This dissertation addresses different kinds of Mandarin multi-verb constructions (MVCs), seeking to solve a long-standing problem in Chinese linguistics: namely, how to account for a plethora of constructions, including a subset called serial verb constructions. In most previous studies, only a limited number of MVCs have been examined by any one researcher. By contrast, this dissertation aims to provide a unified account of all types of Mandarin MVCs. I argue such a goal can be achieved through a usage-based cognitive approach. By proposing that MVCs display varying degrees of event integration, my analysis can differentiate meaningfully among distinct kinds of MVCs. Based on the form-meaning pairing criterion, I argue that MVCs of different types can be localized along portions of a continuum of event integration. This study mines the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese for MVCs. The corpus results show there is lexical restrictedness as measured by verb type/token ratios in certain MVCs. The continuum of type/token ratios is argued to correlate with the continuum of event integration of MVCs, with lower ratios correlating with higher degrees of event integration and with higher ratios correlating with lower degrees of event integration. The corpus data indicate there is a strong interaction between lexical items and construction types. Certain verbs are easily attracted to a particular construction or even a particular verb position. Also, the corpus results reflect an asymmetry in MVCs in that verbs in one position may be more restricted. The position-specific patterns of type/token frequency largely reveal the event structures underlying particular MVCs. Generally, the verb position having a higher type/token ratio represents a core phase. The corpus results show the mutual attraction of verbs and constructions, the strong tendency to use MVCs for encoding unitary albeit complex events, and the link between lexical restrictedness and event integration as evidenced by the large variety of types of MVCs in Mandarin. The findings support a usage-based model where constructions are understood to be conventionalized units, and fixed idiomatic expressions are considered to be as important to the expressive inventory of the language as are open or fully productive syntactic structures.

In Corpus Based Knowledge Representation [CBKR], limited association capability, that is, no criteria in place to extract substantial associations in the corpus, and lack of support for hypothesis testing and prediction in context, restricted the application of the methodology by information specialists and data analysts. In this thesis, the researcher proposed a framework called CBKR+ to increase the expressiveness of CBKR by identifying and incorporating association criteria to allow the support of new forms of analyses related to hypothesis testing and prediction in context. <br /><br /> As contributions of the CBKR+ framework, the researcher (1) defined a new domain categorization model called Basis for Categorization model, (2) incorporated the Basis for Categorization model to (a) facilitate a first level categorization of the schema components in the corpus, and (b) define the Set of Criteria for Association to cover all types of associations and association agents, (3) defined analysis mechanisms to identify and extract further associations in the corpus in the form of the Set of Criteria for Association, and (4) improved the expressiveness of the representation, and made it suitable for hypothesis testing and prediction in context using the above. <br /><br /> The application of the framework was demonstrated, first, by using it on examples from the CBKR methodology, and second, by applying it on 12 domain representations acquired from multiple sources from the physical-world domain of Criminology. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that the proposed CBKR+ framework provided an organized approach that was more expressive, and supported deeper analyses through more diagnostic and probability-based forms of queries.

In Corpus Based Knowledge Representation [CBKR], limited association capability, that is, no criteria in place to extract substantial associations in the corpus, and lack of support for hypothesis testing and prediction in context, restricted the application of the methodology by information specialists and data analysts. In this thesis, the researcher proposed a framework called CBKR+ to increase the expressiveness of CBKR by identifying and incorporating association criteria to allow the support of new forms of analyses related to hypothesis testing and prediction in context. <br /><br /> As contributions of the CBKR+ framework, the researcher (1) defined a new domain categorization model called Basis for Categorization model, (2) incorporated the Basis for Categorization model to (a) facilitate a first level categorization of the schema components in the corpus, and (b) define the Set of Criteria for Association to cover all types of associations and association agents, (3) defined analysis mechanisms to identify and extract further associations in the corpus in the form of the Set of Criteria for Association, and (4) improved the expressiveness of the representation, and made it suitable for hypothesis testing and prediction in context using the above. <br /><br /> The application of the framework was demonstrated, first, by using it on examples from the CBKR methodology, and second, by applying it on 12 domain representations acquired from multiple sources from the physical-world domain of Criminology. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that the proposed CBKR+ framework provided an organized approach that was more expressive, and supported deeper analyses through more diagnostic and probability-based forms of queries.

No description available.

This thesis examines the influence of morphological and identity priming to understand how repetition influences word recognition and novel word learning in first (L1) and second (L2) language adults. The following questions are addressed: How does morphological relatedness between repeated words influence (i) word recognition in natural reading and (ii) novel word learning? (iii) What interactions exist between word repetition and selective attention in novel word learning? Chapter 2 addresses question (i), finding little evidence of morphological priming effects (i.e., faster recognition of a word following a morphologically related word) in L2 reading, and none in L1. The effects of identity priming were ubiquitous in both groups. Chapter 3 examines question (ii) for L1 readers. Low-frequency base words (e.g., caltrop) and novel complex forms (e.g., caltroper) of those bases were primed by two repetitions of identical forms or alternate forms. Learning performance was consistently as good or better after identity priming than after morphological priming. However, orthographic and semantic learning for base forms was stronger in the morphological priming condition. Chapter 4 examines question (iii). Attention was manipulated by delivering attention-inducing instructions, while the control group received no instructions. Exposure was manipulated by embedding novel words either 2, 4, or 8 times. The presence of instruction led to a short-lived speed-up in eye-movements and faster recognition of novel words. Critically, L1 learners reached optimal performance in the post-tests earlier (after 4 exposures), while L2 learners’ performance continued to improve through more exposures. Overall, this thesis shows that morphological priming facilitated L2 visual word recognition and L1 novel word learning when a complex form is a prime, and the base form is a target. We discuss reasons for this asymmetric effect and these results in the framework of the theories of word learning and morphological processing. / Dissertation / Candidate in Philosophy

This thesis investigates lexical simplification as a translation universal and how it is accounted for in the English-to-French legal translation of Latinisms. Within descriptive and functional approaches to translation, this thesis reveals that Latinisms are reproduced when they are accepted and not lexicalized in the target language or substituted by functional and semantic equivalents of the target language or system. It is posited that the lexical simplification of ST Latinisms as rendered by the English-to-French legal translator is dictated by system-specific, convention-specific, function-specific rather than translationspecific features. Of all corpus texts, source-text English uses the most Latinisms, but the French translators, unlike the non-translated French producers, tend to use Latinisms to a higher extent. Lexical simplification is hypothesized as viable when languages of similar sociolinguistic and lexical power and equal status render differently the lexical entities of the source text in simplified target text (compared to its non-translation similar text).

Research based on translation expertise, which is also sometimes referred to as translation competence, has been a growing area of investigation in translation studies. These studies have not only focused on how translation expertise may be conceptualised and defined, but also on how this expertise is acquired and developed by translators. One of the key observations that arise from an overview of current research in the field of translation expertise is the prevalence of process-oriented methodologies in the field, with product-oriented methodologies used comparatively infrequently. This study is based on the assumption that product-oriented methodologies, and specifically the corpus-based approach, may provide new insights into translation expertise. The study therefore sets out to address the lack of comprehensive and systematic corpus-based analyses of translation expertise. One of the foremost concerns of corpus-based translation studies has been the investigation of what is known as the features of translated language which are often categorised as: explicitation, simplification, normalisation and levelling-out. The main objective of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that the features of translated language can be taken as an index of translation expertise. The hypothesis is founded on the premise that if the features of translated language are considered to be the textual traces of translation strategies, then the different translation strategies associated with different levels of translation expertise will be reflected in different frequencies and distributions of these features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. The study therefore aimed to determine if there are significant differences in the frequency and distribution of the features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. As background to this main research question, the study also investigated a secondary hypothesis in which translated language demonstrates unique features that are the consequence of various aspects of the translation process. A custom-built comparable English corpus was used for the study, comprising three subcorpora: translations by experienced translators, translations by inexperienced translators, and non-translations. A selection of linguistic operationalization’s was chosen for each of the four features of translated language. The differences in the frequency and distribution of these linguistic operationalization’s in the three sub corpora were analysed by means of parametric or non-parametric ANOVA. The findings of the study provide some support for both hypotheses. In terms of the translation expertise hypothesis, some of the features of translated language demonstrate significantly different frequencies in the work of experienced translators compared to the work of inexperienced translators. It was found that experienced translators are less explicit in terms of: formal completeness, simplify less frequently because they use a more varied vocabulary, use longer sentences and have a lower readability index score on their translations, and use contractions more frequently, which signals that they normalise less than inexperienced translators. However, experienced translators also use neologisms and loanwords less frequently than inexperienced translators, which is suggestive of normalisation occurring more often in the work of experienced translators when it comes to lexical creativity. These linguistic differences are taken as indicative of the different translation strategies used by the two groups of translators. It is believed that the differences are primarily caused by variations in experienced and inexperienced translators‟ sensitivity to translation norms, their awareness of written language conventions, their language competence (which involves syntactic, morphological and vocabulary knowledge), and their sensitivity to register. Furthermore, it was also found that there are indeed significant differences between translated and non-translated language, which also provides support for the second hypothesis investigated in this study. Translators explicitate more frequently than non-translators in terms of formal completeness, tend to have a less extensive vocabulary, tend to raise the overall formality of their translations, and produce texts that are less creative and more conformist than non-translators‟ texts. However, statistical support is lacking for the hypothesis that translators explicitate more at the propositional level than original text producers do, as well as for the hypothesis that translators are inclined to use a more neutral middle register. / MA (Language Practice), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

This thesis presents a definition of eurolect and a corpus-based analysis of Czech eurolect. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses mainly on the distinction between existing concepts of the specific language of translations originating in EU institutions and on the definition of its main characteristics. As the process of translation in EU institutions is unprecedented, this thesis provides its detailed description. The analysis of Czech eurolect and its main features was conducted on several sub-corpora comprising of EU translations and reference corpora comprising of Czech journalistic texts from before and after 2004.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Adriane Orenha Ottaiano / Resumo: Com o propósito de investigar os comportamentos linguístico-tradutório e social de dois tradutores diante dos obstáculos impostos pelos limites culturais na Tradução, analisamos um corpus paralelo da subárea de especialidade da Antropologia da Civilização, composto pelas obras O processo civilizatório: etapas da evolução sociocultural (1968) e O povo brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil (1995), de autoria do antropólogo Darcy Ribeiro e pelas respectivas traduções para a língua inglesa, realizadas por Betty J. Meggers e Gregory Rabassa.Também nos valemos de dois corpora comparáveis de Antropologia em português e em inglês, e de um corpus de apoio composto principalmente por dicionários de Ciências Sociais e Antropologia. Os principais objetivos que nortearam a presente pesquisa foram: observar a tradução de termos e expressões das obras darcynianas, assim como verificar o processo tradutório concernente aos brasileirismos e neologismos terminológicos elaborados pelo autor; investigar o comportamento linguístico-cultural dos tradutores, por meio da análise das opções por eles utilizadas nas traduções e dos traços de simplificação e explicitação nos textos traduzidos; e elaborar dois glossários bilíngues para a terminologia antropológica. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), adotando, para o levantamento e processamento eletrônico dos dados, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; KRIEGER & FINATTO, 2004, FAULSTICH, 1995, 2000). No tocante à análise dos dados levantados, adotamos os trabalhos de Sociologia da Tradução... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intending to investigate the social and translational linguistic behaviors of two translators in face of obstacles imposed by cultural barriers in translation, we analyzed a parallel corpus of Social Anthropology of Civilization sub-area, composed by the works, O processo civilizatório (1968) e O povo brasileiro (1995), written by the anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro, as well as by their translations into English, performed by Betty J. Meggers and Gregory Rabassa, respectively. We also used two comparable corpora of Anthropology in Portuguese and in English, and a support corpus composed mainly of dictionaries of Social Sciences and Anthropology. The main objectives that guided this research were: to observe the translation of terms and expressions in Darcy Ribeiro's works, to analyze the translational process concerning to the terminological Brazilianisms and neologisms produced by the author; to investigate the translators' linguistic and cultural behavior through the analysis of resources used by them in their translations; to identify simplification and explicitation features in the two translated texts; and to elaborate two bilingual glossaries for anthropological terminology. With these purposes, we based our study on Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) adopting, for the electronic collection and processing of data, the theoretical and methodological framework of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010, TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; KRIEGER & FINATTO, 2004, FAULSTICH, 1995, 2000). Concerning the classification and analyzes of data gathered from our corpora, we based our research... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Heloisa Gonçalves Barbosa / Banca: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Silva / Banca: Peter James Harris / Resumo: Com o propósito de analisar o comportamento lingüístico-tradutório de dois tradutores profissionais diante das dificuldades impostas pelas barreiras culturais na tradução, investigamos os quatro corpora paralelos de nossa pesquisa, compostos por duas obras traduzidas por Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) e The War of the Saints (1993), em relação às respectivas obras originais Mar Morto (1936) e O Sumiço da Santa (1988), escritas por Jorge Amado, bem como por duas obras traduzidas por Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) e Tieta (The Americas) (1979) em relação às obras originais Tenda dos Milagres (1969) e Tieta do Agreste (1977), do mesmo autor. Os objetivos principais que nortearam o presente trabalho foram: analisar a tradução de marcadores culturais, verificar o comportamento lingüístico dos tradutores profissionais Gregory Rabassa e Barbara Shelby Merello por meio da observação das opções por eles utilizadas nas traduções, bem como dos traços de normalização presentes nas quatro obras traduzidas. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), adotando, para o levantamento e processamento eletrônico de dados, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos estudos tradução baseadas em corpus de Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), bem como os estudos sobre a lingüística de corpus, propostos por Berber Sardinha (2000, 2004). Com relação à classificação e análise dos dados levantados, adotamos os trabalhos sobre as modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998), a proposta de Nida (1945) para os domínios culturais, reformulada por Aubert (1981), bem como os estudos sobre normalização de Baker (1996) e Scott (1998). A metodologia adotada requereu a utilização do programa WordSmith Tools e as ferramentas por ele disponibilizadas, que nos proporcionaram os recursos necessários... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intending to analyse the translational linguistic behavior of two professional translators faced with difficulties imposed by cultural barriers in translation, we analyzed four parallel corpora in our research, composed by two novels translated by Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) and The War of the Saints (1993), in comparison with the original novels Mar Morto (1936) and O Sumiço da Santa (1988), written by Jorge Amado, as well as by two novels translated by Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) and Tieta (The Americas) (1979), in comparison with the original novels Tenda dos Milagres (1969) and Tieta do Agreste (1977), written by the same author. Our main objectives were: to analyze the translation of cultural markers, to observe Gregory Rabassa's and Barbara Shelby Merello's professional behavior by the analysis of resources used by them in their respective translations, and also to identify normalization features in the four translated texts. With these purposes in mind, we based our study on Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007) adopting, for the electronic compilation and processing, the theory and methodology proposed by Baker for corpus-based translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), and the methodology adopted by Berber Sardinha for corpus linguistics (1999, 2000, 2003, 2004). Concerning the classification and analyzes of data gathered from our corpora, we based our study on the works on translation modalities by Aubert (1984, 1998), on the works on cultural domains by Nida (1945) and Aubert (1981), and also on the investigations on normalization by Baker (1996) and Scott (1998). The methodology adopted in the present research required the use of WordSmith Tools software, which provided the necessary resources for the collection of data from the novels and for the observation and analysis of the cultural and textual aspects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor