The main objective of this master's thesis is to try to compare the verbal system in Italian and Neapolitan language. This thesis will firstly be concerned with the theoretical concepts related to the topic, such as dialect in general, standard language, southern dialects, demarcation of Neapolitan language, verbs in general, etc. In the next part of the thesis, particular verbal modes and tenses will be dealt with - their functions in both languages will be outlined, their formation in Neapolitan explained, and then the similarities and differences highlighted. The way how each phenomenon is formed and used in Neapolitan will be demonstrated on examples taken from Neapolitan literature and music. The sources from which the examples will be taken originate from the period of 1930s up to the present day. In the conclusion, the thesis will try to summarize the acquired information and emphasize the main distinctions between the both verbal systems.

D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Die doel van die studie is om ‘n oorhoofse grammatiese beskrywing te doen van hulpwerkwoorde wat as subkategorie van die woordklas werkwoord funksioneer. Sodanige beskrywing behels onder meer die identifisering en klassifisering van taalvorme wat as hulpwerkwoorde funksioneer. Die grammatiese aard van hierdie taalvorme word in taalkonteks semanties, sintakties en morfologies ontleed, met spesiale fokus op die diakroniese ontwikkelingsgang wat hierdie taalvorme kenmerk. Kategorie- en rangverskuiwing wat deurlopend in die ontwikkelingsproses met toepaslike voorbeelde toegelig word, vorm ‘n belangrike basis waarop die studie gebaseer is. Verder word daar veral aandag bestee aan die semantiese kenmerke van hulpwerkwoordgroepe wat tot op hede weinig aandag van grammatici ontvang het en verskeie voorbeelde word nougeset ontleed. Kategorie- en rangverskuiwing in die ontwikkelingsproses word deurlopend aangetoon. / Prof. L.C. Posthumus

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os chamados verbos de cambio do espanhol a partir da perspectiva teórica das colocações. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise quantitativa, com base na Linguística de Corpus, que permitiu identificar construções recorrentes com os verbos hacerse, ponerse e volverse na produção de falantes nativos do espanhol. A seguir, buscou-se identificar colocações integradas por esses verbos, ou seja, formas de coocorrência de palavras que não se pautam pelas possibilidades gramaticais oferecidas pela língua, mas por restrições combinatórias. Também foram aplicadas as funções léxicas, com base na Teoria Sentido-Texto, às colocações encontradas. Os resultados indicam que a noção de mudança ultrapassa as construções predicativas com hacerse, ponerse e volverse, sendo encontrada em colocações que, a rigor, não podem ser classificadas como construções com verbos de cambio. Os resultados também indicam que uma parte da produção com verbos de cambio é formada por combinações cujo significado não está no conteúdo semântico de cada uma das palavras integrantes, mas está vinculado à expressão como um todo. / This work aims to study the so-called change of state Spanish verbs from the theoretical perspective of collocations. Initially a quantitative analysis was done based on Corpus Linguistics, which allowed us to identify recurring constructions with the verbs hacerse, ponerse and volverse in the production of native Spanish speakers. Next, we sought to identify collocations integrated by these verbs, i.e., forms of co-occurrence of words that are not guided by the possibilities offered by the language grammar, but by combinatorial restrictions. Based on the Meaning-Text Theory, we also applied lexical functions to the collocations found. The results indicate that the notion of change exceeds the predicative constructions with hacerse, ponerse and volverse, which were found in construcctions that, strictly speaking, cannot be classified as change of state verb constructions. The results also indicate that some of the production with verbs of change is formed by combinations whose meaning is not in the semantic content of each word, but is in the expression as a whole.

by Wang Lidi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-127). / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter I --- " In Search of a Definition for ""Word""" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1 --- Productivity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Headedness --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Constraints on Word Structure --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- A-N Constructions in Chinese: --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5 --- Anaphoric Island --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter II --- Morphological Properties of V-C Compounds --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1 --- VOCs ´ؤ A Misnomer --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2 --- Morphological Properties of V-C Compounds --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Typology of V-C Constructions --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter III --- V-C Compounds as Noun Incorporation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1 --- Syntactic and Lexical Derivations in Grammar --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2 --- Two Types of Causative Constructions --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- V-C Compounds as Noun Incorporation --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter IV --- V-C Compound and Event Quantifier --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Gerundive Derivation --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- Position of the Event Quantifier --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3 --- V-C Compound and Event Quantifier --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Double-object Construction --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5 --- Verb Reduplication --- p.115 / Conclusion --- p.119 / Notes --- p.122 / References --- p.125

本文詳細討論「給予」義動詞「給」各種用法的歷時發展情況及其語法化歷程。 / 在現代漢語裏，「給」的用法十分繁多，除了「給予」義，又兼表與格標記、與事標記（包括受益者標記、受損者標記和向格標記）、處置式標記、使役用法以及被動標記等用法。通過詳細考察先秦至現代凡二千多年的文獻資料，本文證明，「給」先後在先秦和漢代發展出「給予」義和與格標記用法，並在明、清兩代從兩條不同的語法化路徑產生出其他用法：其一，在明代時，前置式與格結構「給+IO+V+DO」的與格標記「給」語法化為受益者標記，然後受益者標記再語法化出向格標記、受損者標記和處置式標記三種用法；其二，在明代時，連動結構「V+DO+給+ IO+VP」為使役動詞「給」的產生提供了句法、語義條件。使役動詞「給」在明代產生以後，不斷發展成熟，並在清代時產生出「容許」、「聽任」等語義，然後進一步語法化為被動標記用法。 / 本文分為七章：第一章為「緒論」，概述現有的研究成果以及本文的研究課題；第二章討論「給」表「給予」義的來源問題以及其歷時發展情況；第三章討論三種與格結構的歷時發展情況。第四章至第六章分別討論與事標記、處置式標記和被動標記的歷時發展情況以及其語法化歷程；最後，第七章為「結語」，總結全文的所論，並展望日後進一步的研究。 / This thesis provides a detailed study of the GIVE verb gĕi 給in Mandarin Chinese, with a focus on the historical process of grammaticalization that it underwent since ancient times. / In Mandarin Chinese, gĕi , which basically means “to give, performs multiple syntactic functions, including those as a causative verb, a dative marker, a benefactive marker, a malefactive marker, an allative marker, a disposal marker, and a passive marker. Based on a thorough examination of texts of various sorts from the Pre-Qin to Modern periods, this thesis argues that gĕi acquired its meaning “to give in the Pre-Qin period, developed into a dative marker in the Han period, and eventually took on other grammatical functions through two different paths of grammaticalization. One of the pathways was the extension through which the preverbal dative marker became a benefective marker in the Ming dynasty, a function from which the uses as an allative marker, a malefactive marker and a disposal marker were derived. The other pathway was one through which the serial verb construction [ V+DO+GEI+ IO+VP ] provided the syntactic condition for the causative use also in the Ming Dynasty. The causative use subsequently gave rise to the meaning “to permit/“let in the Qing Dynasty, and gĕi later became the marker of the passive. / This thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter One is an introduction, with a brief account of previous discussions on gĕi and also a general description of the topics I will discuss in this thesis. Chapter two deals with the ways in which gĕi acquired the meaning “to give and its various usages in ancient Chinese. Chapter Three describes the diachronic development of three types of dative construction. The following three chapters examine the different processes of grammaticalization that gĕi went through in its diachronic development. Chapter Four focuses on its uses as a benefactive marker, a malefactive marker and an allative marker. Chapter Five focuses on its use as a diposal marker. Chapter Six focuses on its uses as a causative verb and a passive marker. Chapter seven is a conclusion, with a summary of the major findings in the thesis. It also highlights some of the issues that await further investigations in our study of the multi-functional gĕi in Chinese. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 羅奇偉. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 300-309) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Luo Qiwei. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 基本概念、術語簡介 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「給」用法概述 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 「給」表「給予」義動詞用法 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- 「給」表與格標記（dative marker）用法 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- 「給」表使役用法（causative）用法 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- 「給」表被動標記（passive marker）用法 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- 「給」表與事標記用法 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- 「給」表處置式標記（disposal marker）用法 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- 助詞「給」 --- p.20 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「給」字語法化的研究概況 --- p.22 / Chapter 第四節 --- 本文的研究目標及研究方法 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二章 --- 「給」表「供給」義及「給予」義 --- p.31 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「給」表「供給」義 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「給」表「給予」義的來源 --- p.37 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「給」表「給予」義的歷時發展概況 --- p.61 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.86 / Chapter 第三章 --- 「給」表與格標記用法 --- p.88 / Chapter 第一節 --- 居中式：NP₁+V+給+NP₂+NP₃ --- p.89 / Chapter 第二節 --- 後置式：NP₁+V+ NP₃+給+NP₂ --- p.125 / Chapter 第三節 --- 前置式：NP₁+給+ NP₂+V+ NP₃ --- p.137 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.139 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「給」表與事標記用法 --- p.141 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「給」表受益者標記用法 --- p.141 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「給」表受損者標記用法 --- p.165 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「給」表向格標記用法 --- p.171 / Chapter 第四節 --- 與事標記「給」的語法化歷程 --- p.175 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 「給」表受益者標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.176 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 「給」表受損者標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.185 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 「給」表向格標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.186 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.187 / Chapter 第五章 --- 「給」表處置式標記用法 --- p.188 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「給」表處置式標記用法的特點 --- p.188 / Chapter 第二節 --- 近代漢語「給」表處置式標記 --- p.198 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「給」表處置式標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.218 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.235 / Chapter 第六章 --- 「給表」使役和被動標記用法 --- p.236 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「給」表使役用法 --- p.236 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「給」表被動標記用法 --- p.243 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「給」表使役和被動標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.254 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 「給」表使役用法的語法化歷程 --- p.254 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 「給」表被動標記用法的語法化歷程 --- p.260 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.272 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.274 / 徵引文獻 --- p.286 / 參考書目 --- p.300

ACette étude vise à apporter des réponses à trois questions fondamentales concernant la construction à verbe support : son identification, sa délimitation d’autres constructions qui partagent la même structure de surface et une révision de sa définition classique. Une fois identifié et défini l’objet d’étude, nous avons inscrit le verbe support dans le cadre théorique de l’emploi (G. Gross, 2012) qui nous a permis de l’aborder sous deux angles différents : l’étude contrastive français-espagnol et la traduction : sans oublier l’approche didactique. / This study aims to provide some answers to three basic questions concerning light verb structures: its identification, delimitation of other combinations that share the same surface structure and a review of its classical definition. Once identified and defined the object of our study, we adopt the linguistic theory of employ (G. Gross 2012), which allows us to approach light verbs from two perspectives: the contrastive study of French-Spanish light verbs and its translation.

Chin Kin-Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-201). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abbreviations and Symbols --- p.vi / Abstract (English) --- p.vii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter One --- Characteristics of Compounds: An Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Properties of Compounds --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Lexical Properties --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Phrasal Properties --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Complexity of the Status of Compounds --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2 --- Relation between Morphology and Syntax --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Lexicalist Approach --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Syntactic Approach --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Parallel Approach --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- A Note on the Lexicon --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4 --- Summary and Organization of the Thesis --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter Two --- "Notions of Word, Compound and Phrase" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Criteria of Wordhood --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Distinction between Compounds and Phrases --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Syntactic Aspect --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Semantic Aspect --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Morphological and Phonological Aspects --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Summary --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Lexical Integrity Hypothesis (LIH) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4 --- Further Consideration on the Nature of Compound --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Compounding and Other Combinatory Processes --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Status of the Constituents --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Degree of Separability --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Definitions of Compounds --- p.66 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Issues on Cantonese Verb-Object Compounds (VOCs) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Properties of Cantonese VOCs --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Meaning --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Compositionality of Meaning --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Anaphoric Reference --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Movement --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Topicalization --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Passivization --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Separability --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Semantic Object --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Aspect Markers --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Duration and Frequency Adverbials --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Status of the Cantonese VOCs --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2 --- Analyses of VOCs --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- S.-F. Huang (1984) --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- C.-T. Huang (1984) --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Paul (1988) --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Wang (1994) --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Her (1997) --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3 --- Existence of Two Types of VOCs in Cantonese --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Distinction between Lexical and Phrasal VOCs --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Diagnostic Tests for the Lexical-Phrasal VOC Distinction --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Nature and Formation of Cantonese VOCs --- p.121 / Chapter 4.0 --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1 --- Theoretical Assumptions --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Parallel Morphology --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Lexical-Semantic and Lexical-Syntactic Representations --- p.134 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Lexical Syntax --- p.139 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- VP Shell --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2 --- Levels of Formation of Cantonese VOCs --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3 --- Mechanism of the Formation Processes --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Issue of Transitivity --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formation of Lexical VOCs --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Formation of Phrasal VOCs --- p.158 / Chapter 4.4 --- Phenomena in Relation to Cantonese VOCs --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Separation of Constituents of Phrasal VOCs --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Positions of Aspect Markers --- p.168 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary and Theoretical Consequences --- p.172 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Concluding Remarks --- p.176 / Endnotes --- p.181 / References --- p.191

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This dissertation addresses different kinds of Mandarin multi-verb constructions (MVCs), seeking to solve a long-standing problem in Chinese linguistics: namely, how to account for a plethora of constructions, including a subset called serial verb constructions. In most previous studies, only a limited number of MVCs have been examined by any one researcher. By contrast, this dissertation aims to provide a unified account of all types of Mandarin MVCs. I argue such a goal can be achieved through a usage-based cognitive approach. By proposing that MVCs display varying degrees of event integration, my analysis can differentiate meaningfully among distinct kinds of MVCs. Based on the form-meaning pairing criterion, I argue that MVCs of different types can be localized along portions of a continuum of event integration. This study mines the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese for MVCs. The corpus results show there is lexical restrictedness as measured by verb type/token ratios in certain MVCs. The continuum of type/token ratios is argued to correlate with the continuum of event integration of MVCs, with lower ratios correlating with higher degrees of event integration and with higher ratios correlating with lower degrees of event integration. The corpus data indicate there is a strong interaction between lexical items and construction types. Certain verbs are easily attracted to a particular construction or even a particular verb position. Also, the corpus results reflect an asymmetry in MVCs in that verbs in one position may be more restricted. The position-specific patterns of type/token frequency largely reveal the event structures underlying particular MVCs. Generally, the verb position having a higher type/token ratio represents a core phase. The corpus results show the mutual attraction of verbs and constructions, the strong tendency to use MVCs for encoding unitary albeit complex events, and the link between lexical restrictedness and event integration as evidenced by the large variety of types of MVCs in Mandarin. The findings support a usage-based model where constructions are understood to be conventionalized units, and fixed idiomatic expressions are considered to be as important to the expressive inventory of the language as are open or fully productive syntactic structures.