In recent decades, the international community has made a concerted effort to develop the international Anti-Money Laundering Standards (AMLSs) and enhance their implementation at a national level. It is submitted that the AMLSs serve various laudable aims and States should adequately implement those standards. In fact, most States, including Vietnam, have been striving for the highest level of compliance with the AMLSs. This thesis suggests that external pressure and State socialization has compelled developing States to implement and comply with the international AMLSs, and Vietnam is an obvious case study. This thesis examines concisely the development and underlying rationales of a number of key categories of international AMLSs, and the difference in national implementation of each category. The implementation of such multifaceted standards in a transitional State, like Vietnam, requires substantial legal and administrative reform, which often faces numerous domestic hurdles. The examination of Vietnamese AML legislation has revealed that while significant deficiencies remain, certain categories of AMLSs have been transformed wholesale into Vietnamese law. As a part of the objectives of this study, suggestions for law reform have been made to close the gaps between the AML laws of Vietnam and the international standards. It is likely that Vietnam, within a short time, will revise the laws in order to obtain a better degree of compliance. However, given the political, economic and legal factors of Vietnam, this thesis argues that the enforcement of the laws in practice will be still limited. In other words, in the near future Vietnam can achieve what appears to be a high level of compliance with the international AMLSs, but only on paper.

Background: In the context of transitional Vietnam, hypertension has been shown to be one of the ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. However, population-based data on hypertension are to a large extent lacking. This thesis aims to characterise the current epidemiology of hypertension in the adult Vietnamese population and provide preliminary evidence for developing effective community-based hypertension management programmes nationwide. Methods: The study was conducted during 2002-2010. It includes two national surveys of the adult population aged 25 years and older, randomly selected in eight provinces in different regions of Vietnam, as well as a community-based programme on hypertension management in two communes of Bavi district. The survey on hypertension and associated risk factors, which included 9,832 adults, applied the WHO STEP-wise approach. The survey on hypertension-related knowledge and health seeking behaviour included 31,720 adults, using a structured questionnaire. For the community-based study, three-year follow-up data on 860 hypertensives was used to assess the effectiveness of the hypertension control model. Main findings: Hypertension prevalence was high (overall 25.1%, 28.3% in men and 23.1% in women). The proportions of hypertensives aware, treated and controlled were unacceptably low (48.4%, 29.6% and 10.7% respectively). Most Vietnamese adults (82.4%) had good knowledge about high blood pressure. People received their information on hypertension from mass media (newspapers, radio, and especially television). Most people would choose a commune health station (75%) if seeking health care for hypertension. The programme on hypertension control was able to run independently at the commune health station. Severity of hypertension and effectiveness of treatment were the main factors influencing people’s adherence to the programme. The hypertension control programme successfully reduced blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: -2.2 mmHg in men and -7.8 mmHg in women; diastolic blood pressure: -4.3 mmHg in men and -6.8 mmHg in women), the estimated CVD 10-year risk (-2.5% in women), and increased the proportions of treatment (22% in men and 13.6% in women) and control (11% in men and 17.3% in women) among hypertensive people. Suggestions for hypertension control: (1) Address the general population by developing community interventions, particularly salt reduction; (2) Provide interventions to individuals at high risk of a CVD event, including multi-drug treatment within patient-centred primary health care. (3) Set up a hypertension care network based in the existing health care system; (4) Improve and strengthen capacity and skills of medical staff in cardiac care, particularly staff at primary care level.

No description available.

No description available.

Bakgrund: komplementära smärtlindringsmetoder har inom hälso- och sjukvården visat sig vara effektiva vid smärttillstånd hos barn. Det är därför viktigt att som sjuksköterska ha kunskap om dessa metoder. Syfte: att beskriva vietnamesiska sjuksköterskors kunskap om samt användning av komplementära behandlingsmetoder för barn med smärta. Metodbeskrivning: data samlades in med hjälp av enkäter under hösten 2012 på ett barn- och kvinnosjukhus i Da Nang, Vietnam. I denna studie analyserades sjuksköterskors kunskap om komplementär smärtbehandling hos barn med hjälp av IBM SPSS Statistics för Windows software. Sambandet mellan kunskap och användning undersöktes. Huvudresultat och slutsats: kunskapen om komplementära metoders betydelse visade sig vara hög, medelvärde 4,45. Användningen av komplementära smärtlindringsmetoder visade sig variera. Det fanns inget samband mellan kunskapen om samt användningen av komplementära smärtlindringsmetoder. / Background: complementary pain relief methods has shown to be effective within the health care system for pain management in children. It is therefore important for nurses to have knowledge of these methods. Purpose: to describe Vietnamese nurses’ knowledge about and use of complementary pain relief methods when caring for children in pain. Method: the data was collected during the fall of 2012 using a questionnaire in a children and women’s hospital in Da Nang, Vietnam. This study analyzed data on nurses’ knowledge of pain management in children and the correlation between knowledge and use. Main Results and Conclusions: knowledge of complementary pain relief methods was found to be high, averaging 4.45.  The use of complementary pain relief methods was found to vary. There was no correlation between knowledge of, and use of complementary pain relief methods.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). / iv, 121 leaves, bound 29 cm

In recent decades, there have been an increasingly large number of developing countries that have embraced external economic liberalisation policies. Following trade theory, trade liberalisation has the potential to increase employment elasticity of economic growth and hence, have a greater poverty reduction impact, compared to import-substitution or closed economies. However, critics of globalisation often emphasise that the benefits from growth may not be evenly spread; hence, the distributional impacts may have an adverse effect on the poor. Vietnam has undertaken major market-based reforms to transform itself into an outward-oriented economy. The resulting effects show that not only has Vietnam achieved significant growth, but it has also managed to satisfy all the Millennium Development Goals. However, a significant element of Vietnam’s reforms involves integrating the Vietnamese economy with world markets through trade liberalisation policies, which may affect the welfare and distributional impacts on Vietnamese households. This dissertation examines the impact of trade liberalisation on growth, poverty and inequality for Vietnam. It develops a macro-micro analytical framework whereby a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is linked to a representative household model in order to capture these effects. The findings indicate that trade liberalisation will cause a significant increase in economic growth. The smallest gains occur under Vietnam’s unilateral trade liberalisation against ASEAN while the largest gains take place when Vietnam extends its liberalisation with the rest of the world. There will be a shift away from primary sectors towards industry-based sectors such as low-tech, intermediate manufacturing and durables. There is also substantial up-skilling of unskilled labour. Combined with the large real returns to capital goods, this will result in significant increases in both capital investments as well as in the accumulation of human capital. In addition, economic growth will induce a fall in poverty rates in Vietnam. Nonetheless, there will also be large increases in the inequality of income, especially in the rural sector. Hence, although growth has lifted a large proportion of households out of poverty, the distributional impacts have been detrimental to the most vulnerable households.

The policy of developing a market economy and of international integration as well as the major impetus to seek to build a law-based state and engage in judicial reform, are bringing practising lawyers (luat su) in Vietnam more opportunities than ever before, and the role of luat su is much improved. Given the importance of luat su in the period of transformation, attention should be paid to the enormous challenges encountered by them, as they are affected by a number of issues involving cultural, social, and legal aspects. This thesis tries to identify the professional and legal challenges that luat su face which directly and specifically affect their role: notably widespread devaluing of the potential and role of law, and the role of luat su in society, the inappropriate attitude of some government officials towards practising lawyers, the inadequacy of many lawyers' qualifications, the inferior position of luat su in the judicial system, the use of 'connections' (quan he) as a substitute for legal services, and especially substantial degree of inconsistencies, overlapping, uncertainty and unpredictability of the legal system, which prevent luat su from being able to render useful and practical advice. There is a causal relation between those issues and the marginal role of practising lawyers in contemporary Vietnam. This study also uses comparisons to draw experiences from other countries to see whether their experience can be made use of in Vietnam, The thesis makes a number of recommendations and concludes that in order to overcome difficulties and to improve the role of lawyers it is critical to create a good infrastructure for lawyers, including ensuring a closer approach to the rule of law in practice, Lawyers do not live and function in their own isolated world, but closely relate to the operation of other organs administering law and exercising justice. It is therefore concluded that the degree of improvement in the legal profession largely depends not only on the reform of the legal profession itself, but also on the success or failure of the current judicial and legal reforms.

The lustre and luminous qualities inherent in lacquer objects speak of a revered historic technology chronicled by remarkable achievements. Sophisticated lacquer objects from East Asia and Vietnam are products of the integrated histories, technologies, and cultural expressions of these territories. The application of lacquer as a decorative medium originally developed in China. Through exchange and trade, the material was transmitted to neighbouring countries where each region explored the material and developed distinctive styles and techniques. Although lacquer from East Asia and Vietnam share similar material natures, the cultural attributes of lacquer, it's aesthetics, design, form, and symbolism provide for marked distinctions across the zone. Vietnamese lacquer contributes surface techniques and motifs to the lacquer repertoire. The aim of this research is to investigate the materiality and processes of Vietnamese lacquer as a surface ornamentation integral to the design and making of objects. The published material is dominated by descriptions of the aesthetic achievements of lacquer objects with little coverage of the technology, techniques, and practices employed. There is a scarcity of contemporary research on Vietnamese lacquering processes written in the English language. This research was fuelled by a research field trip to Vietnam during 2004 workil,1g with Vietnamese lacquer artists on traditional lacquering techniques. During a residency at Hue the lacquer working processes were observed, documented and techniques sampled. This traineeship incorporated the preparation of traditional tools, of the substrate, and the application of lacquer painting techniques. Preparatory samples and templates were made in Australia for later experimentation in Vietnam. These samples were treated with lacquer and illustrate the possible exploration of Vietnamese lacquering techniques in a contemporary context. The research is a material investigation of traditional Vietnamese lacquering processes applied to jewellery and object making. The studio practice aims to reinterpret the traditional material language of lacquer by allying it with contemporary methods and techniques. This synthesis combining traditional art methods and digital technology is expressed as a series of objects inspired by floral motifs. The seasonal floral images are significant, evoking concepts of creation and renewal. The interpretation of these graphic florals provides a contemporary representation, aesthetic, and cultural reading for the material, maker, and motif.

The policy of developing a market economy and of international integration as well as the major impetus to seek to build a law-based state and engage in judicial reform, are bringing practising lawyers (luat su) in Vietnam more opportunities than ever before, and the role of luat su is much improved. Given the importance of luat su in the period of transformation, attention should be paid to the enormous challenges encountered by them, as they are affected by a number of issues involving cultural, social, and legal aspects. This thesis tries to identify the professional and legal challenges that luat su face which directly and specifically affect their role: notably widespread devaluing of the potential and role of law, and the role of luat su in society, the inappropriate attitude of some government officials towards practising lawyers, the inadequacy of many lawyers' qualifications, the inferior position of luat su in the judicial system, the use of 'connections' (quan he) as a substitute for legal services, and especially substantial degree of inconsistencies, overlapping, uncertainty and unpredictability of the legal system, which prevent luat su from being able to render useful and practical advice. There is a causal relation between those issues and the marginal role of practising lawyers in contemporary Vietnam. This study also uses comparisons to draw experiences from other countries to see whether their experience can be made use of in Vietnam, The thesis makes a number of recommendations and concludes that in order to overcome difficulties and to improve the role of lawyers it is critical to create a good infrastructure for lawyers, including ensuring a closer approach to the rule of law in practice, Lawyers do not live and function in their own isolated world, but closely relate to the operation of other organs administering law and exercising justice. It is therefore concluded that the degree of improvement in the legal profession largely depends not only on the reform of the legal profession itself, but also on the success or failure of the current judicial and legal reforms.