Abstract The increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental benefits of biodiesel fuel has made it more attractive in recent times. The cost of biodiesel, however, is the major hurdle to its commercialization in comparison to petroleum-based diesel fuel. The high cost is primarily due to the raw material, mostly neat vegetable oil. Used cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biodiesel production. However, the products formed during frying, can affect the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. This paper attempts to review various technological methods of biodiesel production from used cooking oil. The analytical methods for high quality biodiesel fuel from used cooking oil like GC, TLC, HPLC, GPC and TGA have also been summarized in this paper. In addition, the specifications provided by different countries are presented. The fuel properties of biodiesel fuel from used cooking oil were also reviewed and compared with those of conventional diesel fuel.

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaFilho_SilverioCaturebada_D.pdf: 65917268 bytes, checksum: 4536d4f15d33bae5ea70149ee057f427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou a produção de biodiesel como forma de solucionar o problema dos resíduos gerados pelos óleos de frituras usados nas residências e restaurantes da cidade de São Paulo, baseando-se na teoria da Contabilidade de Custos Ecológicos (CCE). Um estudo cinético foi realizado em reatores de 100 mL, entre as temperaturas de 40° a 80°C, usando uma relação volumétrica de 6:1 (óleo: álcool), com o NaOH a 0,1% dissolvido no álcool etílico como catalisador. Os dados obtidos das curvas cinéticas, após ajuste, demonstraram um comportamento de ordem um com a concentração dos óleos e as constantes cinéticas aumentaram com a temperatura. O rendimento estequiométrico da conversão dos óleos em ésteres estabilizou entre 88-89%. Verificou-se que quando se aumentava em 10°C na temperatura de reação, diminuía em 10 min o tempo final da reação. Ampliando-se a escala para 3 L, notou-se uma queda de até 2% no rendimento, devido a presença de farinha no óleo, necessitando uma pré-filtração. Uma pesquisa tipo survey foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário nas residências e restaurantes visando conhecer as quantidades de óleos usadas, os questionários totalizaram 758 para residências e 455 para restaurantes, com uma média de 2,3 litros para residências e 165,3 L/mês, respectivamente, além disso, se observou que a maioria das pessoas descarta irregularmente o óleo e não conhece seus impactos ambientais. Assim, demonstrou-se que é possível dar um destino ecologicamente correto a este rejeito / Abstract: This study aimed to produce biodiesel as a way to solve the waste problem generated by frying oils used in homes and restaurants in the city of São Paulo, based on the theory of Ecological Costs Accounting (CCE). A kinetic study was carried out in reactors of 100 ml, temperatures between 40 ° to 80 ° C, using a volume ratio of 6: 1 (oil: alcohol,) with NaOH 0.1% dissolved in ethanol as a catalyst. The data obtained from the kinetic curve, after adjustment demonstrated a behaviour order one with the concentration of oils and constant kinetics increased with temperature. The stoichiometric yield of conversion of the oils for ester stabilized between 88-89%. It was observed that when increased at 10 ° C in reaction temperature, 10 min decreased the final reaction time. Expanding the scale to 3 L, noticed a loss of 2% in yield due to the presence of flour in the oil, one requiring pre-filtration. A survey was performed by applying a questionnaire in homes and restaurants aimed to ascertain the quantities of oils used. It got up to apply questionnaires in 758 for homes and 455 for restaurants, with an average of 2.3 and 165.3 L/mother, respectively. Furthermore it was observed that most people improperly dispose the oil and do not know their environmental impact. So demonstrating that it is possible to give a destination ecologically correct this reject / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química

The matter of sustainable thinking today permeates the Western world and is now widely agreed to recognize three aspects; environmental, economic and social sustainability. Due to limitations of resources and knowledge, this concept is considerably less widespread in developing countries. Many sustainable ventures in developing countries aim to unite the three aspects and solve the pressing issue of unsustainable development, but evaluating these projects has proven to be a challenging task and tools for systematic analysis are missing. Furthermore, current frameworks lack in guidance on what tools to use for the assessment of the three sustainability aspects. This research aims to investigate how established models can be applied and what obstacles that occur when evaluating a sustainable venture in a developing country. To do this, a case study is performed on Zanzibar, Tanzania where the Swedish waste management company Zanrec is considering pursuing a sustainable venture of starting up a biodiesel production from used cooking oil. This research therefore also provides Zanrec with an evaluation of the project’s alignment with the sustainability concept. To reach the purpose of this study, two established models for evaluation are chosen; LCA for the environmental aspect and the payback method as capital budgeting tool for the economic aspect. No established evaluation tool is used for the social aspect; instead the social implications of the project are analyzed in a discussion. It is found that the applicability of the chosen tools for evaluating the biodiesel production project is highly affected by the contextual setting of a developing country. The major finding is that these tools have varying flexibility in adapting to the main challenge, which is the lack of documentation and available data. LCA is found to be a complicated and rigid tool to use if fully abiding by its associated ISO standards. Without an existing LCA knowledge base and any guidelines on how to manage missing data, the LCA tool is deemed to not reach its full potential in a developing country at this stage. The payback method is proven to be a more flexible tool that to a higher degree can be adapted to fit the setting and the requirements of the commissioner. The project’s impact areas related to the social aspect are found to be few, but to evaluate the extent of these, further research is required. / Hållbart företagande genomsyrar idag västvärlden och det är nu allmänt vedertaget att konceptet täcker in tre aspekter; miljömässig, ekonomisk och social hållbarhet. På grund av begränsningar i resurser och kunskap är hållbarhetskonceptet långt ifrån lika utbrett i utvecklingsländer. Hållbarhetsprojekt i utvecklingsländer syftar till att förena de tre aspekterna och lösa den rådande frågan om ohållbar utveckling, men det har visat sig vara en utmaning att utvärdera dessa projekt och det saknas verktyg för systematisk analys. Vidare saknar existerande modeller riktlinjer om vilka verktyg som bör användas i utvärderingen av de tre hållbarhetsaspekterna. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur etablerade utvärderingsverktyg kan tillämpas för att utvärdera ett hållbarhetsprojekt i ett utvecklingsland samt vilka hinder som detta innefattar. En fallstudie har därför utförts på Zanzibar i Tanzania, där det svenska  avfallshanteringsföretaget Zanrec överväger att genomföra ett hållbarhetsprojekt som ämnar att upprätta produktion av biodiesel från använd matolja. Därigenom syftar denna undersökning även till att förse Zanrec med en utvärdering av projektet med avseende på de de tre hållbarhetsaspekterna. I denna studie används två etablerade modeller; LCA för miljöaspekten och payback-metoden som investeringskalkylsmodell för den ekonomiska aspekten. Inget etablerat utvärderingsverktyg används för den sociala aspekten vars påverkan av projektet istället analyseras i en diskussion. Det har visat sig att tillämpbarheten av de valda verktygen för utvärdering av  biodieselprojektet i hög grad påverkas av de kontextuella förutsättningarna i ett utvecklingsland. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är att dessa verktyg har varierande flexibilitet i att anpassa sig till bristen på dokumentation och tillgänglig data, vilket är den största svårigheten. LCA har bedömts vara ett komplicerat verktyg med fasta ramar vid användning i enlighet med dess ISO-standarder. Utan en befintlig kunskapsbas kring LCA och riktlinjer för hur man ska hantera avsaknad av data, anses LCA-verktyget i dagsläget inte nå sin fulla potential i ett utvecklingsland. Paybackmetoden har visat sig vara ett mer flexibelt verktyg som i högre grad kan anpassas efter rådande förutsättningar och kraven hos uppdragsgivaren. Endast ett fåtal inverkansområden med anknytning till den sociala aspekten har identifierats som påverkade av detta projekt, men för att utvärdera omfattningen av dess påverkan behövs vidare studier.