Le déclin de la masse musculaire au cours du vieillissement physiologique, appelé sarcopénie, est un phénomène progressif dont les conséquences sur la santé peuvent être désastreuses. Les cellules souches assurant l’homéostasie musculaire, appelées cellules satellites, perdent progressivement leur capacité́ à régénérer le tissu endommagé. Les mécanismes précis de ce processus dégénératif sont encore mal connus et semblent impliquer des altérations des marques épigénétiques qui régulent l’expression des gènes des cellules satellites.Cette thèse a porté sur les mécanismes conduisant à cette incapacité progressive des cellules satellites à fabriquer de nouvelles fibres musculaires avec l’âge. Les travaux ont été menés autour de deux axes : le rôle d’UTX dans le contrôle de l’expression des gènes musculaires et plus particulièrement leur épissage ; les conséquences des altérations du niveau de triméthylation de la lysine 27 de l’histone H3 (H3K27me3) régulé par UTX dans les cellules satellites de souris dites « gériatriques ».Nous avons ainsi démontré qu’UTX était nécessaire à différentes étapes du processus de différenciation en permettant d’une part d’activer la transcription des gènes et d’autre part de réguler leurs épissages alternatifs en régulant plusieurs facteurs d’épissage.Chez les individus âgés, l’expression d’UTX est altérée avec pour conséquence une modification du profil épigénétique des cellules satellites et une perturbation de leur programme d’expression génique. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent qu’UTX participe aussi au « syndrome inflammatoire chronique » observé chez les souris âgées, en régulant l’expression de facteurs pro et anti-inflammatoires comme l’IL-6. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d’UTX à différents niveaux de régulation de l’expression des gènes dans les cellules musculaires et d’expliquer en partie les défauts de régénération liés à l’âge. / The decline in muscle mass during physiological aging, called sarcopenia, is a progressive phenomenon whose consequences on health can be disastrous. Muscle stem cells, also called satellite cells, ensure muscle homeostasis. They gradually lose the ability to regenerate damaged tissue with age. The precise mechanisms of this degenerative process are still poorly understood but it seems to imply alterations of the epigenetic marks regulating gene expression in satellite cells.This thesis has focused on the mechanisms leading to this progressive incapacity of the satellite cells to make new muscle fibers with age. The work is divided in two major parts: the role of UTX on the expression of muscle genes and more particularly their splicing and the consequences of the alterations in the trimethylation level of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) regulated by UTX in the satellite cells of so-called "geriatric" mice.We have thus demonstrated that UTX is necessary at different stages of the differentiation process to activate gene transcription and alternative splicing.In elderly individuals, the expression of UTX is altered, resulting in modifications of the epigenetic profile of the satellite cells and a disruption of their gene expression program. Finally, preliminary results suggest that UTX also participates in the "chronic inflammatory syndrome" observed in elderly mice, regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6.This work allowed us to highlight the role of UTX at different levels of regulation of gene expression in muscle cells, explaining at least in part the defects of regeneration related to aging.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate to reconstitute all lineages of functional blood cells. They are regulated by intricate cellular and molecular signals, on both genetic and epigenetic levels. Alterations in these regulatory signaling networks can lead to hematopoietic dysfunction, as well as transformation of hematopoietic cells and induction of leukemogenesis. This thesis focuses on uncovering molecular modulators that are crucial for the proper regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. In Chapter II, I describe studies investigating functional roles of the histone demethylase UTX in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, using a short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown approach. My data revealed that UTX is required for proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo through transcriptional regulation of hematopoiesis- specific transcriptional factors. I also discovered that UTX is critical for the proliferation of leukemia cells, implicating UTX as a possible target for clinical therapy. In Chapter III, I focus on understanding the process of leukemogenesis by generating and characterizing a novel model of myeloid sarcoma and acute myeloid leukemia in mice. This model induces these hematopoietic malignancies by introduction of multiple oncogenetic lesions (specifically, p16/p19-/-;Kras(G12V)) into bone marrow cells, and subsequent transplantation of these gene-modified cells into immunodeficient NOD.SCID mice. This model is very rapid and reproducible, and represents the first transplantable myeloid sarcoma model reported. Moreover, the disease induced in mice recapitulates the pathological progression of myeloid sarcoma in patients, providing a powerful model for dissection of critical leukemogenic events and discovery of new candidate therapeutic targets. Together, these studies help to reveal novel molecular modulators required for normal hematopoiesis, and offer potential animal model and drug target for therapeutic applications.

This thesis focuses on the study of magnetic properties of three 5f electron itinerant ferromagnets UCo0.990Ru0.010Al, UCoGa and URhGa and investigation of their phase diagrams. The single crystals of high-quality were prepared by Czochralski method for all three compounds. The physical properties at ambient pressure were studied by macroscopic methods (magnetization, electrical transport and heat capacity measurements) and also by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The measurements were done under various external conditions (high pressure, low temperatures, high magnetic field). Through all these measurements and external conditions we investigated the interesting physical properties and the ferromagnetic phase diagrams. Effect of different conditions during the preparation and the thermal treatment on UCoGa was studied on two different single crystals. We show that annealing leads to improved quality of samples and the gallium evaporation from the melt during the growth leads to lower quality in parts of the ingot closer to melt. MFM images of UCoGa below the ordering temperature show domain branching and narrow magnetic domains wall made only of neighboring atoms with opposing moments. We have grown first ever single crystal of URhGa with ferromagnetic ordering temperature TC = 41 K. Anomalous maximum in...