E-business is growing rapidly all over the world and especially in China, which now has the largest C2C market in the world. Most studies of users’ experience of E-business either focus on the platform usage, platform adoption or include platform usage and vendors’ behavior as variables in general e-retailing models. However, we do not know much about what effect the interplay between E-business platforms and vendors operating on the platform has on consumers E-business behavior. In this paper, buyers' behavior in terms of choosing platforms and choosing stores is examined separately, while measurements for influencing factors such as size of vendor base and trust of platform owner is included to capture second order effects. Data was gathered through a questionnaire, published on a professional Chinese survey website for collecting data. Afterwards, SPSS was used for analyzing data. Similarities and differences between the outcomes for the two research questions were analyzed. The main patterns in the two models are similar, suggesting that the interaction between platform owners and vendors has impact on buyers as well. Price, which was one of the most important features of E-business, proved to be of minor importance for choosing both E-business platform and vendors. However, there are some differences between adoption of platforms and vendors, range of market is important for platform adoption, while it is not a indicator for consumers to choose a certain vendor. These findings suggest that there are second order effects involved in E-business platforms. Further, they indicate that once an E-business platform has acquired a large enough user base, the owner might consider increasing revenues from vendor fees, as long as they translate to small product price increases rather than a decreased vendor user base.

Sustainable efficient lighting has become as one of the most important issues in the office environment In Sweden, energy demand for lighting corresponds to 20% of the total electricity used in office buildings (1), while It has been estimated that lighting accounts for about 20% of the total power generation of the world (2). This thesis investigates how to make lighting in offices more sustainable and focuses on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelines related to light source technologies, lighting control systems and the user preferences. Then those guidelines are applied to an existing office through suggesting a new lighting design. The existing office in this case is the ÅF company 10th office floor located in Stockholm, Sweden. This investigation methodology consists of two main parts literature review and Project (case) study. In the first part, methods used are a combination of literature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lighting and how light source technology, lighting control systems and the effect of user behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systems. In the second part, the methods are qualitative such as surveys, quantitative methods and personal observations. The used methods helped to create guidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floor part. The Results shows that the new suggested lighting design saves energy up to 31.96% more than the current lighting situation.

Sustainableefficient lighting is becoming seen as one of the mostimportant issues in the office environment In Sweden, energydemandfor lighting corresponds to 20 of the total electricity use in officebuildings 31 while lighting form on average 33 1 of the electricityconsumption in UK office buildingsThisthesis investigate how to make lighting in offices more sustainableand focus on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelinesrelated to light source technologies lighting control systems and the userbehavior then apply those guidelines to an existing office throughsuggesting a new lighting designTheexisting office in this case is the ÅF company 10 th office floor locatedin Stockholm SwedenThisinvestigation methodology consist of 2 main parts literature review andProject ( study At the first part, methods used are a combination ofliterature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lightingand how light source technology lighting control systems and the effect ofuser behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systemsAtthe second part, methods used in the Project study analyzed throughqualitative methods through surveys in addition to quantitative methodthrough and personal observations The used methods helped to createguidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floorpartTheResults shows that the new suggested lighting design saved up to31 96 than the current lighting situation3

La croissance démographique dans les zones urbaines représente un problème pour la planification des transports. La surcharge des systèmes de transport urbains entraîne des coûts monétaires importants et des problèmes environnementaux. Des mesures politiques sont alors nécessaires pour réduire le niveau de congestion et accroître l'efficacité des systèmes de transport. À court terme, les simulateurs de trafic pourraient constituer un outil puissant pour la conception de solutions innovantes. Mais les simulateurs de trafic classiques sont exigeants sur le plan informatique pour les applications à grande échelle. De plus, la mise en place du scénario de simulation est complexe. Une modélisation de trafic agrégée pourrait être une bonne solution (Daganzo-2007, Geroliminis-2008). Le réseau routier des villes est divisé en régions, où un diagramme fondamental macroscopique bien défini (MFD) régule les conditions de circulation à l'intérieur de chacune. Le MFD concerne le débit et la densité de trafic moyens dans une région. Malgré que l’idée d’agréger le réseau de la ville soit simple, il soulève plusieurs défis qui n’ont pas encore été abordés. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, seule (Yildirimoglu-2014) propose un cadre d'affectation dynamique du trafic pour les réseaux régionaux et les modèles MFD. Ce cadre est basé sur le modèle Logit multinomial et ne traite pas explicitement des distributions de longueurs de parcours. De plus, leur structure ne considère pas que les utilisateurs sont différents les uns des autres et ont des objectifs et des préférences différents pour leurs voyages. L'objectif de cette thèse est double. Tout d'abord, l'influence du comportement des utilisateurs sur la performance globale du réseau routier d’une ville est étudiée. Cette analyse se concentre sur la vitesse moyenne du réseau et ses capacités internes et de sortie, en comparant différents modèles tenant compte des différents types de comportement des utilisateurs par rapport à l'équilibre utilisateur déterministe et stochastique. En second lieu, un cadre innovant et complet d’affectation dynamique du trafic pour les modèles multirégionaux basés sur le MFD est proposé. Ce cadre est divisé en plusieurs étapes et repose sur les connexions entre la ville et les réseaux régionaux. Dans un premier temps, des méthodes systématiques de mise à l’échelle sont proposées pour rassembler les voies régionales. Dans un deuxième temps, quatre méthodes sont discutées pour calculer les distributions de longueurs de parcours pour caractériser ces chemins régionaux. Dans la troisième étape, un modèle de chargement de réseau qui considère les distributions de longueurs de parcours explicitement calculées et l’évolution des vitesses moyennes régionales est proposé. Enfin, ce cadre d'affectation dynamique du trafic est étendu pour prendre en compte les usager qui ont une aversion au regret ou une rationalité imparfaite. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet européen ERC intitulé MAGnUM: approche de modélisation du trafic multi-échelle et multimodal pour la gestion durable de la mobilité urbaine. / The population growth in urban areas represents an issue for transportation planning. This overload of urban transportation systems, leading to significant monetary costs and environmental issues. Policy measures are then needed to decrease the level of congestion and increase the efficiency of transportation systems. In a short term, traffic simulators might be a powerful tool that helps to design innovative solution. But, the classical traffic simulators are computationally demanding for large scale applications. Moreover, the set up of the simulation scenario is complex. An aggregated traffic modeling might be a good solution (Daganzo, 2007; Geroliminis and Daganzo, 2008). The city network is divided into regions where a well-defined Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) regulates the traffic conditions inside each one. The MFD relates the average traffic flow and density inside a region. Despite the idea of aggregating the city network is simple, it brings several challenges that have not yet been addressed. Up to today, only Yildirimoglu and Geroliminis (2014) proposed a dynamic traffic assignment framework for regional networks and MFD models. This framework is based on the simple Multinomial Logit model and does not explicitly deal with trip length distributions. Moreover, their framework does not consider that users are different from each other and have different purposes and preferences for their travels. The goal of this PhD dissertation is to twofold. First, the influence of the users behavior on the global network performance is investigated. This analysis focus on the network mean speed and its internal and outflow capacities, comparing different models that account for different kinds of users behavior against the Deterministic and Stochastic User Equilibrium. Second, an innovative and complete dynamic traffic assignment framework for multi-regional MFD-based models is proposed. This framework is divided into several milestones and is based on the connections between the city and regional networks. In a first step, systematic scaling-up methods are proposed to gather the regional paths. In a second step, four methods are discussed to calculate the distributions of trip lengths that characterize these regional paths. In the third step, a network loading model that considers distributions of trip lengths that are explicitly calculated and the evolution of the regional mean speeds is proposed. Finally, this dynamic traffic assignment framework is extended to account for bounded rational and regret-averse users. This PhD is part of a European ERC project entitled MAGnUM: Multiscale and Multimodal Traffic Modeling Approach for Sustainable Management of Urban Mobility.