finding that unmitigated simultaneous recharging exacerbated existing peak demand, it was noted that when limited mileage variation was considered this sharpened the profile of total demand – the rise and fall of the new peak far steeper than that of the original peak in existing demand. The Parry Tool combines a series of integrated methods, several of which are new contributions to the field that use UK data archives but may potentially be adapted by researchers looking at energy issues in other nations. It presents a novel fossil-fuel based justification for targeting road transport – acknowledging energy use of fossil fuel as the originator of many global and local problems, the importance of non-energy use of petroleum products and subsequent conflicts of interest for use, and a fossil fuel dependency based well-to-wheel assessment for UK road transport for the two energy pathways: electricity and petroleum products. It presents a method for the recalculation and ranking of top energy use/users using national energy use statistics that better highlights the importance of the electricity industry. It also presents the first publicly documented method for the direct consultation and extraction of vehicle-focused statistics from the people-focused National Travel Survey database, including a travel behaviour and household income-based assessment of plug-in vehicle eligibility, used to scale up to national estimates for battery electric and plug-in electric hybrid vehicle (BEV and PHEV) national population sizes. The work presented here is meant to allow the reader to perceive the potential benefits of using several resources in combination. It details the Parry Tool, a framework for doing so, and where necessary provides methods for data analysis to suit. It should however be noted that methods were kept as simple as possible so as to be easily followed by non-specialists and researchers entering the field from other disciplines. Methods are also predominantly data-exploratory in nature: strong conclusions therefore should not be drawn. Rather, the work here should be seen as a guideline for future work that may more rigorously study these combined topics and the impacts they may have upon plug-in vehicle ownership, usage behaviour, impacts of recharging upon the national network and the design of mitigation measures to cope with this new demand.

In urbanized areas, building and transportation systems generally comprise the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption. Realization of global environmental sustainability depends upon efficiency improvements of building and transportation systems in the built environment. The selection of efficient buildings and locations can help to improve the efficient utilization of transportation and building systems. Green building design and rating frameworks provide some guidance and incentive for the development of more efficient building and transportation systems. However, current frameworks are based primarily on prescriptive, component standards, rather than performance-based, whole-building evaluations. This research develops a commercial building/site evaluation framework for the minimization of GHG emissions and energy consumption of transportation and building systems through building/site selection. The framework examines, under uncertainty, multiple dimensions of building/site operation efficiencies: transportation access to/from a building site; heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and domestic hot water; interior and exterior lighting; occupant conveyances; and energy supply. With respect to transportation systems, the framework leverages regional travel demand model data to estimate the activity associated with home-based work and non-home-based work trips. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to quantify the dispersion in the estimated trip distances, travel times, and mode choice. The travel activity estimates are linked with a variety of existing calculation resources for quantifying energy consumption and GHG emissions. With respect to building systems, the framework utilizes a building energy simulation approach to estimate energy consumption and GHG emissions. The building system calculation procedures include a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to account for the impacts of input parameter uncertainty on estimated building performance. The framework incorporates a life cycle approach to performance evaluation, thereby incorporating functional units of building/site performance (e.g energy use intensity). The evaluation framework is applied to four case studies of commercial office development in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region that represent a potential range of building/site alternatives for a 100-employee firm in an urbanized area. The research results indicate that whole-building energy and GHG emissions are sensitive to building/site location, and that site-related transportation is the major determinant of performance. The framework and findings may be used to support the development of quantitative performance evaluations for building/site selection in green building rating systems and other efficiency incentive programs designed to encourage more efficient utilization and development of the built environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T17:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Afonso.pdf: 7834860 bytes, checksum: 3720b924c6d79357e143a14c6296ec6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / It is already ancient the observation that the IFMA Campus São Luís / Monte Castelo has a high intake of electric power. This work aimed to evaluate if indeed the annual consumption of this institution is above average when compared with similar institutions. All the data were collected from January to December 2012 by manually measures performed on entire building and using the PowerNet P-600 Energy Analyzer in specific parts of the building. The results showed that indeed its annual consumption was more than double of other similar educational institutions. Thus, a simulation study of replacing appliances by more efficient models, measuring the amount of energy saved was carried out and also taking into account the time of operation. The results showed possible to save energy by this approach. Public managers who are responsible for the preparation and approval of projects, as well as technical responsible for purchasing of electrical equipment, were also considered in this work, because any efficiency program depends largely on the cooperation of this team. Even with the simulations results showing up in favor of implementation work energy efficiency, it was appointed out the necessity of the creation a long-term awareness program involving all the users, specially the students, wich can indirectly influence the whole society as knowledge multipliers. / A observação de que o IFMA Campus São Luís / Monte Castelo possui um alto consumo de energia elétrica, por parte dos usuários, é antiga. Desta forma, analisou-se se este consumo anual está acima da média quando comparado à instituições similares. Os dados de consumo foram obtidos através de um estudo abrangendo o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2012, tanto por meio de medidas realizadas manualmente através de coleta de dados in loco, em toda a edificação, como com o uso de equipamento analisador de energia, em parte da edificação. Após comprovação de que o consumo anual estava maior que o dobro das demais instituições analisadas, selecionou-se quais sistemas seriam abordados e procedeu-se com a etapa de simulação de substituição dos aparelhos por modelos mais eficientes, mensurando a quantidade de energia economizada. Primeiramente com a simples troca de aparelhos e depois levando em consideração uma redução na quantidade de tempo de utilização, evitando os desperdícios, mesmo que sejam mínimos. Os gestores públicos responsáveis pela elaboração e aprovação de projetos, assim como os responsáveis pela aquisição de equipamentos elétricos, também foram alvos deste trabalho, pois a eficientização depende imensamente da colaboração dos mesmos. Mesmo com os resultados das simulações mostrando-se favoráveis à implementação do trabalho de eficientização, também é necessário que seja feito um trabalho em longo prazo, com a conscientização dos usuários finais, administradores, professores e principalmente alunos, sendo que estes últimos podem influenciar indiretamente toda a sociedade, uma vez que são multiplicadores de conhecimento em casa e a todo o restante da comunidade.

The purpose of this research was to assess the condition of open spaces, community perceptions, benefits, threats and challenges faced by open spaces within KwaDukuza. The research is regarded as important within the context of threats posed by uncontrolled development to urban biodiversity. Primary and secondary documentary sources on open spaces in the study area were consulted. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire, with a sample of 100 respondents; observation; structured interviews with key respondents and discussions with focus groups. The research revealed a consistent pattern of threatened urban biodiversity when compared with other studies. The main finding was that the open spaces were under severe strain and threat in the area of KwaDukuza due to development. There was a noted lack of knowledge about key tools meant to safeguard the environment. The study concluded by recommending community participation, education and an open space policy framework for KwaDukuza. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)

The purpose of this research was to assess the condition of open spaces, community perceptions, benefits, threats and challenges faced by open spaces within KwaDukuza. The research is regarded as important within the context of threats posed by uncontrolled development to urban biodiversity. Primary and secondary documentary sources on open spaces in the study area were consulted. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire, with a sample of 100 respondents; observation; structured interviews with key respondents and discussions with focus groups. The research revealed a consistent pattern of threatened urban biodiversity when compared with other studies. The main finding was that the open spaces were under severe strain and threat in the area of KwaDukuza due to development. There was a noted lack of knowledge about key tools meant to safeguard the environment. The study concluded by recommending community participation, education and an open space policy framework for KwaDukuza. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)