As a result of the economic reforms that were introduced in Vietnam in 1986, the country has grown economically. However, due to a bias toward development policies which have been mainly concentrated in urban areas, the economic gap between rural and urban areas has rapidly widened over time. More job opportunities and better living conditions in the city, as well as low productivity in agriculture, have caused people to move to the major cities. Consequently, rural to urban migration has become one of the dominant flows of internal migration in the country in recent years. This migration stream not only has increased in scale but also in its complexity. Particularly, the age of the migrants has become younger as many young people, especially females, become involved in this flow. Moreover, this migration flow has become less selective in terms of education as both more and less educated people migrate. Also, not only the rich but the poor take part in this movement. This thesis considers the determinants of moving and the experiences of young migrants to Ho Chi Minh City in terms of their economic, social and cultural adjustment in order to provide deep insights into the lives of young people when they migrate. This thesis has used the migration model of Scharping (1997) as the theoretical framework to investigate the decision to move as well as their living experiences in the city. A multiple method approach has been used to the study as both quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. Quantitative data such as secondary data from censuses and data from large-scale surveys at the national and the city levels and primary data from the author’s survey with 300 young migrants were applied. Qualitative data from 25 in-depth interviews with young migrants, 5 with authorities and 5 with migrant returnees were used in this study, to provide detailed information on migrants’ lives. While the city has attracted a large number of youth from rural areas because of its development advantages, the city’s government has applied policies to limit this flow. Yet, this migration control policy has proved costly and ineffective in restricting the flows of people to the major cities. This policy has created many difficulties for migrants in the city. In addition, low levels of education and limited work skills force many young migrants to work in the informal sector where their human rights are heavily violated. Other young migrants work in cheap intensive-labour factories. Low pay and hard work, but without labour and medical insurance, lead these young migrants to live on the margins of urban society. These findings suggest that if the local people do not accept these migrants, and urban policies make no effort to assistance them, it is impossible for young migrants in the city to be successful in building new lives and careers. Instead of trying to limit rural to urban migration, the national government should put more effort into narrowing the rural-urban gap by improving development in rural areas. More jobs with better pay in rural areas may be the most effective and sustainable way of reducing rural to urban migration flows. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331422 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2008

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Au Vietnam, le nombre des cartes bancaires émises qui évolue d'une façon spectaculaire, offre beaucoup d'opportunités commerciales aux banques. Cependant, la plus grande difficulté, à laquelle doit faire face le système bancaire du Vietnam, est l'utilisation traditionnelle de l'argent liquide par les habitants, Cette habitude s'avère difficile à modifier. En effet, malgré la carte et ses nombreux services comme le virement, le règlement des achats ... beaucoup de possesseurs de carte utilisent encore essentiellement du liquide. Dans l'espoir d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des facteurs internes et externes aux consommateurs qui influencent l'utilisation de la carte bancaire, mon sujet a visé à identifier les facteurs explicatifs de l'utilisation de la carte bancaire par les consommateurs vietnamiens. Plusieurs études ont déjà été menées dans le domaine des cartes bancaires, en particulier concernant les facteurs qui influencent l'utilisation de la banque électronique chez les consommateurs. Dans le contexte des pays de l'Asie du Sud-Est, il y a néanmoins peu d'auteurs qui ont étudié ce sujet. Au Vietnam, aucune étude n'a tenté d'élaborer un modèle des facteurs explicatifs d l'utilisation de la carte bancaire. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'identifier les facteurs explicatifs de l'utilisation de la carte bancaire chez les Vietnamiens. Notre recherche s'appuie sur les différentes théories et modèles de comportement (Théorie de l'action raisonnée, théorie du comportement planifié, ... ), et les différents modèles d'utilisation des cartes bancaires réalisés dans quelques pays dans le monde. Associé à une étude qualitative auprès de 20 possesseurs de la carte réalisée au Vietnam, nous avons ensuite élaboré un modèle de recherche qui permet de vérifier la relation entre des facteurs internes, externes et l'attitude, et l'utilisation de la carte bancaire chez les consommateurs. Pour vérifier nos hypothèses de recherche, une lourde enquête quantitative sur 1350 consommateurs vietnamiens (possesseurs et non possesseurs) a été réalisée grâce au questionnaire administré en face à face. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que la perception de l'infrastructure nationale, le comportement des magasins qui acceptent la carte, la politique Marketing des banques émettrices, le leadership d'opinion, le sexe et l'âge influencent positivement l'attitude; alors que l'infrastructure nationale, le comportement des magasins qui acceptent la carte, la politique Marketing des banques émettrices, la compatibilité perçue, la possibilité d'observabilité, la possibilité d'essai, le leadership d'opinion, le sexe l'attitude influent positivement l'utilisation de la carte bancaire. L'analyse de l'influence de ces facteurs permet au gouvernement vietnamien ainsi qu'aux responsables des banques vietnamiennes d'identifier les stratégies à mettre en oeuvre pour stimuler l'utilisation des cartes. Par conséquent, ce sujet offre des perspectives intéressantes pour les acteurs économiques, ... en termes de stratégies de développement de l'utilisation de carte bancaire. / In Vietnam, the number of issued bank cards is in a changing dramatically, offering many business opportunities fi banks. However, the greatest challenge that faces the banking system of Vietnam is the usual or traditional use of cash' the inhabitants. This habit is difficult to change. Indeed, despite the card and its many services such as transfer, payment for goods ... many cardholders are still using essentially the cash. In the hope of obtaining a better understanding internal and external factors that influence the use of bank card among consumers, my subject is to identify factors the explain the use of the bank card by Vietnamese consumers. Factors influencing the use of electronic banking in general and especially the bank card among consumers are the focus of numerous studies. In the context of the countries Southeast Asia, there are nevertheless some authors who have studied this subject. Especially in Vietnam, no study h attempted to develop a model of factors explaining the use of the bank cards. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors explaining the use of bank cards among Vietnamese consumers. Moreover, our research is based on different theories and models involved (Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior ... ), and different patterns of use bank cards performed in some countries in the world. Associated with a qualitative study of 20 cardholders achieved i Vietnam, we then developed a research model based on assumptions about the relationship between internal factor external factors and the attitude towards use, and the use of bank card among consumers. To test hypotheses of the research, a quantitative study of 1350 Vietnamese consumers (owners and non-owners) through the questionnaire administered face to face was performed. The results of this research showed that the perception of the nation infrastructure, the behavior of stores that accept the bank card, Marketing policy of issuing banks, leadership. / Ở Việt Nam, số lượng thẻ ngân hàng phát hành hiện nay tăng rất nhanh, đã mở ra nhiều cơ hộikinh doanh cho các ngân hàng. Tuy nhiên, khó khăn lớn nhất mà hệ thống ngân hàng ViệtNam gặp phải là thói quen sử dụng tiền mặt từ lâu đời trong dân cư. Thói quen này thật khóthay đổi. Thực tế, mặc dù đã có thẻ ngân hàng cũng như nhiều chức năng khác nhau gắn vớithẻ, nhiều chủ sở hữu thẻ vẫn chủ yếu thanh toán bằng tiền mặt. Với mong muốn hiểu đượcnhững nhân tố bên trong và bên ngoài ảnh hưởng đến việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng của ngườitiêu dùng, luận án này sẽ xác định những nhân tố giải thích cho việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ởngười tiêu dùng Việt Nam.Nhiều nghiên cứu khác nhau đã đề cập đến thẻ ngân hàng, đặc biệt là những nhân tố ảnhhưởng đến việc dùng ngân hàng điện tử ở người tiêu dùng. Tuy nhiên, trong bối cảnh nhữngquốc gia Đông Nam Á, chỉ có số ít tác giả nghiên cứu vấn đề này. Nhất là tại Việt Nam, chưacó nghiên cứu nào thử phát họa mô hình những nhân tố giải thích cho việc sử dụng thẻ ngânhàng của người tiêu dùng Việt Nam.Mặc khác, nghiên cứu này dựa trên các lý thuyết và mô hình hành vi khác nhau, cũng như dựatrên các mô hình sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ở một số quốc gia trên thế giới. Kết hợp với cuộcnghiên cứu định tính đối với 20 chủ thẻ ngân hàng, luận án này phát họa mô hình nghiên cứudựa trên các lý thuyết liên quan đến quan hệ giữa những nhân tố bên trong, bên ngoài và tháiđộ đối với việc sử dụng thẻ cũng như việc sử dụng thẻ ở người tiêu dùng.Để kiểm định các giả thuyết nghiên cứu, cuộc nghiên cứu định lượng được thực hiện đối với1350 người tiêu dùng Việt Nam (người sở hữu và không sở hữu thẻ) nhờ vào bản câu hỏiđược phát trực tiếp.Kết quả cuộc nghiên cứu đã thể hiện rằng cảm nhận về hạ tầng quốc gia, về hành vi của cácđơn vị chấp nhận thẻ, về chính sách Marketing của các ngân hàng phát hành, khả năng dẫnđạo ý kiến, giới tính của người tiêu dùng có quan hệ đồng biến với thái độ đối với việc sửdụng thẻ cũng như việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng.Việc phân tích những nhân tố ảnh hưởng này cho phép chính phủ Việt Nam, cũng như cácnhà quản lý ngân hàng xác định các chiến lược nhằm kích thích việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng.Do đó, đề tài này mở ra viễn cảnh thú vị về mặt chiến lược phát triển sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ởViệt Nam.

L’« identité collective » vietnamienne est un sujet omniprésent dans les discours médiatiques et les productions scientifiques du Vietnam et des communautés vietnamiennes d’outre-mer depuis quelques décennies. L’enjeu de cette recherche doctorale consiste à appréhender ces phénomènes identitaires vietnamiens sous un triple angle spécifique : en examinant la construction d’imaginaires sociaux de ce que signifient aujourd’hui « Vietnam » et « être vietnamien » à travers les échanges numériques entre les Vietnamiens nationaux et les Vietnamiens diasporiques. Deux phénomènes sociaux récents, la chanson Bonjour Vietnam et l’affaire des manifestations anti-chinoises au sujet du conflit sinovietnamiendes archipels des Paracels et des Spratleys, sont alors envisagés comme des lieux de construction des vietnamités numériques contemporaines. Celles-ci, investiguées dans une approche communicationnelle qui articule les trois dimensions constitutives de cette réalité sociétale, à savoir celle de la technique, celle du social et celle du sens, se sont avérées plurielles, hétérogènes,« idéologiques » et « utopiques », au sens de Paul Ricoeur. Produites à travers des pratiques de l’imagination collective, ces vietnamités numériques sont aux prises avec les flux transnationaux liés à la globalisation, tout en étant inscrites dans une logique de pouvoir de l’Etat-nation vietnamien. Ainsi,dépassant une visée de démystification ou de dénonciation idéologique, cette thèse tente de mettre au jour la dimension indépassable de l’imaginaire social, conçu comme un processus de communication. / Vietnamese « collective identity » is an omnipresent topic in medias discourses and scientificproductions of Vietnam and over-seas Vietnamese communities since some decades. This doctoralresearch aims at examining these Vietnamese identity phenomena from a triple particular stance: ininvestigating the construction of social imaginaries of what “Vietnam” and “be Vietnamese” meantoday, through digital exchanges between national Vietnamese and diasporic Vietnamese. Two recentsocial phenomena, namely the song Hello Vietnam and anti-Chinese demonstrations relative to theSino-Vietnamese conflict about Paracles and Spratleys islands, are then viewed as the places ofconstruction of contemporary digital Vietnam-nesses. These-ones, investigated in a communicationalapproach, that links together three dimensions of a social reality, that is technical, social andmeaningful, proved to be plurial, heterogeneous, “ideological” as well as “utopian”, in Paul Ricoeur’ssense. Produced in collective imagination practices, these Vietnam-nesses are confronted withtransnational flows caused by globalization, while being under the logic of power of the Vietnamesenation-state. Thus, going beyond the aim of ideological demystification or denunciation, thisdissertation attempts to reveal the inevitable dimension of social imaginary, viewed as a process ofcommunication.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 5, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

The materials of war, defined as what soldiers carry into battle and off the battlefield, have much to offer as a means of identifying and analyzing the culture of those combatants. The Vietnam War is extremely rich in culture when considered against the changing political and social climate of the United States during the 1960s and 70s. Determining the meaning of the materials carried by Vietnam War soldiers can help identify why a soldier is fighting, what the soldier’s fears are, explain certain actions or inactions in a given situation, or describe the values and moral beliefs that governed that soldier’s conduct. “Carry,” as a word, often refers to something physical that can be seen, touched, smelled, or heard, but there is also the mental material, which does not exist in the physical space, that soldiers collect in their experiences prior to, during, and after battle. War changes the individual soldier, and by analyzing what he or she took (both physical and mental), attempts at self-preservation or defense mechanisms to harden the body and mind from the harsh realities of war are revealed. In the same respect, what the soldiers brought home is also a means of preservation; preserving those memories of their experiences adds validity and meaning to their experiences. An approach employing aspects of psychology, sociology, and cultural theory demonstrates that any cookie-cutter answer or characterization of Vietnam veterans is unstable at best, and that a much more complex picture develops from a multidisciplinary analysis of the soldiers who fought the war in Vietnam.

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This urban ethnography examines the everyday lives of young adults participating in middle-class culture in Ho Chi Minh City. My analysis illuminates the motivations and processes by which middle-class people create a social and moral middleness. Middleness refers both to the experiences of this group and to the cultural space wherein individuals perform their gender-specific, consumption-driven roles and negotiate identities as modern Vietnamese people. In attempting to understand precisely how social class functions and is experienced, my analysis focuses on how it relates to other processes of identity formation (i.e. gender and consumerism). Doing so also requires that I call attention to the uneven, unstable impacts of globalizing processes and the importance of performativity. By arguing that class is best understood as a socio-cultural process and by confronting the myth of global cultural homogenization, I reveal important insights about what it means to be middle-class in Ho Chi Minh City. Individual and group responses to the city's ever-changing consumer society show people carrying out their lives in social and cultural systems that are fundamentally unfinished.

CHDS State/Local / The War on Terror, as the outcome of the al Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, promises to be the effort of a generation. If it is to win, the United States must approach it in a manner reminiscent of successes in past wars: with clearly defined and obtainable national objectives, and a unified national strategy to obtain those objectives. In addition, it must establish a clear long-term vision for transforming its efforts and its institutions from the industrial age to the information age as the new domain for waging war. This thesis examines the War on Terror from several perspectives. First, is the strategic context in which the war is being conducted, particularly the issues involved in its prosecution. Second, the Vietnam War and the War on Terror are examined in historical context to determine if the United States is repeating the strategic mistakes that led to its defeat in Vietnam. Third, transformation imperatives are identified which require the Nation to consider what it must do to win the War on Terror while simultaneously preparing for the emergence of greater forms of information age warfare. Finally, an adaptive capabilities-based approach is suggested for the United States to deal with the new strategic reality it faces. / Chief - G3 Military Support Division, First U.S. Army / U.S. Army (USA) author

This paper examines the ineffective and unsustainable information management system employed by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Vietnamese public faces an absence of information, due to strictly controlled state media and an unreliable unofficial media. Meanwhile, the current information management system does not allow the regime to meet its core interests of increasing government legitimacy and decreasing corruption. Increasing press freedom is also perceived as an existential threat, and so the government’s basic interests contradict each other. This paper examines the literature on information management in authoritarian and democratic regimes to determine the functions of the media in more free and less free contexts. It then examines the information systems of two successful case studies, China and Singapore, to locate applicable lessons for the Vietnam case. The paper finds that while Vietnam should adopt some elements of China’s media demobilization strategies, both the Vietnamese regime and the Vietnamese people are better served by moving towards a Singaporean-style social contract between the public and the regime.