The Pariette Wetlands was constructed to provide wildlife habitat in an arid environment. Elevated levels of selenium (Se) have been detected in water, soil, and biota. Selenium concentrations have ranged from below detection limit to four times the water quality criterium limit. Here we report on three interrelated research topics: 1) selenium mass balance and flux in water, 2) selenium accumulation, concentration and volatilization of water and plant tissues; and 3) selenium sorption by upland and wetlands soils. 1) Mass balance and mass water flux of selenium for the Pariette Wetlands were studied. A comparison of inlet and outlet Se fluxes was used to determine the mass of Se stored. Selenium concentrations were higher at the inlet (2.1-16.3 μg L-1) than at the outlet (2.0-14.0 μg L-1). The average amount of Se retention and/or loss was 75%. 2) Elevated levels of selenium (Se) in water, soil, and biota of the Pariette Wetlands, Utah. Twelve sample sites were selected to determine the spatial and temporal variation of Se accumulation, concentration and volatilization. At the inlet, concentrations of waterborne Se during low-flow period (winter) were significantly higher than concentrations during high-flow irrigation season (summer). Se concentrations in water at the outlet were lower during the high-flow period ranging from. In contrast, plant tissue Se concentration was lower at the inlet and higher at the outlet. Selenium volatilization results indicated that there were spatial and temporal differences among samples sites. 3) The physical and chemical properties were compared for two soils in the Pariette Draw of Utah. It appears that Se mobility is associated with the distribution of soluble salts. We surmise that soluble Se is regulated by the solubility of a sodium selenate sulfate coprecipitate.. Knowledge gained about the mass balance, storage of Se, and the associated biogeochemical processes in water, plants, and soils that contribute to the accumulation or loss of Se in the wetlands will be beneficial to future land management decisions to minimize the impact of Se exposure to wildlife.

The study attempted to determine the current expenditures for secondary school guidance programs in Utah. In addition, the study attempted to evaluate the adequacy of selected guidance programs and to determine if a relationship existed between guidance expenditures and adequacy of guidance programs. Fiscal data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed using financial reports from the Utah Office of Education. Further, response forms were administered to students, school administrators, counselors , and teachers in an attempt to elicit responses from these persons relative to their perceptions of guidance program adequacy in their respective schools. Results indicated that Utah districts, as a group, spend 1.6 percent of their instructional budgets for guidance purposes. This figure is considerably below the three percent usually recommended in the current literature as being necessary for a "minimum" guidance program. Significant differences were observed in the per pupil expenditures between National Defense Education Act, Title V participants and non- participants with the participants allocating the greater amount .Metropolitan districts were observed to be making significantly greater per pupil expenditures than districts with smaller populations. No significant differences were found in the number of "yes," or positive responses, of students or teachers from "minimum" and "maximum" spending effort schools. A general conclusion was reached that Utah districts do not presently allocate percentages of instructional budgets that will allow them to develop or maintain sound guidance programs. Either larger budgetary consideration should be provided or else it should be clearly recognized by educators and the lay public that guidance programs that appear to be inadequate may be the result, in part, of unrealistic financing. A general recommendation that encompasses several others presented in the study is that a total re-evaluation of fiscal policies, practices, allocation procedures, and record keeping for guidance programs is in order. Improvement of budgetary practices and guidance programs are such that changes cannot be expected without increased awareness and commitment by counselor educators, administrators, parents, State Office of Education officials, and counselors. Without such an awareness and commitment; we cannot expect to observe a change from undesirable budgetary practices and relatively unsound guidance programs now found in Utah.

It is the general consensus that continuous and comprehensive health care of good quality should be available to all, under conditions that are convenient, comfortable, and not detrimental to the dignity or self-respect of the individual. This study concerns the adequacy of health services as perceived by persons living in rural, urban, and urbanizing-rural areas of Utah. It is also a study (1) to determine the degree to which various demographics found to be related to differential medical needs in metropolitan areas is related to perception of health services, and (2) to assess the congruence between empirical and perceived availability of health services among persons of varying age, sex, education, and other conditions generally related to the use of health services. The findings on perceived availability tend to more closely reflect the actual availability of health services than demographic background differences between urban and rural areas. The urbanizing-rural areas, however, do not reflect the actual availability of health services, as much as they do the improvement in availability of health services. Within both rural and urban areas and to a lesser degree within urbanizing-rural areas, health service delivery as perceived by different categories of the population appears to be quite equitable.

The determination of the level of student registration fees at colleges and universities in many cases appears to be made without adequate consideration given to probable enrollment responses and to the associated implications for tuition revenues. This study was aimed at reducing this information gap at Utah State University and focused specifically on past sensitivities of students from neighboring western states to changes in the nonresident charges at USU. The analytical framework employed in this investigation specified a causal link between the proportion of the college-attending populations from these states choosing to enroll at USU and comparative tuition levels. The empirical findings showed considerable variation among students from different states with regard to their adjustments to changes in the USU fee. These differences in sensitivities were interpreted as a reflection of the desire and ability of students to make substitutions between USU and alternative colleges in the face of these relative tuition changes. While it was expected a priori that students at different stages of their academic careers would exhibit some disparity in their responses to fee level adjustments- the study results offered no evidence that a consistent discrepancy was present. When data from the various states under consideration were aggregated and used in the estimation of enrollment response functions, the demand for admission at USU was shown to be relatively inelastic with respect to the nonresident registration charge. The empirical results suggest that while increases in nonresident tuition levels at USU may produce greater tuition revenues due to the inelastic demand, tuition policy does represent an important determinant of aggregate enrollment patterns. Furthermore, the data show marked variations among students from different states regarding their demand elasticities, suggesting that adjustments in nonresident charges could also be expected to produce a compositional change in the USU student body. The weight given to these considerations in determining the policy for nonresident tuition at USU must reflect the mangement objectives of the school governing board.

This study of the supervisory activities of the Utah high school principals vas originally planned by the Utah State Department of Public Instruction and the Utah Secondary School Principals' Association, to be a part of a questionnaire study on the status of the Utah high school principal. As it was later not included in the status study, the supervision study became a study by itself.

The purpose of this paper is to project the demand for housing due to oil shale development in Uintah County, Utah. An overview of the present housing conditions is presented to give a better understanding of the housing situation as it exists at the present time. The demand for housing due to oil shale development is based upon a set of assumptions which was derived from data collected by the author and from a review of the literature. The demand for all housing units due to oil shale is estimated by subtracting the working wives of the employees from local service employment. The demand by type of structure (single, wife-family, multiple-family, and mobile homes) is estimated by making some assumptions about the types of housing each employment group (construction, operation, and lo cal service) will demand.

Most Utahns spent the years between Mormon entry into the Great Basin and statehood for Utah pursuing the traditional frontier-rural life, a mode which had been an integral part of the American experience since earliest colonial times. After the Mormon capitulation and statehood, Utah moved into a transitional phase, a phase between the traditional and the modern in which elements of each were mixed and mingled. This phase ended with the Second World War. This transition to modernity affected migration behavior. Seen in light of migration theory, the Utah experience is something of an anomaly. One theory says that migration is the result of pushes from one place-- unemployment, low wages, poor climate, and similar conditions--and pulls to other places--available jobs, better pay, and lots of sunshine. The history of Utah migration during prewar years suggests another kind of pull, the pull not from outside to leave but from within to stay. The need and commitment to remain in what some call Zion {the Mormon culture region} was strong until the Second world War. After the war other needs and commitments intervened. Government-funded G.I. Bill education and a new sense of personal efficacy caused some to leave Utah for larger industrial and commercial centers. This study concludes by focusing on the experience of a few Utah veterans who migrated to California during the early 1950s.

Data on monthly precipitation for three areas of Southern Utah--Beaver, Cedar City and Ephraim--and three areas of Northern Utah--Salt Lake City, Ogden and Logan--where a series of measuring stations were arranged as traverses from the valleys to the mountain tops; were assembled and analyzed. The relationships between elevation and precipitation amounts were shown. The Southern Utah stations were drier at the same elevations than the Northern Utah stations and the differences became greater as the elevations increased. There was a close correlation between the high elevation and low elevation stations in the same traverse even with the above divergence. A higher percentage of the annual precipitation fell during the winter months at the Northern Utah stations than at the Southern Utah stations. These differences were also greater at the high elevations. There appears to be an elevation of maximum precipitation between 9000 and 10,000 feet. The annual precipitation decreases both above and below these elevations. A higher percentage of the years in Southern Utah are near the mean showing more uniformity than the stations in Northern Utah. These difference in not reflected in the numbers of consecutive dry years except when the consecutive years extend beyond 8 wherein the Northern Utah stations have had as many as 14 consecutive years of subnormal precipitation. The Northern Utah stations show the same trend in consecutive wet years, with the Logan record showing as many as 14 consecutive years with above normal precipitation. The Beaver precipitation record shoed a continually decreasing 5-year mean, while Salt Lake City and Logan records showed the opposite trend.

One of the distinguishing features of the modern elementary school is a library. The changes in educational philosophy which have made the child rather than the lesson the center of interest have brought about new methods of teaching. The lesson now becomes a challenge to the child to seek out information from many sources: books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, maps, and visual aids. No longer does the more memorizing of a specific assignment mean successful education.

Homelessness among unaccompanied youth is a unique, yet pervasive, social problem. Youth often become homeless through three central pathways: conflict with family, involvement in the foster system, and involvement in juvenile justice systems. As youth experience homelessness during important developmental period(s), vulnerability to mental illness may occur if not already present. The present study examined the type and prevalence of mental illness. Characteristics of homelessness, health and mental health service utilization, and pathways to homelessness were examined in relation to the occurrence of mental illness. Findings indicated that a variety of characteristics are associated with mental illness. Mental health service utilization was also evaluated.