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1	MORPHOLOGICAL AND IDENTITY PRIMING IN WORD LEARNING AND TEXT READING AS A WINDOW INTO THE MENTAL LEXICON Coskun, Melda January 2022 (has links) This thesis examines the influence of morphological and identity priming to understand how repetition influences word recognition and novel word learning in first (L1) and second (L2) language adults. The following questions are addressed: How does morphological relatedness between repeated words influence (i) word recognition in natural reading and (ii) novel word learning? (iii) What interactions exist between word repetition and selective attention in novel word learning? Chapter 2 addresses question (i), finding little evidence of morphological priming effects (i.e., faster recognition of a word following a morphologically related word) in L2 reading, and none in L1. The effects of identity priming were ubiquitous in both groups. Chapter 3 examines question (ii) for L1 readers. Low-frequency base words (e.g., caltrop) and novel complex forms (e.g., caltroper) of those bases were primed by two repetitions of identical forms or alternate forms. Learning performance was consistently as good or better after identity priming than after morphological priming. However, orthographic and semantic learning for base forms was stronger in the morphological priming condition. Chapter 4 examines question (iii). Attention was manipulated by delivering attention-inducing instructions, while the control group received no instructions. Exposure was manipulated by embedding novel words either 2, 4, or 8 times. The presence of instruction led to a short-lived speed-up in eye-movements and faster recognition of novel words. Critically, L1 learners reached optimal performance in the post-tests earlier (after 4 exposures), while L2 learners’ performance continued to improve through more exposures. Overall, this thesis shows that morphological priming facilitated L2 visual word recognition and L1 novel word learning when a complex form is a prime, and the base form is a target. We discuss reasons for this asymmetric effect and these results in the framework of the theories of word learning and morphological processing. / Dissertation / Candidate in Philosophy reading word learning morphological priming corpus-based research eye-tracking
2	A naturalidade na tradução: quem garante? / The naturalness in translation and fluency of a text Lamparelli, Alvamar Helena de Campos Andrade 24 September 2007 (has links) Este estudo se baseou em dados extraídos de um corpus paralelo composto por textos originais em inglês de artigos da Revista National Geographic, suas respectivas traduções publicadas em português na National Geographic Brasil, e os textos traduzidos antes da revisão para publicação. O objetivo foi cotejar os três textos a fim de identificar, na tradução, elementos que promovem a produção de um texto natural e fluente, que reflete o uso mais corrente na língua. Sua inserção no âmbito da lingüística de corpus se deu por essa permitir um estudo lingüístico descritivo e não prescritivo da língua e por se voltar não só para as palavras, estruturas ou usos possíveis na língua mas também o que é provável que ocorra, isto é, a diferença entre o que os falantes podem dizer e o que na verdade dizem. Esse cotejo possibilitou o levantamento de aspectos lingüísticos que afetam a naturalidade e fluência do texto, como a fraseologia típica na língua de chegada, suas colocações naturais, suas próprias expressões fixas, que refletem um modo preferido de se expressar de cada comunidade lingüística. Esses aspectos estão intimamente relacionados à convencionalidade, que abrange aquilo que é consolidado pelo uso, constituindo muitas vezes fonte de dificuldade ao \"tradutor ingênuo\" que pode não perceber que dentre formas possíveis existe aquela mais provável de ocorrer. Dentre os elementos levantados, selecionou-se a tradução dos advérbios terminados em ly em inglês, nem sempre traduzidos por advérbios terminados em mente em português, procurando compreender essa opção dentro do âmbito da convencionalidade. Essas opções nem sempre são ilustradas em dicionários, constituindo a pesquisa baseada em corpora, tanto paralelos quanto monolíngües, um recurso valioso ao tradutor seja para mostrar estratégias empregadas por outros tradutores profissionais como para conscientizá-lo de um uso consagrado na língua. / This study was based on data collected from a parallel corpus composed of original texts in English of articles from National Geographic magazine, and their respective translations in Portuguese as published in National Geographic Brazil and the texts translated before their revision for publication. The aim was to compare the three texts in order to identify, in translation, elements that enable the production of a text which sounds natural and fluent, reflecting the current use by the speakers. Corpus Linguistics was chosen as an approach for the research since it allows a descriptive rather than a prescriptive study of the language and is typically concerned not only with what words, structures or uses are possible in a language, but also with what is probable, likely to occur, the difference between what the speakers can say and what they actually say. This comparison brought to light linguistic features which might affect naturalness and fluency of a text, as the typical phraseology in the target-language, its natural collocations and its own fixed expressions, which reflect a preferred way of a community of saying things. These aspects are closely related to conventionality, which encompasses that which is attested by the use, and represent precisely where the difficulties lie for the \"innocent translator\", who might not notice that among a range of possible forms there is one which is more likely to occur. Among the elements found, one was particularly investigated, namely, the translation of adverbs ending in ly in English , not always translated by adverbs ending in mente in Portuguese, with a view to understand this option within the idea of conventionality. These options are not frequently displayed in dictionaries, which makes corpus-based research , either using parallel corpora or monolingual corpora, an invaluable resource to translators, in eliciting strategies employed by other professional translators and in bringing awareness to an attested use in language. Advérbios Adverbs Convencionalidade Conventionality Corpus-based research Innocent translator Naturalidade Naturalness Pesquisa baseada em corpus Tradutor ingênuo
3	A naturalidade na tradução: quem garante? / The naturalness in translation and fluency of a text Alvamar Helena de Campos Andrade Lamparelli 24 September 2007 (has links) Este estudo se baseou em dados extraídos de um corpus paralelo composto por textos originais em inglês de artigos da Revista National Geographic, suas respectivas traduções publicadas em português na National Geographic Brasil, e os textos traduzidos antes da revisão para publicação. O objetivo foi cotejar os três textos a fim de identificar, na tradução, elementos que promovem a produção de um texto natural e fluente, que reflete o uso mais corrente na língua. Sua inserção no âmbito da lingüística de corpus se deu por essa permitir um estudo lingüístico descritivo e não prescritivo da língua e por se voltar não só para as palavras, estruturas ou usos possíveis na língua mas também o que é provável que ocorra, isto é, a diferença entre o que os falantes podem dizer e o que na verdade dizem. Esse cotejo possibilitou o levantamento de aspectos lingüísticos que afetam a naturalidade e fluência do texto, como a fraseologia típica na língua de chegada, suas colocações naturais, suas próprias expressões fixas, que refletem um modo preferido de se expressar de cada comunidade lingüística. Esses aspectos estão intimamente relacionados à convencionalidade, que abrange aquilo que é consolidado pelo uso, constituindo muitas vezes fonte de dificuldade ao \"tradutor ingênuo\" que pode não perceber que dentre formas possíveis existe aquela mais provável de ocorrer. Dentre os elementos levantados, selecionou-se a tradução dos advérbios terminados em ly em inglês, nem sempre traduzidos por advérbios terminados em mente em português, procurando compreender essa opção dentro do âmbito da convencionalidade. Essas opções nem sempre são ilustradas em dicionários, constituindo a pesquisa baseada em corpora, tanto paralelos quanto monolíngües, um recurso valioso ao tradutor seja para mostrar estratégias empregadas por outros tradutores profissionais como para conscientizá-lo de um uso consagrado na língua. / This study was based on data collected from a parallel corpus composed of original texts in English of articles from National Geographic magazine, and their respective translations in Portuguese as published in National Geographic Brazil and the texts translated before their revision for publication. The aim was to compare the three texts in order to identify, in translation, elements that enable the production of a text which sounds natural and fluent, reflecting the current use by the speakers. Corpus Linguistics was chosen as an approach for the research since it allows a descriptive rather than a prescriptive study of the language and is typically concerned not only with what words, structures or uses are possible in a language, but also with what is probable, likely to occur, the difference between what the speakers can say and what they actually say. This comparison brought to light linguistic features which might affect naturalness and fluency of a text, as the typical phraseology in the target-language, its natural collocations and its own fixed expressions, which reflect a preferred way of a community of saying things. These aspects are closely related to conventionality, which encompasses that which is attested by the use, and represent precisely where the difficulties lie for the \"innocent translator\", who might not notice that among a range of possible forms there is one which is more likely to occur. Among the elements found, one was particularly investigated, namely, the translation of adverbs ending in ly in English , not always translated by adverbs ending in mente in Portuguese, with a view to understand this option within the idea of conventionality. These options are not frequently displayed in dictionaries, which makes corpus-based research , either using parallel corpora or monolingual corpora, an invaluable resource to translators, in eliciting strategies employed by other professional translators and in bringing awareness to an attested use in language. Advérbios Convencionalidade Naturalidade Pesquisa baseada em corpus Tradutor ingênuo Adverbs Conventionality Corpus-based research Innocent translator Naturalness
4	The Near-Synonymous Classifiers in Mandarin Chinese: Etymology, Modern Usage, And Possible Problems in L2 Classroom Kavokina, Irina 14 November 2023 (has links) (PDF) Many Chinese classifiers are nearly synonymic – they can be used with the same head nouns without changing the meaning of the sentence, in other words, such classifiers can be used interchangeably or almost interchangeably. This poses a challenge for Chinese language learners, especially those who lack such a grammatical category in their own native language. Another complication arises from the ambiguous English translations of many classifiers. In this paper we investigate the collocation behavior of near-synonymous Chinese classifiers, focusing on their semantic nuances and interchangeability. Analyzing 6 pairs of classifiers — 栋 and 幢, 匹 and 头, 批 and 派, 颗 and 粒, 辆 and 台, and 根 and 支— drawn from the HSK exam glossary, the dataset for this study encompasses 1200 samples (100 per each variable) and 416 distinct head nouns. Through a corpus-based approach we analyze collocation behavior of each classifier on its own and as a part of the pair. The results showcase that not all pairs exhibit complete interchangeability. The collocation behavior of 批 and 派 differ significantly, where 批 primarily quantifies batches with a 'first' connotation, while 派 is used more in artistic expressions. The interchangeability of 栋 and 幢 varies with context. 幢 emerges as the least fre¬¬quent morpheme in the corpus, emphasizing its specific contextual usage. While both are used in address lines, 栋 predominantly quantifies standalone buildings, whereas 幢 is more aligned with larger architectural complexes. The analysis of 匹 and 头 highlights their distinctiveness, with 匹 counting horses and wolves and 头 being more versatile with various animals. 颗 and 粒 appear partially interchangeable, particularly with 珠-related head nouns and items associated with plants, fruits, and trees. The research also underscores that 辆 is primarily linked to car-related nouns, while 台 is used more versatile as a classifier for machines and electronic devices, including computers, printers, phones, cameras. 根 and 支 only overlap in the head noun 笔, and their roles diverge, with 根 being a versatile classifier and 支 also appearing as part of medical terms. classifier near-synonymous pairs corpus-based research Sketch Engine language acquisition Chinese Studies Computational Linguistics First and Second Language Acquisition Other Linguistics Semantics and Pragmatics
5	Teoretické nástroje pro kategorizaci a funkční explanace vztahů v jazyce / Theoretical tools for categorization and functional explanations of relations in language Křivan, Jan January 2015 (has links) 1 Abstract The dissertation Theoretical tools for categorization and functional explanations of relations in language is focused on linguistic categorization from the perspective of empirical gram- matical research. The primary aim is to present the theoretical and practical potential for the investigation of grammatical categories, stressing functional explanations of why cer- tain language structures are the way they are. The text is divided into two parts. (i) The first two chapters are devoted to the theoretical and methodological foundations of empirical linguistic research (including issues of metalanguage, language comparison, discreteness and gradience). Particular emphasis is placed on functional-evolutionary approaches, which describe grammar in interconnection with language use, and more specifically on func- tional explanations by means of frequency. (ii) In the following three chapters, the potential of corpus-based research is demonstrated in accordance with the principles adopted in (i). It is applied to the linguistic categories of possession and adjective comparison in Czech. Possession in Czech is described with regard to hypotheses based on statistical tendencies in language use. The main results of the research revealed the relationship between frequency of use and the animacy hierarchy,...
6	The Perception of Lexical Similarities Between L2 English and L3 Swedish Utgof, Darja January 2008 (has links) <p>The present study investigates lexical similarity perceptions by students of Swedish as a foreign language (L3) with a good yet non-native proficiency in English (L2). The general theoretical framework is provided by studies in transfer of learning and its specific instance, transfer in language acquisition.</p><p>It is accepted as true that all previous linguistic knowledge is facilitative in developing proficiency in a new language. However, a frequently reported phenomenon is that students see similarities between two systems in a different way than linguists and theoreticians of education do. As a consequence, the full facilitative potential of transfer remains unused.</p><p>The present research seeks to shed light on the similarity perceptions with the focus on the comprehension of a written text. In order to elucidate students’ views, a form involving similarity judgements and multiple choice questions for formally similar items has been designed, drawing on real language use as provided by corpora. 123 forms have been distributed in 6 groups of international students, 4 of them studying Swedish at Level I and 2 studying at Level II. </p><p>The test items in the form vary in the degree of formal, semantic and functional similarity from very close cognates, to similar words belonging to different word classes, to items exhibiting category membership and/or being in subordinate/superordinate relation to each other, to deceptive cognates. The author proposes expected similarity ratings and compares them to the results obtained. The objective measure of formal similarity is provided by a string matching algorithm, Levenshtein distance.</p><p>The similarity judgements point at the fact that intermediate similarity values can be considered problematic. Similarity ratings between somewhat similar items are usually lower than could be expected. Besides, difference in grammatical meaning lowers similarity values significantly even if lexical meaning nearly coincides. Thus, the obtained results indicate that in order to utilize similarities to facilitate language learning, more attention should be paid to underlying similarities.</p> master master's programme language culture general linguistics linguistics foreign language acquisition similarity formal similarity semantic similarity functional similarity transfer transfer of learning language acquisition form form-based research crosslinguistic infuence one-year master english swedish lexical similarities false friends cognates deceptive cognates origin words of the same origin proto-germanic proto-indo-european competence performance comprehension corpus corpus-based data corpus-based research levenshtein distance objective similarity perceived similarity frequency prototype prototypicality proficiency context informed guess simchecker word recognition tachitoscopic experiments semantic correspondence similarity judgements eurocom surface transfer deep transfer lateral transfer English language Engelska språket Linguistic subjects Lingvistikämnen
7	The Perception of Lexical Similarities Between L2 English and L3 Swedish Utgof, Darja January 2008 (has links) The present study investigates lexical similarity perceptions by students of Swedish as a foreign language (L3) with a good yet non-native proficiency in English (L2). The general theoretical framework is provided by studies in transfer of learning and its specific instance, transfer in language acquisition. It is accepted as true that all previous linguistic knowledge is facilitative in developing proficiency in a new language. However, a frequently reported phenomenon is that students see similarities between two systems in a different way than linguists and theoreticians of education do. As a consequence, the full facilitative potential of transfer remains unused. The present research seeks to shed light on the similarity perceptions with the focus on the comprehension of a written text. In order to elucidate students’ views, a form involving similarity judgements and multiple choice questions for formally similar items has been designed, drawing on real language use as provided by corpora. 123 forms have been distributed in 6 groups of international students, 4 of them studying Swedish at Level I and 2 studying at Level II. The test items in the form vary in the degree of formal, semantic and functional similarity from very close cognates, to similar words belonging to different word classes, to items exhibiting category membership and/or being in subordinate/superordinate relation to each other, to deceptive cognates. The author proposes expected similarity ratings and compares them to the results obtained. The objective measure of formal similarity is provided by a string matching algorithm, Levenshtein distance. The similarity judgements point at the fact that intermediate similarity values can be considered problematic. Similarity ratings between somewhat similar items are usually lower than could be expected. Besides, difference in grammatical meaning lowers similarity values significantly even if lexical meaning nearly coincides. Thus, the obtained results indicate that in order to utilize similarities to facilitate language learning, more attention should be paid to underlying similarities. master master's programme language culture general linguistics linguistics foreign language acquisition similarity formal similarity semantic similarity functional similarity transfer transfer of learning language acquisition form form-based research crosslinguistic infuence one-year master english swedish lexical similarities false friends cognates deceptive cognates origin words of the same origin proto-germanic proto-indo-european competence performance comprehension corpus corpus-based data corpus-based research levenshtein distance objective similarity perceived similarity frequency prototype prototypicality proficiency context informed guess simchecker word recognition tachitoscopic experiments semantic correspondence similarity judgements eurocom surface transfer deep transfer lateral transfer Specific Languages Studier av enskilda språk General Language Studies and Linguistics

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