To an entomologist, the Orthoptera1 is in a state of confusion with respect to the available literature. Work has been done, and is now being done on the orthopteran fauna, but manuals tor identification of most species are not available for all sections or the country. Exclusive of a few lim-ited groups, Utah is among the areas that has no complete keys for taxonomic workers. In biological ivenstigations identification is essential: The species being studied must be definitely known. The primary purpose of this study, therefore, is to list the Utah Orthoptera and provide the keys necessary to their critical study.

Historically, those communities or nations which are generously endowed with natural resources, and have the necessary skills to practice the liberal and useful art have become the most advanced civilizations. Furthermore, "of all the resources which are basic to civilization , the possession and utilization of minerals must be placed first." It would be difficult to estimate the over-all importance of the nonferrous metals industry (gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc) in helping America to become a great civilization. However. if it were possible, it would be considerable indeed. As Utah has been an important nonferrous mineral producing state for over 100 years, her contributions in helping America become a great civilization are unquestionable.

During the 7th decade of the twentieth century, a period of prosperity and economic advancement, it is difficult to understand the tragedies of the "Great Depression" that began in the 1920's and lasted until the early 1940's in these United States. Many of today's fathers and mothers remember their childhood as a period of want hunger because they were "children of the depression." Many grandparents remember the loss of their jobs, empty cupboards, idleness and widespread poverty, because they were the "parents of the depression." In today's society, relief is often taken for granted, and governmental agencies are expected to provide the needs of society both at home and abroad; this is a concept that did not exist thirty years ago. The Great Depression was a tragic experience for everyone from the banker to the laborer. Many people experienced the pangs of hunger, and everyone saw the horrors of an economy that was at a standstill. Men who had formerly sold bonds found themselves selling apples or shining shoes. The parks of the large cities were filled with men and women who had lost their jobs and did not have the price of a bed for the night, and thus they slept on a bench or on the grass.

This study deals with Utah household projections by age and sex for five-year intervals from 1970-2000. Projections are based on the method used by the bureau of the Census with certain modifications. Two sets of the population projects prepared by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, high and low medium, are chosen as the population base. By assuming the household formation pattern in two alternate ways, constant rates and exponential growth rates, two sets of household projections are prepared for each of the two sets of population projections. This study also makes some examinations on the social and economic implications of these projections. The 1960 and 1970 census data are used to project the furniture household headship rates. The households are projected in five categories: Husband-wife household, other male family head, female family head, male primary individual, and female primary individual. Being the prerequisite for household projection, the future population distribution by marital status, namely, single (never married), married with spouse present, and other married, is also prepared.

During the spring seasons of 1967 and 1968 ecological studies were made of nesting Ferruginou.s Hawks (Buteo regalis) in a 325 square mile area in west-central Utah. In the springs of 1967 and 1968 a systematic search was conducted throughout the study area for Ferruginous Hawk nests. When active nests were located they were kept under observation throughout the study. The density of nesting pairs in 1967 and 1968 ranged from 7 to 15.4 square miles per pair. An annual seasonal displacement was exhibited, with Ferruginous Hawks being present in the study area only during the nesting season, which lasted from early March until early September. Nest locations implied a preference to inhabit particular areas. The distance separating neighbors in 1967 and 1968 varied from 2.3 miles to .4 miles. More than ninety percent of the pairs observed attended more than one nest; such supernumerary nests averaged 2.5 per pair. The majority of nests were constructed on the ground. More than half of the nests faced south; only about one-tenth faced north. The typical nest was composed of large sticks, lined with bark , grass, and paper, and had an average diameter of 39 inches, a thickness of 17 inches, a pocket diameter of 14 inches, and a pocket depth of 3 inches. Both members of each pair of hawks were active in nest building, which began in early March. In 1967 thirteen nests produced 20 eggs (1.5 eggs per nest) and 8 young (.67 percent), of which 8 (100 percent) fledged (.67 per nest); in 1968 fourteen nests produced 50 eggs (3.57 eggs per nest) and 33 young (2.36 per nest), of which 28 (85 percent) fledged (2 per nest). Territorial behavior was inconsistent. On occasion each nesting pair was seen to actively defend its territory against other predatory birds; whereas on other occasions intruding raptors met no resistance from the resident pair of Ferruginous Hawks. From 26 eyries, 283 prey individuals were identified. Mammals (92 percent) predominated. The Ord's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii) was the most numerous prey species (44 percent), with the Blacktail Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) being the next most common (30 percent). Birds represented 5 percent of the total prey. Several hunting techniques were exhibited by the hawks. Hunting was usually conducted before sunrise and after sunset each day. Recorded mortality was minimal, with only one dead Ferruginous Hawk observed during the study.

Microfungi were isolated from soil samples by the soil plate method. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-1", 1-4", and 4-8" both between and beneath the canopy of the dominant vegetation in stands of greasewood, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper. Salinity, pH, and percent organic matter were measured for each soil sample. A total of 148 strains of fungi representing 141 species and 46 genera were isolated and identified from these alkaline soils, Few strains, including some Aspergilli, occurred only in the more saline greasewood soils, while many strains, including several Penicillia, occurred in both sagebrush and piny-on-juniper soils but were lacking in the greasewood soils. Many strains, including Penicillia, were found primarily in the more organic soils beneath plants, while few strains, including some Aspergilli, were found primarily in soils from between plant cover. Strains of the family Demataceae were found primarily in the surface layers. There was no noticeable difference in the kinds of fungi isolated from the 1-4" and 4-8" layers.

Utah Lake is a shallow eutrophic lake located in central Utah. It is characterized by high nutrient and silt loads and by large algal blooms in late summer and early fall. Phytoplankton samples and environmental data were taken from June through August 1974. Phytoplankton species were identified and then quantified in a Palmer counting cell. Environmental continuum theory was employed to describe algal succession and regression analysis was used to discover interactions between algal communities and the environment. Phytoplankton communities in June were characterized by high species diversity. As the lake environment became stressed in late summer due to higher turbidity, nutrient levels, and pH and decreases in available inorganic carbon,species diversity decreased. By August, the phytoplankton flora was composed essentially of only two species, Ceratium hirundinella and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

No description available.

No description available.

The Late Cretaceous foreland basin in central Utah developed adjacent to the Cordilleran fold and thrust belt between Albian and latest Campanian time. Subsidence resulted from the lithospheric 'oad of coeval thrust sheets to the west. Compositional trends of foreland-basin sandstones record unroofing of stratigraphic sequences above ramp-style detachment thrusts until the middle Campanian, when folding above a frontal blind thrust system caused recycling of previously deposited foreland basin detritus. Basement uplifts within the foreland basin terminated subsidence in latest Campanian time. Thrust loading created a westward-thickening basin in which the sedimentary wedge fines eastward. Coarse-grained synorogenic strata along the western edge of the basin are included in the Indianola Group, which consists of a lower marine-dominated sequence and an upper fluvial sequence. The marine sequence correlates with the marine Mancos Shale farther east, while the upper fluvial sequence is equivalent to the Mesaverde Group. Individual lithostratigraphic units are time-transgressive, becoming younger eastward. Eight distinct depositional facies are recognized in the Indianola Group: alluvial fan conglomerate, braided fluvial conglomerate, braided fluvial pebbly sandstone, meanderbelt fluvial sandstone and siltstone, delta distributary sandstone, lagoonal sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone, nearshore marine sandstone, and open marine mudstone and siltstone. The Mesaverde Group was deposited mostly by sandy to pebbly braided and meandering rivers which transported detritus eastward from the thrust belt. Facies in the basin combine to form an offlapping sequence of eastward-fining clastic wedges. Sandstones of the basin are quartzarenites, sublitharenites, and litharenites derived from the sedimentary source terrane of the thrust belt. Detrital carbonate grains are an important fraction of the sedimentary rock fragments that dominate the lithic population of the sandstones. Feldspathic litharenites high in eastern exposures of the Mesaverde Group were derived from an arc terrane lying beyond the thrust belt. Linear petrographic trends shown by triangular QtFL and QpLsLv plots resulted from mixing of detritus from multiple sources. The age of synorogenic deposits and their succession by a Maastrichtian to Paleocene overlap assemblage indicate that foreland basin subsidence and major thrust faulting were continuous from late Albian through late Campanian time in central Utah.