Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Lídia Almeida Barros / Banca: Tony Berber Sardinha / Resumo: Com a presente dissertação, estudamos características da tradução juramentada na direção inglês.português, no que concerne a semelhanças e diferenças no uso de termos simples, expressões fixas e semifixas mais freqüentes encontrados em contratos de compra e venda. A pesquisa situa-se no campo dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus e no da Lingüística de Corpus; ainda recorre, em parte, ao arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Terminologia. O corpus de estudo de textos traduzidos no modo juramentado contém: 34 contratos de compra traduzidos por dois tradutores; compilamos, também, um corpus comparável de textos originalmente escritos em inglês e português, referentes a contratos de compra e venda. A pesquisa conta com o auxilio do programa de computador WordSmith Tools versão 4.0 para o levantamento dos dados, tendo sido utilizadas as ferramentas WordList, KeyWord e Concord. A partir dos dados gerados, criamos um glossário de termos simples, e de expressões fixas e semifixas mais freqüentes, presentes no corpus de estudo. Os termos simples levantados constam de dicionários; no entanto, não se encontra registrada, na maioria da obras, qualquer referência quanto ao uso. Por sua vez, a maior parte das expressões fixas e semifixas não se encontram nos dicionários. Com a utilização do corpus comparável, foi possível localizar aproximadamente 70% dessas expressões fixas e semifixas. Além do levantamento léxico, a descrição de características da tradução juramentada, de seus aspectos legais, e da forma de apresentação do texto podem ser de grande utilidade para o tradutor aprendiz. Pode-se perceber o emprego de traduções literais, o que permitiria inferir o uso de uma linguagem mais atrelada ao original, de inserções em português de construções sintáticas, e de expressões da linguagem contratual...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aims at observing features of sworn translation in the English.Portuguese direction, concerning similarities and differences in the use of the most frequent simple terms, fixed and semi-fixed expressions present in sales contracts analyzed. This study has its theoretical basis on Corpus-Based Translation Studies, on Corpus Linguistics and on some theoretical concepts in Terminology. Our corpora of study comprise 34 sales contracts, translated by two sworn translators. We also compiled two comparable corpora of sales contract: one originally written in Portuguese and another in English. We used three tools of the software WordSmith Tool 4.0 in order to extract data: WordList, KeyWord and Concord. Based on the lexicon found in sales contracts corpora, we built a glossary of simple terms, fixed and semi-fixed expressions. Although the simple terms were present in the dictionaries of our support corpus, there is no information concerning their use. Regarding fixed and semifixed expressions most of them were not found in these dictionaries. The Portuguese comparable corpus showed approximately 70% of fixed and semi-fixed expressions. Also, descriptions about features of sworn translation, its legal aspects, and the text layout can be useful to the learner translator. The occurrence of literal translation, reveals a tendency to use a language closer to the style of sales contracts originally written in English. In addition, we observed a tendency to translate errors in clause numbers as well as imprecise adjectives and adverbs. Another important feature observed is the use of less lexical variation, which is confirmed by the standardized type/token ratio difference (2,29) in relation to the comparable corpus in Portuguese. This result also indicates that in the sworn translations studied, there is a tendency to use more repetition of words than in the analyzed sales contracts originally written in Portuguese. / Mestre

The aim of this dissertation is to give a detailed analysis of the Dutch verb komen ‘come' and the Swedish verb komma ‘come' based on a systematic comparison. Focus has been placed on grammatical polysemy and the study is written within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Both verbs can be defined as corresponding to a complex category consisting of a prototypical meaning and other meanings which can be central or peripheral in relation to the prototype. Two monolingual corpora consisting of newspaper texts were used as sources of data: INL 27 Miljoen Woorden Krantencorpus 1995 and Press 95, 96, 97 Concordances in Göteborg University's Bank of Swedish. A sample of 1,490 tokens of komen and 1,518 tokens of komma was taken from the two corpora. When analyzing the two verbs and their context the following ten variables were taken into consideration: 1) physical movement, 2) animate or inanimate subject, 3) adverbial, 4) future reference 5) bounded or unbounded aktionsart, 6) ingressive meaning, 7) accidentality, 8) infinitive marker, 9) predictive and/or intentional meaning, and 10) causativity. The results indicate that komen and komma have the same prototypical meaning. However, the semantic extensions from the prototype differ between the two verbs. If we consider the two verbs in a network, the meanings of komen and komma occupy different positions relative to the prototype. On the one hand, when Dutch komen is a copulative verb and/or occurs in lexicalized verb phrases, the resultative meaning is more central, while the aspectual meaning is peripheral. On the other hand, the temporal meaning of Swedish komma, as a future auxiliary verb, holds a more central position than the resultative meaning which is more peripheral. Nevertheless, Dutch komen, which is not considered a future auxiliary verb, but is rather an aspectual auxiliary verb shows similarities in the present tense (komen te + V2) with the Swedish kommer att construction (a true future auxiliary verb). That is, Dutch komen can have clear future reference, but in a limited context. Whereas Dutch komen is categorized as a copulative verb, the Swedish komma is not considered a copulative verb. Nevertheless, it is clear from the corpus that Swedish komma has a copula-like function, but in a limited context. Finally, it has become clear that komen and komma have undergone somewhat different grammaticalization processes even though both verbs contain similar meanings.

The purpose of this study is to give a thorough and detailed account and analysis of the semantics of twelve Swedish dimensional adjectives: hög ‘high/tall', låg ‘low', bred ‘broad/wide', smal ‘narrow/thin', vid ‘broad', trång ‘narrow', tjock ‘thick', tunn ‘thin', djup ‘deep', grund ‘narrow', lång ‘long' and kort ‘short'. Focus has been placed on their spatial, non-metaphorical sense. The study was written within the framework of cognitive linguistics, where lexical definitions may be given in terms of prototypical and peripheral uses. Four sources of data have been considered: a corpus, consisting of contemporary fiction, an elicitation test, designed for the purpose, dictionary articles on the pertinent adjectives, and the author's own linguistic intuition as a native speaker. The methodology has involved categorisation of combinations of adjective and noun, based upon three major themes: orientation, function, and shape. In order to determine prototypical uses, precedence has been given to the outcome of the elicitation test over the corpus search. For both sources, frequency has played an important part. The ranking of senses as stated in the dictionary articles has also been considered. The results indicate that the dimensional adjectives differ quite markedly from each other, as opposed to a structural view where the adjectives traditionally have been regarded as forming a neat patchwork. Adjectives overlap each other for some uses (högt gräs ‘high grass', långt gräs ‘long grass' and even djupt gräs ‘deep grass'), while there are also situations in which no dimensional adjective can describe an object. Furthermore, adjectives forming pairs, such as djup – grund ‘deep – shallow', do not exhibit full antonymy, despite the fact that dimensional adjectives are traditionally cited as examples par excellence concerning antonymy.

The thesis deals with epistemic modality and its realizations in English and Lithuanian. It focuses on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of equivalence between the lexical exponents of epistemic modality in the two languages. The axis of contrast is laid on the auxiliary and adverb strategies (van der Auwera et al. 2005): a probe is made into the cross-linguistic distribution and behavior of the central English modal auxiliaries of possibility and necessity and epistemic stance adverbials as opposed to their counterparts in Lithuanian. It is a contrastive analysis based on the data obtained from a self-compiled bi-directional parallel corpus of fiction texts and their translations into Lithuanian and English. The findings show that, despite the existence of the same adverbial and verb strategies for epistemic meaning realization in the two languages, their implementation differs. Lithuanian shows a significantly higher frequency of adverbials as opposed to English. Due to the high degree of grammaticalization, English usually favors modal auxiliaries for expressing epistemic modality. The findings show that epistemic meaning can be determined by various constraints, the most important of which are complement stativity and subject specification. The analysis of the translational paradigm could suggest that the boundaries between low and high degree of probability can be blurred in Lithuanian. The abundance of inserted modal adverbials and the phenomenon of zero... [to full text] / Disertacijoje tiriamas episteminis modalumas ir jo raiškos priemonės anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Abiejose kalbose esama įvairių kalbinių priemonių episteminiam modalumui reikšti, tačiau darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriama episteminį modalumą koduojančių modalinių veiksmažodžių ir modalinių adverbialų bei jų vertimo atitikmenų analizei. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – taikant lygiagrečiųjų ir palyginamųjų tekstynų metodiką aptarti kiekybinius ir kokybinius episteminio modalumo raiškos ekvivalentiškumo parametrus anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Remiantis van der Auweros et al. (2005) tyrimo modeliu, bandoma nustatyti, kokia episteminio modalumo raiškos strategija – modalinių veiksmažodžių ar adverbialų – vyrauja anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Tuo tikslu buvo sudarytas dvikalbis dvikryptis paralelusis tekstynas iš grožinės literatūros originalių tekstų ir jų vertimų į lietuvių ir anglų kalbas. Išanalizavus empirinę medžiagą, prieita prie tokių išvadų: episteminio modalumo raiška anglų ir lietuvių kalbose skiriasi. Anglų kalboje dėl palyginti didelės gramatiškėjimo įtakos episteminis modalumas dažniausiai reiškiamas modaliniais veiksmažodžiais, o lietuvių kalboje vyrauja adverbialinė raiškos strategija. Episteminė reikšmė glaudžiai susijusi su veiksmažodžių komplementų ir subjekto specifikacija. Vertimų paradigmų analizė rodo, kad lietuvių kalboje modalinės tikimybės laipsniai skiriami ne taip griežtai ir jos ribos ne tokios ryškios, o praleidimo ir įterpimo atvejai vertime gali būti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje tiriamas episteminis modalumas ir jo raiškos priemonės anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Abiejose kalbose esama įvairių kalbinių priemonių episteminiam modalumui reikšti, tačiau darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriama episteminį modalumą koduojančių modalinių veiksmažodžių ir modalinių adverbialų bei jų vertimo atitikmenų analizei. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – taikant lygiagrečiųjų ir palyginamųjų tekstynų metodiką aptarti kiekybinius ir kokybinius episteminio modalumo raiškos ekvivalentiškumo parametrus anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Remiantis van der Auweros et al. (2005) tyrimo modeliu, bandoma nustatyti, kokia episteminio modalumo raiškos strategija – modalinių veiksmažodžių ar adverbialų – vyrauja anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Tuo tikslu buvo sudarytas dvikalbis dvikryptis paralelusis tekstynas iš grožinės literatūros originalių tekstų ir jų vertimų į lietuvių ir anglų kalbas. Išanalizavus empirinę medžiagą, prieita prie tokių išvadų: episteminio modalumo raiška anglų ir lietuvių kalbose skiriasi. Anglų kalboje dėl palyginti didelės gramatiškėjimo įtakos episteminis modalumas dažniausiai reiškiamas modaliniais veiksmažodžiais, o lietuvių kalboje vyrauja adverbialinė raiškos strategija. Episteminė reikšmė glaudžiai susijusi su veiksmažodžių komplementų ir subjekto specifikacija. Vertimų paradigmų analizė rodo, kad lietuvių kalboje modalinės tikimybės laipsniai skiriami ne taip griežtai ir jos ribos ne tokios ryškios, o praleidimo ir įterpimo atvejai vertime gali būti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis deals with epistemic modality and its realizations in English and Lithuanian. It focuses on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of equivalence between the lexical exponents of epistemic modality in the two languages. The axis of contrast is laid on the auxiliary and adverb strategies (van der Auwera et al. 2005): a probe is made into the cross-linguistic distribution and behavior of the central English modal auxiliaries of possibility and necessity and epistemic stance adverbials as opposed to their counterparts in Lithuanian. It is a contrastive analysis based on the data obtained from a self-compiled bi-directional parallel corpus of fiction texts and their translations into Lithuanian and English. The findings show that, despite the existence of the same adverbial and verb strategies for epistemic meaning realization in the two languages, their implementation differs. Lithuanian shows a significantly higher frequency of adverbials as opposed to English. Due to the high degree of grammaticalization, English usually favors modal auxiliaries for expressing epistemic modality. The findings show that epistemic meaning can be determined by various constraints, the most important of which are complement stativity and subject specification. The analysis of the translational paradigm could suggest that the boundaries between low and high degree of probability can be blurred in Lithuanian. The abundance of inserted modal adverbials and the phenomenon of zero... [to full text]

The purpose of this study is to give a thorough and detailed account and analysis of the semantics of twelve Swedish dimensional adjectives: hög ’high/tall’, låg ’low’, bred ’broad/wide’, smal ’narrow’ vid ’broad’, trång ’narrow’, tjock ’thick’, tunn ’thin’, djup ’deep’, grund ’narrow’, lång ’long’ and kort ’short’. Focus has been placed on their spatial, non-metaphorical sense. The study was written within the framework of cognitive linguistics, where lexical definitions may be given in terms of prototypical and peripheral uses. Four sources of data have been considered: a corpus, consisting of contemporary fiction, an elicitation test, designed for the purpose, dictionary articles on the pertinent adjectives, and the author's own linguistic intuition as a native speaker. The methodology has involved categorisation of combinations of adjective and noun, based upon three major themes: orientation, function, and shape. In order to determine prototypical uses, precedence has been given to the outcome of the elicitation test over the corpus search. For both sources, frequency has played an important part. The ranking of senses as stated in the dictionary articles has also been considered. The results indicate that the dimensional adjectives differ quite markedly from each other, as opposed to a structural view where the adjectives traditionally have been regarded as forming a neat patchwork. Adjectives overlap each other for some uses (högt gräs ’high grass’, långt gräs ’long grass’ and even djupt gräs ’deep grass’), while there are also situations in which no dimensional adjective can describe an object. Furthermore, adjectives forming pairs, such as djup – grund ’deep – shallow’, do not exhibit full antonymy, despite the fact that dimensional adjectives are traditionally cited as examples par excellence concerning antonymy.

Die Arbeit setzt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Nutzung korpusbasierter Statistiken in quantitativen typologischen Untersuchungen auseinander. Die einzelnen Abschnitte der Arbeit können als Teile einer sprachunabhängigen Prozesskette angesehen werden, die somit umfassende Untersuchungen zu den verschiedenen Sprachen der Welt erlaubt. Es werden dabei die Schritte von der automatisierten Erstellung der grundlegenden Ressourcen über die mathematisch fundierten Methoden bis hin zum fertigen Resultat der verschiedenen typologischen Analysen betrachtet. Hauptaugenmerk der Untersuchungen liegt zunächst auf den Textkorpora, die der Analyse zugrundeliegen, insbesondere auf ihrer Beschaffung und Verarbeitung unter technischen Gesichtspunkten. Es schließen sich Abhandlungen zur Nutzung der Korpora im Gebiet des lexikalischen Sprachvergleich an, wobei eine Quantifizierung sprachlicher Beziehungen mit empirischen Mitteln erreicht wird. Darüber hinaus werden die Korpora als Basis für automatisierte Messungen sprachlicher Parameter verwendet. Zum einen werden derartige messbare Eigenschaften vorgestellt, zum anderen werden sie hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzbarkeit für sprachtypologische Untersuchungen systematisch betrachtet. Abschließend werden Beziehungen dieser Messungen untereinander und zu sprachtypologischen Parametern untersucht. Dabei werden quantitative Verfahren eingesetzt.

Title: Translated Czech and Its Characteristics Author: Mgr. Lucie Chlumská Department: Institute of the Czech National Corpus Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Václav Cvrček, Ph.D. Abstract: Despite the fact that translated literature accounts for more than one third of all written publications in the Czech Republic, Czech in translations has not yet been systematically analyzed from a quantitative point of view. The main objective of this corpus-based dissertation is to identify characteristic features of translated Czech com- pared to Czech in original, i.e. non-translated texts. The analysis was based on a large monolingual comparable corpus Jerome, created for the purposes of this study. It inclu- des both fiction and non-fiction texts and its design reflects the real Czech situation regarding the translations' source languages, i.e. translations from English prevail. The research was inspired by the theory of translation universals (typical linguistic featu- res common to any translated text) and focused mainly on simplification, convergence and general frequency characteristics, including parts-of-speech distribution and n-gram analysis. The findings have supported the hypothesis that translated Czech, as reflected in the Jerome corpus, is different from the non-translated Czech in terms of higher degree of...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 serpa_t_me_sjrp.pdf: 7871280 bytes, checksum: 08474ce8cfb85faedd392d54080082a6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o propósito de investigar os comportamentos linguístico-tradutório e social de dois tradutores diante dos obstáculos impostos pelos limites culturais na Tradução, analisamos um corpus paralelo da subárea de especialidade da Antropologia da Civilização, composto pelas obras O processo civilizatório: etapas da evolução sociocultural (1968) e O povo brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil (1995), de autoria do antropólogo Darcy Ribeiro e pelas respectivas traduções para a língua inglesa, realizadas por Betty J. Meggers e Gregory Rabassa.Também nos valemos de dois corpora comparáveis de Antropologia em português e em inglês, e de um corpus de apoio composto principalmente por dicionários de Ciências Sociais e Antropologia. Os principais objetivos que nortearam a presente pesquisa foram: observar a tradução de termos e expressões das obras darcynianas, assim como verificar o processo tradutório concernente aos brasileirismos e neologismos terminológicos elaborados pelo autor; investigar o comportamento linguístico-cultural dos tradutores, por meio da análise das opções por eles utilizadas nas traduções e dos traços de simplificação e explicitação nos textos traduzidos; e elaborar dois glossários bilíngues para a terminologia antropológica. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), adotando, para o levantamento e processamento eletrônico dos dados, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; KRIEGER & FINATTO, 2004, FAULSTICH, 1995, 2000). No tocante à análise dos dados levantados, adotamos os trabalhos de Sociologia da Tradução... / Intending to investigate the social and translational linguistic behaviors of two translators in face of obstacles imposed by cultural barriers in translation, we analyzed a parallel corpus of Social Anthropology of Civilization sub-area, composed by the works, O processo civilizatório (1968) e O povo brasileiro (1995), written by the anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro, as well as by their translations into English, performed by Betty J. Meggers and Gregory Rabassa, respectively. We also used two comparable corpora of Anthropology in Portuguese and in English, and a support corpus composed mainly of dictionaries of Social Sciences and Anthropology. The main objectives that guided this research were: to observe the translation of terms and expressions in Darcy Ribeiro’s works, to analyze the translational process concerning to the terminological Brazilianisms and neologisms produced by the author; to investigate the translators’ linguistic and cultural behavior through the analysis of resources used by them in their translations; to identify simplification and explicitation features in the two translated texts; and to elaborate two bilingual glossaries for anthropological terminology. With these purposes, we based our study on Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) adopting, for the electronic collection and processing of data, the theoretical and methodological framework of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010, TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; KRIEGER & FINATTO, 2004, FAULSTICH, 1995, 2000). Concerning the classification and analyzes of data gathered from our corpora, we based our research... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:34:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_ef_me_sjrp.pdf: 624546 bytes, checksum: f46368e9f9e4e527d79c9bb194cf1c90 (MD5) / No presente trabalho, examinamos a tradução de marcadores culturais (MCs) presentes em duas obras do escritor João Ubaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, traduzida pelo próprio autor como Sergeant Getulio; e a outra, O sorriso do lagarto, traduzida por Clifford Landers com o título de The Lizard’s Smile. Foram analisadas, nos respectivos textos de chegada, as escolhas do autotradutor e do tradutor profissional ao lidarem com diferenças culturais relacionadas aos MCs, com o objetivo de verificar aproximações e distanciamentos entre os dois pares de obras. Investigamos, também, aspectos referentes à tendência de explicitação e simplificação encontrados nos respectivos textos traduzidos. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos no arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004), na Linguística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2004), na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), nos trabalhos sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945) e de Aubert (1981, 2006), e nos estudos sobre modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998). Para a extração dos vocábulos, contamos com o auxílio das ferramentas de busca disponibilizados pelo programa WordSmith Tools, versão 4.0, que possibilitaram uma análise mais dinâmica e abrangente dos dados. Os resultados obtidos revelam que Ubaldo Ribeiro está mais voltado para o texto de partida buscando uma maior aproximação entre o leitor de língua inglesa e a mensagem do original. Já Landers direcionase mais para o texto alvo valendo-se de um número maior de recursos que podem ser identificados como características de simplificação a fim de tornar mais fácil a leitura do texto traduzido. / In this study, we investigated the translation of cultural markers present in two works written by JoãoUbaldo Ribeiro: Sargento Getúlio, translated by the self-translator as Sergeant Getulio; and the other, O sorriso do lagarto, by Clifford Landers as The Lizard’s Smile. The choices of the self-translator and the professional translator were analysed, in the respective target texts, concerning cultural differences related to cultural markers in order to observe similarities and diferences in both pairs of texts. We also investigated features of explicitation and simplification found in the respective translated texts. The theoretical approach is based on Corpus-Based Translation Studies (Baker, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004); Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2004), Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007), studies on cultural domains (Nida, 1945; Aubert, 1981, 2006), and on translation modalities (Aubert, 1984, 1998). For word extraction, we used the tools provided by the WordSmith Tools program, version 4.0, which enable us to analyse data in a broader and more dynamic way. The results obtained suggest that João Ubaldo Ribeiro’s output shows patterns more likely to be consciously reproduced on the basis of the source text. On the other hand, Landers seems to be closer to the normal patterning of translated English, in an attempt to make the translated text easier for the target reader. Keywords: Corpus Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Sergeant Getulio, The Lizard’s Smile, Cultural marker