This thesis investigates lexical simplification as a translation universal and how it is accounted for in the English-to-French legal translation of Latinisms. Within descriptive and functional approaches to translation, this thesis reveals that Latinisms are reproduced when they are accepted and not lexicalized in the target language or substituted by functional and semantic equivalents of the target language or system. It is posited that the lexical simplification of ST Latinisms as rendered by the English-to-French legal translator is dictated by system-specific, convention-specific, function-specific rather than translationspecific features. Of all corpus texts, source-text English uses the most Latinisms, but the French translators, unlike the non-translated French producers, tend to use Latinisms to a higher extent. Lexical simplification is hypothesized as viable when languages of similar sociolinguistic and lexical power and equal status render differently the lexical entities of the source text in simplified target text (compared to its non-translation similar text).

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Antônio Manoel dos Santos Silva / Banca: Antônio Paulo Berber Sardinha / Resumo: A presente pesquisa buscou examinar a obra An Invincible Memory, que contém acentuada quantidade de marcadores culturais de determinada realidade extralingüística, com o objetivo de analisar as escolhas do autotradutor, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, ao transpor e transformar esses marcadores para o contexto da cultura de chegada, bem como identificar possíveis aspectos de normalização. Para a análise de marcadores culturais, a pesquisa apóiase na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2004, 2005) envolvendo os estudos de tradução baseados em corpus de Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), os estudos de lingüística de corpus de Berber Sardinha (2000, 2004), mais a inserção dos trabalhos sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945) e de Aubert (1981), sobre modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984,1998), e sobre traços de normalização de Baker (1996) e de Scott (1998). Os resultados obtidos revelam que a maioria dos marcadores culturais podem ser classificados dentro do domínio da cultura material, com 43%, seguido pelo domínio da cultura social, com 29%, pelo domínio da cultura ideológica, com 15%, e pelo domínio da cultura ecológica, com 13%, o que espelha o contexto da obra. Também foi possível observar traços de normalização que indicam o uso de estratégias, de modo consciente ou inconsciente, por parte do tradutor, para conferir fluência ao texto traduzido e facilitar a leitura para o público de língua inglesa. / Abstract:The present study aimed at investigating the work An Invincible Memory, which contains a great amount of cultural markers, in order to analyse the choices of the selftranslator, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, who transfers and transforms these cultural markers to the context of the translated text. This study also intends to identify possible normalization features. Our investigation is based on Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2004, 2005), which involves Baker's corpus-based translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), and Berber Sardinha's corpus linguistics studies. Our work also includes Nida's (1945) and Aubert's (1981) works on cultural domains, Aubert's proposal (1984, 1998) for translation modalities, and Baker's (1996) and Scott's (1998) works on normalization features. The obtained results showed that great part of cultural markers can be classified as the material cultural domain, with 43%, followed by the social cultural domain, with 29%, the ideological cultural domain, with 15%, the ecological cultural domain, with 13%. The cultural domains point out the context of the source text. It was also possible to observe that normalization features tend to reveal, conscious or unconscious, the use of fluency strategies by the selftranslator, trying to make the translated text easier to read. / Mestre

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Célia Maria Magalhães / Banca: Lídia Almeida Barros / Resumo: Esta pesquisa é parte de um projeto maior, o PETra - Padrões de Estilo de Tradutores, coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. O presente trabalho tem como um dos objetivos observar o comportamento de tradutores diferentes em face de fragmentos (re)aproveitados e semelhantes extraídos de duas obras de Clarice Lispector A Descoberta do Mundo, traduzida por Giovanni Pontiero como Discovering the World e Uma Aprendizagem ou o Livro dos Prazeres, traduzida por Richard A. Mazzara e Lorri A. Parris como An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights. Outro objetivo é identificar aspectos de normalização encontrados nas respectivas traduções desses fragmentos. A metodologia situa-se no campo dos estudos da tradução baseados em corpus (proposta de Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, no prelo; estudos sobre normalização de Scott, 1998; e pesquisas e projeto de Camargo 2003a, 2003b, 2004), e no da lingüística de corpus (estudos de Berber Sardinha, 2003, 2004); também se apóia na fortuna crítica da Autora (trabalhos de Gotlib, 1993; Nunes, B., 1995; Ruggero 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Varin 2002; e Cherem 2003). A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma combinação de análises semi-manuais e de análises computadorizadas. Inicialmente, baseamo-nos na fortuna crítica de Lispector, para levantar cinco vocábulos considerados preferenciais da Autora: "vida", "morte", "amor", "silêncio" e "olhos". A seguir, utilizamos o programa WordSmith Tools para verificar se esses cinco vocábulos preferenciais eram recorrentes e significativos sob a perspectiva da lingüística de corpus. Com base em Scott (1998), examinamos a tradução dos cinco vocábulos em relação a nove características de normalização. Os resultados finais encontrados nesta pesquisa mostram que, em comparação com o tradutor individual Giovanni Pontiero, a equipe dos dois tradutores, Mazzara e Parris... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research is part of a bigger project, the PETra (Padrões de Estilos de Tradutores), coordinated by Prof. Doc. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. The present research has as one of its objectives to observe the behaviour of different translators when faced with similar (re)utilized textual fragments extracted from two books written by Clarice Lispector, A Descoberta do Mundo, translated into English by Giovanni Pontiero as Discovering the World and Uma Aprendizagem ou O Livro dos Prazeres, translated into English by Richard A. Mazzara and Lorri A. Parris as An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights. Another objective in this study is to identify aspects of normalization found in the respective translations of these fragments. The methodology employed is that of corpus-based translation studies (proposed by Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, in press; Scott's study concerning normalization, 1998; and Camargo's research studies and research project, 2003a, 2003b, 2004), and that of corpus linguistics (Berber Sardinha's studies, 2003, 2004); as well as on Lispector's critical heritage (studies by Gotlib, 1993; Nunes, B., 1995; Ruggero, 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Varin, 2002; and Cherem, 2003). The research was carried out by means of a combination of semi-manual and computerized analyses. Initially, we used Lispector's critical heritage in order to select five words which are considered to be preferred and recurring in Lispector's writing: "life", "death", "love", "silence" and "eyes". We went on to use the computer software WordSmith Tools to verify whether the five Lispector's preferred words were recurring and meaningful under the perspective of corpus linguistics. Based on Scott (1998), we analyzed the translation of the five selected words in relation to nine normalization features. The final results obtained in this study show that, in comparison with the individual translator... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

This paper aims to study translationese in the Japanese language, and to study if there are any differences between Swedish to Japanese translations compared with English to Japanese translations– which are studied more. Claimed features and characteristics of Japanese translationese include the increase use of personal pronouns, loanwords and paragraph length. However in this study the usage of formal language and gender language in translationese will also be included to in order to distinguish differences between translationese and non-translationese. The method used to analyze the material is corpus-based translations studies which is a rather newly developed method to study translation and especially translationese. This method will be used in this thesis to compare translated and non-translated texts. As material two novels are used – one originally written in Japanese, and one originally written in Swedish but translated into Japanese. Due to the lack of translation corpora in Japanese, the novels had to be digitalized in order for the author to browse in the novels. By comparing two novels of the same genre it will be clear what the translated novel lack compared to the non-translated novel as translationese is considered broken or bad translation. The analysis and the comparison will be done with the theories about the features of Japanese translationese. The study found that some of the features of translationese were adoptable on Swedish to Japanese translated texts, but there were few significant differences regarding formal language and gender language.

Adverbial connectors join together sentences and units in a text to signal logical relations. Appropriately used, they can help the reader to make sense of the text. The usage of adverbial connectors can create problems for foreign language learners, and is often shown as under- , over- and misuse of connectors. In this study, a quantitative analysis of connector usage of advanced EFL learners’ and native speakers’ student writing is presented. For the current corpus-based study, three sub-corpora of the SUSEC (Stockholm University Student English Corpus) were chosen. The sample includes 164 linguistic essays from students at Stockholm University and 82 linguistic essays from students at King’s College in London. The analysis, where the learners’ connector usage is compared to that of native speakers, is based on 69 connectors. The results show that both the learners and the native speakers rely on a rather small set of these connectors in their writing. As a group, the advanced Swedish EFL learners underuse connectors in their written production. Additionally, the learners significantly overuse 12 and underuse 6 connectors. Similarities between the learners and the native speakers were found in the positioning of the connectors. Both groups prefer the most frequently used connectors in the medial position of a sentence, and prefer mostly the same set of connectors in the different positions of a sentence, although some differences in the positioning were also found. The findings create a basis for future research where a qualitative analysis of the connector usage could be carried out in order to increase knowledge of the interlanguage of the learners. The findings could also be used for pedagogical purposes.

Corpora and corpus-based resources have received much attention with regard to translator training, terminology, and specialized resource development. With a specialized monolingual corpus and a specialized online dictionary, the DiCoEnviro, we sought to provide insight into the usability and effectiveness of both types of resources in improving translation students’ comprehension and usage of specialized terminology in the field of the environment. We assessed a specialized corpus and the DiCoEnviro through three lenses adapted from the usability framework proposed by Nielsen (2001): effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We used data ( screen recordings, questionnaires, translation exercises) collected from six translation students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs at the University of Ottawa School of Translation and Interpretation (UO-STI). Through quantitative and qualitative data analysis, we provide insight into the usability of both types of resources and into the prospective application of these findings in translator training programs and the development of specialized resources.

The ultimate aim of this research is to design a Catalan>English bilingual electronic dictionary of somatic idioms. To do so, we undertake a semasiological characterisation of somatic idioms to determine their semantic value and morphosyntactic combinatorial possibilities going from language to abstraction, identifying the differences in conceptualisation between Catalan and English and their equivalence relationship on the basis of their occurrences in corpora. The methodology used for the description of these somatisms is based on lexicogrammar but in a bottom-up manner. The theory of lexicogrammar (M. Gross 1975, 1981) holds that every elementary phrase is constituted by at least one first order predicate that introduces its arguments, represented by nouns or phrases. For example, in the phrase 'Luc admire le courage de Léa', we can find the verbal predicate 'admirer' with its arguments 'Luc' and 'Léa', that are morphologically equivalent to 'Luc est admiratif (pour + devant) le courage de Léa', with an adjective predicate, and 'Luc a de l'admiration pour le courage de Léa', with a nominal predicate, since there is no change in the structure of arguments (Le Pesant & Mathieu-Colas 1998: 8). This entails a systematic description of the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs, predicate nouns and adjectives in the form of tables that represent a class of lexical elements –characterised in terms of syntactic-semantic features (such as human, animal, plant, concrete, abstract, locative and temporal)–which correspond to a certain syntactic category with a series of common distributional and transformational properties. However, this description is insufficient for the complete automatic treatment of language; this is why in 1992 G. Gross adds to lexicogrammar the notion of object classes: semantic groups defined by the syntactic relations they maintain with one or more classes of verbs, called appropriate predicates (Gross 2012: 101). This exhaustive description of the language has made it possible to consider certain linguistic phenomena like fixation for the automatic treatment of language. Considering that computerised corpora play a very prominent role in usage-based linguistics, a trend that considers grammar and use to be closely interrelated, lexicogrammar can represent a theoretical model particularly suitable for the detection and analysis of phraseological units (PhUs) in corpora. In particular, we focus on the description of the 50 most frequent idioms in Catalan containing one of the five most common anthropomorphic somatic lexemes in all languages: hand, head, heart, eye and ear (Mellado 2004). To identify which are these 50 most frequent idioms (10 per each lexeme), we retrieve all the occurrences for each of the five mentioned lexemes from the Corpus Textual Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana (CTILC) (~ 52M words with texts from 1833-1988). Then we carry out a semi-automatic extraction of the different combinations of the most frequent bigrams (candidates for idioms of the dictionary) for each somatic lexeme using the software Metaconcor. For example, for mà (hand), we obtain: a mà (at hand), a mà (by hand), entre mans (on [one’s] hands), de mà en mà (from hand to hand), mà d’obra (labour force), mà dura (firm hand), picar de mans (to clap [one’s hands]), lligar de peus i mans (to tie [sb’s] hands and feet), a mans plenes (liberally) and rentar-se’n les mans (to wash [one’s] hands [of]). We also consider the most frequent verbal and nominal co-occurrences of each bigram. Once we have translated the Catalan idioms into English, we apply this step to the English equivalents based on their occurrences in the British National Corpus (BNC) (~ 100M words with texts from 1985-1994). In order to design the dictionary, we undertake a syntactic-semantic description of the Catalan idioms and their equivalents in English –indicating its argument structures and semantic values according to the object class to which we ascribe them (the one referring to the values of <somatisms>)–, based on the occurrences of these units offered by the CTILC for Catalan and the BNC for English. This analysis is expressed through a tagging recognised by automatic language processing systems, based on the one used by the Laboratoire de Linguistique Informatique (LLI) –current LDI (Lexiques, Dictionnaires, Informatique) from the Paris 13 University–, whose dictionaries follow the system of the Laboratoire d’Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique (LADL) (Paris 7) –founded by M. Gross in 1968– and incorporate the notion of G. Gross’ object classes (1992). Having identified the most frequent idioms and their English equivalents, as well as their distributional (syntagmatic relations) and transformational possibilities (paradigmatic relations), we give account of their semantic relations (for both languages): conceptual variations (polysemy), intersynonymic variants (relations of synonymy), their eventual relations of antonymy and hyperonymy and their paradigmatic variants (according to their occurrences in the corpora used). All this information is registered in the dictionary in the form of four coordinated files with fields of different nature (cf. 2): two files containing the arguments of the idioms (one file for Catalan and another file for English) and two files containing the predicates (i.e. the idioms as entries) (one file for Catalan and another one for English). Considering the relevance object classes may have in fixed expressions, our dictionary mostly contains idioms –predicates– that combine invariable (argument human nouns) and variable (anthropomorphic somatic lexemes) elements –arguments–: for example, to wash <one’s> hands (of)/C:<so-ma:elre>/G:v/N0:<hum>/N1:<so-ma:elre>/N3:<ina>/Ca:rentar-se les mans (d’) <alguna cosa>, where N0 refers to the subject (a human), and N1 to the first complement (direct object) in the argument structure of this idiom with the somatic lexeme (so) hand, which in this case has a semantic value of refusal of responsibility (elre) (in other cases this lexeme will be in idioms which may evoke, among others, proximity or facility [at hand], manual labour [by hand], activity [on (one’s) hands], severity [firm hand], itinerancy [from hand to hand], human resources [labour force], approval, enthusiasm or attention [to clap (one’s hands)], immobility or repression [to tie (sb’s) hands and feet] and abundance [liberally], which will be reflected in the argument file). N3 is the third complement, which here corresponds to a concrete inanimate object (<ina>)(e.g. “I’m entirely opposed to the er (pause) the idea that they should wash their hands of their (pause) er, obligations er, the nineteen sixty eight act (pause) as” [BNC]). In this case there is no N2 complement, which usually refers to an indirect object. Ca indicates the Catalan equivalent of the idiom. Opting for an electronic phraseological dictionary with a semasiological approach implies, on the one hand, finding the PhUs contained in it more easily, since instead of departing from specific concepts, it departs from the semantic values of the units (idioms) grouped in a linguistically well-defined object class. On the other, it offers the advantage of being suitable for Natural Language Processing, as it has a coding recognised by automatic language processing systems, incorporating numerous fields with information of morphological, syntactic-semantic (the most common distributional and transformational properties) and diasystematic nature (if applicable). It also contains a specific field referred to translations into other languages (bilingual or multilingual). Therefore, these repertoires have a dual function: decoding and encoding information. In fact, one of the main advantages offered by semasiological electronic dictionaries over more traditional ones is that they present in different entries each of the argument structures of a predicate, which allows it to be monosemised. Thus, each usage of a predicate is conceived as a lexical unit to which a description is assigned, a sine qua non for machine translation. This is particularly relevant to hybrid systems, which combine statistics with syntax and semantics (e.g. Systran and Sadaw). The eventual product derived from this thesis, as well as the linguistic data (methodology, examples, tagging and files), can be considered unprecedented. Until now, lexicogrammar had been implemented based on linguistic intuition, which could make the creation of object classes somehow biased by the linguist’s idiolect. Using a syntactic-semantic tagging based on the above-mentioned methodology enables precision and objectivity, starting from real language instances (occurrences of these idioms in corpora). All in all, the usability and replicability of the linguistic data provided in the research may offer a wide range of possibilities, since this tagging could be implemented into linguistic analysis tools (e.g. in the form of tags in the “part of speech” label if idioms are used) and the model could be replicated to expressions from other lexico-phraseological fields, different types of PhUs and other languages. / La present tesi doctoral ha rebut el finançament del contracte d’investigació predoctoral Ayudas para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario (Ref. FPU17/0032) concedit pel Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte d’Espanya (actual Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades). El projecte de tesi s’ha inscrit en el si de l’Institut Superior d’Investigació Cooperativa IVITRA [ISIC-IVITRA] (Programa per a la Constitució i Acreditació d’Instituts Superiors d’Investigació Cooperativa d’Excel∙lència de la Generalitat Valenciana, Ref. ISIC/012/042) i s’ha desenvolupat en el marc dels projectes, xarxes i grups de recerca següents: «Variación y cambio lingüístico en catalán. Una aproximación diacrónica según la Lingüística de Corpus» (MICINUN, Ref. PGC2018-099399-B-100371); (IEC, Ref. PRO2018-S04-MARTINES); Grup d’Investigació VIGROB-125 de la UA; Xarxa de recerca en innovació en docència universitària «Lingüística de Corpus i Mediterrània intercultural: investigació educativa per a l’aplicació de la Lingüística de Corpus en entorns multilingües diacrònics. Aplicacions del Metacorpus CIMTAC» (Institut de Ciències de l’Educació de la UA, Ref. 4581-2018), i Grup d’Investigació en Tecnologia Educativa en Història de la Cultura, Diacronia lingüística i Traducció (Universitat d’Alacant, Ref. GITE-09009-UA).

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No. of bitstreams: 1 serpa_t_dr_sjrp.pdf: 10059856 bytes, checksum: 445f9ebf547965cfaabf209381860bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de observar comportamentos linguísticos e também sociais no âmbito da prática profissional da tradução (direção português ↔ inglês), principalmente no que concerne ao uso de brasileirismos; e, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o ensino e a aprendizagem dessas condutas, com base no uso de corpora e no emprego do conceito de habitus na formação de tradutores, realizamos duas Pesquisas subdivididas em três etapas, as quais se integram e se complementam nesta Tese de Doutoramento. Na parte 1 de nossa investigação, associamos bases epistemológicas, apoiando-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), e adotando o arcabouço dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). Procuramos vincular noções sociológicas (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005; SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2003, 2005a, 2005b) e pedagógicas voltadas ao habitus (BOURDIEU, 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002) às discussões sobre competências (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) e sobre a utilização de corpora com tradutores aprendizes (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHÃES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). Em um segundo momento, procedemos a compilação de um corpus paralelo composto pela obra Maíra (1978), de autoria de Darcy Ribeiro; e pela respectiva tradução, realizada por Goodland e Colchie (1985). Também nos valemos dos glossários bilíngues de Antropologia da Civilização (2012), produzidos com base em duas obras ensaísticas do mesmo autor, de modo a cruzarmos os dados e observarmos as opções tradutórias, as quais, acreditamos, podem representar um conjunto de habilidades passível de ser ordenado em atividades a serem adotadas em sala de aula. Metodologicamente, o programa WordSmith Tools proporcionou-nos os recursos para o levantamento dos termos e para a análise dos aspectos sociais e terminológicos presentes na formulação de uma proposta de experienciação de alguns comportamentos profissionais do tradutor. Desse modo, tomamos por hipótese que a observação reflexiva sobre a tradução de brasileirismos, por meio da Linguística de Corpus, permite-nos fomentar uma Pedagogia da Tradução pautada na instrução do habitus tradutório. Quanto aos procedimentos de Goodland e Colchie, os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tradutores utilizaram: a) empréstimos da Língua Fonte para Língua Meta; b) normalização; c) traduções literais; d) omissões, entre outros traços. Podemos citar, como exemplos de empréstimos usados nos textos traduzidos, alguns termos como: “capanga”, “mameluco” e “paçoca”. Os resultados apontaram ainda para a intensa variação na tradução dos brasileirismos, fator que pode permitir ao estudante notar distinções de significado entre termos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao universo da sociedade brasileira, como, por exemplo, em: “miçangas”: beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. Por fim, na parte 3 de nossa Tese, convertemos os dados e as teorizações em um exercício e aplicamos entre os matriculados em um curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação em Tradução de uma Universidade Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Procuramos fornecer-lhes um amplo cabedal de estratégias, a partir de glossários, listas de palavras de maior frequência e chavicidade, gráficos e tabelas, os quais comporiam os alicerces de suas competências. Também desenvolvemos um trabalho em que os estudantes puderam verificar suas próprias escolhas para brasileirismos nos textos darcynianos e conceber os principais aspectos relacionados à formulação de um habitus coparticipado e internalizado, discutindo suas diferentes interpretações. Por fim, esperamos que essa configuração possa promover a assimilação de saberes que são vislumbrados por meio de asserções de um suporte teórico e metodológico direcionado a procedimentos tradutórios profissionais baseados em corpora. / The main purpose of this Thesis is to investigate the linguistic and also social behaviors within (Portuguese ↔ English) professional practice in Translation area, particularly related to the usage of Brazilianisms; and, to provide subsidies for teaching and learning these conducts, based on the use of corpora and on the appliance of the concept of habitus in translators’ education. Therefore, we proceeded two Studies, divided in three steps, which are integrated and which complete themselves in this Dissertation. The first part of our investigation associated epistemological foundations, considering Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) and adopting the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). It also promoted a link among sociological (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005, SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2005a, 2005b) and pedagogical ideas related to habitus (BOURDIEU 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002), discussions about competences (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) and corpora for training translators (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHAES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). During the second part of this study, we compiled a parallel corpus composed by Darcy Ribeiro’s novel, Maíra (1978), and by its respective translation, performed by Goodland and Colchie (1985). We also used two Social Anthropology of Civilization bilingual glossaries (2012) based on essayistic works written by the same author, so as to compare data and to observe translational options, which possibly represent a set of skills that can be ordered in activities to be adopted in classroom. Methodologically, the program WordSmith Tools provided the resources for collecting terms and for observing sociocultural and terminological aspects which are present in our proposal of experiencing professional behaviors. Therefore, we considered as hypothesis that the reflexive analysis about translational practices related to Brazilianisms, using Corpus Linguistics as technique, allow the development of a Translation Pedagogy proposition based on learning translational habitus. Concerning Goodland and Colchie’s performances, results showed that the translators used: a) loans from Source Language into Target Language; b) normalization; c) literal translations; d) omissions, among other features. As examples of loans, we can mention some terms as “capanga”, “mameluco” and “paçoca”. The results also pointed to the strong variation in the translation of the Brazilianisms, condition that may concede the students of Translation to notice distinctions in meaning among anthropological terms, especially in relation to the universe of Brazilian society, such as in: “miçangas”:beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. In the third part, we organized the data and theories in an exercise structured for students registered in a Bachelor degree in Letters with professional qualification for Translation in a São Paulo State public university. We offered an extensive assortment of strategies to the students, through glossaries, lists of frequency and keyness, graphics and squares that would compound the foundations of their competences. We also develop a translational work in which the trainees could verify their own choices for Brazilianisms in Ribeiro’s texts as well as understand the main aspects related to the creation of a shared and internalized habitus, discussing different interpretations. We hope this configuration may promote the assimilation of knowledges which are noticed through the statements of a theoretical and methodological support directed to professional procedures based on corpora for Translation. / FAPESP: 2013-10882-0

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Leila Cristina de Mello Darin / Banca: Lidia Almeida Barros / Resumo: No presente trabalho, examinamos a tradução de marcadores culturais (MCs) presentes em duas obras do escritor João Ubaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, traduzida pelo próprio autor como Sergeant Getulio; e a outra, O sorriso do lagarto, traduzida por Clifford Landers com o título de The Lizard's Smile. Foram analisadas, nos respectivos textos de chegada, as escolhas do autotradutor e do tradutor profissional ao lidarem com diferenças culturais relacionadas aos MCs, com o objetivo de verificar aproximações e distanciamentos entre os dois pares de obras. Investigamos, também, aspectos referentes à tendência de explicitação e simplificação encontrados nos respectivos textos traduzidos. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos no arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004), na Linguística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2004), na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), nos trabalhos sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945) e de Aubert (1981, 2006), e nos estudos sobre modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998). Para a extração dos vocábulos, contamos com o auxílio das ferramentas de busca disponibilizados pelo programa WordSmith Tools, versão 4.0, que possibilitaram uma análise mais dinâmica e abrangente dos dados. Os resultados obtidos revelam que Ubaldo Ribeiro está mais voltado para o texto de partida buscando uma maior aproximação entre o leitor de língua inglesa e a mensagem do original. Já Landers direcionase mais para o texto alvo valendo-se de um número maior de recursos que podem ser identificados como características de simplificação a fim de tornar mais fácil a leitura do texto traduzido. / Abstract: In this study, we investigated the translation of cultural markers present in two works written by JoãoUbaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, translated by the self-translator as Sergeant Getulio; and the other, O sorriso do lagarto, by Clifford Landers as The Lizard's Smile. The choices of the self-translator and the professional translator were analysed, in the respective target texts, concerning cultural differences related to cultural markers in order to observe similarities and diferences in both pairs of texts. We also investigated features of explicitation and simplification found in the respective translated texts. The theoretical approach is based on Corpus-Based Translation Studies (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004); Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2004), Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007), studies on cultural domains (Nida, 1945; Aubert, 1981, 2006), and on translation modalities (Aubert, 1984, 1998). For word extraction, we used the tools provided by the WordSmith Tools program, version 4.0, which enable us to analyse data in a broader and more dynamic way. The results obtained suggest that João Ubaldo Ribeiro's output shows patterns more likely to be consciously reproduced on the basis of the source text. On the other hand, Landers seems to be closer to the normal patterning of translated English, in an attempt to make the translated text easier for the target reader. Keywords: Corpus Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Sergeant Getulio, The Lizard's Smile, Cultural marker / Mestre

Este estudo se baseou em dados extraídos de um corpus paralelo composto por textos originais em inglês de artigos da Revista National Geographic, suas respectivas traduções publicadas em português na National Geographic Brasil, e os textos traduzidos antes da revisão para publicação. O objetivo foi cotejar os três textos a fim de identificar, na tradução, elementos que promovem a produção de um texto natural e fluente, que reflete o uso mais corrente na língua. Sua inserção no âmbito da lingüística de corpus se deu por essa permitir um estudo lingüístico descritivo e não prescritivo da língua e por se voltar não só para as palavras, estruturas ou usos possíveis na língua mas também o que é provável que ocorra, isto é, a diferença entre o que os falantes podem dizer e o que na verdade dizem. Esse cotejo possibilitou o levantamento de aspectos lingüísticos que afetam a naturalidade e fluência do texto, como a fraseologia típica na língua de chegada, suas colocações naturais, suas próprias expressões fixas, que refletem um modo preferido de se expressar de cada comunidade lingüística. Esses aspectos estão intimamente relacionados à convencionalidade, que abrange aquilo que é consolidado pelo uso, constituindo muitas vezes fonte de dificuldade ao \"tradutor ingênuo\" que pode não perceber que dentre formas possíveis existe aquela mais provável de ocorrer. Dentre os elementos levantados, selecionou-se a tradução dos advérbios terminados em *ly em inglês, nem sempre traduzidos por advérbios terminados em *mente em português, procurando compreender essa opção dentro do âmbito da convencionalidade. Essas opções nem sempre são ilustradas em dicionários, constituindo a pesquisa baseada em corpora, tanto paralelos quanto monolíngües, um recurso valioso ao tradutor seja para mostrar estratégias empregadas por outros tradutores profissionais como para conscientizá-lo de um uso consagrado na língua. / This study was based on data collected from a parallel corpus composed of original texts in English of articles from National Geographic magazine, and their respective translations in Portuguese as published in National Geographic Brazil and the texts translated before their revision for publication. The aim was to compare the three texts in order to identify, in translation, elements that enable the production of a text which sounds natural and fluent, reflecting the current use by the speakers. Corpus Linguistics was chosen as an approach for the research since it allows a descriptive rather than a prescriptive study of the language and is typically concerned not only with what words, structures or uses are possible in a language, but also with what is probable, likely to occur, the difference between what the speakers can say and what they actually say. This comparison brought to light linguistic features which might affect naturalness and fluency of a text, as the typical phraseology in the target-language, its natural collocations and its own fixed expressions, which reflect a preferred way of a community of saying things. These aspects are closely related to conventionality, which encompasses that which is attested by the use, and represent precisely where the difficulties lie for the \"innocent translator\", who might not notice that among a range of possible forms there is one which is more likely to occur. Among the elements found, one was particularly investigated, namely, the translation of adverbs ending in *ly in English , not always translated by adverbs ending in *mente in Portuguese, with a view to understand this option within the idea of conventionality. These options are not frequently displayed in dictionaries, which makes corpus-based research , either using parallel corpora or monolingual corpora, an invaluable resource to translators, in eliciting strategies employed by other professional translators and in bringing awareness to an attested use in language.