A simplified RDF production was made, together with a waste characterization of MSW from Hanoi area. Three experiments were done, two with active aeration and one without. A high water content was determined at all RDF, which has a negative influence on the lower heating value and a saving-effect. A accumulation of the heating value to the higher class (>40mm), was not completely possible, also no complete transfer of mineral contents to the lower class (<10mm). The RDF reach in most cases the criteria for a fuel for different limit values, heavy metals, chloride and sulfur. An economic benefit could be possible with a surplus income by using RDF instead of coal (lignite), also by avoiding landfill gas and sell emission rights via CDM. More and detailed investigations seem to be necessary to confirm these results.:I. Index I II. Abbreviations III III. List of Tables IV IV. Figures VII V. Acknowledgements VIII VI. Summary IX 1. Introduction 1 2. Materials and methods 3 2.1 Waste Composition Analyze 3 2.2 Sample analyze 4 2.2.1 Water Content 4 2.2.2 Size reduction 5 2.2.3 Carbon content 5 2.2.4 Chloride and Sulfur 7 2.2.5 Heavy metals 7 2.2.6 fossil and biogenic carbon 9 2.2.7 Ash content / Los of Ignition 11 2.3 biological Stabilization 11 2.3.1 Active Aeration 12 2.3.2 Passive aeration 12 2.4 Clean Development Mechanism 13 2.4.1 Kyoto Protocol 13 2.4.2 International emission trading 14 2.4.3 Clean Development Mechanism 15 2.4.4 Avoidance potential of emissions from waste through RDF production 22 2.5 Economic calculation 27 2.6 Comparison to the usage of primary energy sources 28 3. Results 30 3.1 Waste characterization 30 3.2 Mass Balance of RDF Production 33 3.3 Water content 34 3.3.1 Waste from Characterization 34 3.3.2 RDF 35 3.4 Heating value 36 3.4.1 Waste from Characterization 36 3.4.2 RDF 37 3.5 Heavy metals 38 3.5.1 Waste from Characterization 38 3.5.2 RDF 39 3.6 Chloride and Sulfur content 41 3.6.1 Waste from Characterization 41 3.6.2 RDF 42 3.7 Total carbon content 42 3.8 Biogenic / fossil carbon content / Ash 43 3.9 Methane avoidance potential 44 3.10 CO2e emission through RDF usage 45 3.11 Economic comparison 46 3.12 Comparison to coal 47 4. Discussion 48 4.1 1st Thesis 48 4.2 2nd Thesis 53 4.3 3rd Thesis 61 4.3.1 Mechanical requirements 62 4.3.2 Caloric requirements 63 4.3.3 Chemical requirements 64 4.4 4th Thesis 71 4.4.1 Environmental benefit 71 4.4.2 Economical benefit 74 5. Conclusion 77 References 79 Annex I - Tables I Affidavit – Eidesstattliche Erklärung I

This thesis focuses on the study of factionalism in the Communist Party of Vietnam and relates it to the recent problems of the Vietnamese regime. In order to determine the causes of the current crisis in Vietnam and introduce the environment in which Vietnamese elites operate, this study analyses both formal and informal structures of the political system of Vietnam and the principles of their functioning. This thesis criticizes misleading usage of faction as an analytical tool in the works on Vietnam and presents Andrew Nathan's factional model elaborated for China which is applied to Vietnam in a slightly changed form. We present evidence showing that the central political arena in Vietnam displays factional characteristics. Those findings are linked to the problem immobilism in Vietnam which is connected with instability caused by the absence of political initiatives and needed reforms (mainly the political one). Attention is also drawn to the need for the development of a theory of factionalism. Key words: The Communist Party of Vietnam, factional theories, political system of Vietnam

With the process of Vietnam's reform and opening up, Vietnam's economy has made remarkable achievements. Vietnam's manufacturing industry, taking advantage of the new liberal policies, has also achieved rapid development. Sufficient and cheap labor force, advantageous geographical location, preferential foreign investment policies, and friendly international trade environment with the technological upgrading of manufacturing industry are all the advantages of Vietnam in attracting manufacturing industry. However, there are structural difficulties in the Vietnam's economy. Vietnam's economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and foreign investment, and its trade commodities are mainly assembly and processing with low added value. Compared with China, Vietnam also has obvious disadvantages in the scale of domestic market and supply chain. To some extent, Vietnam's manufacturing industry is integrated into China's supply chain network. Keywords: manufacturing, foreign trade, Vietnam's economy, comparative advantage, supply chain

The article is a synthesis of the studies on oribatid mites carried out in Vietnam during the period of 1980-2013, and is based on the oribatid materials obtained throughout the country. The oribatid mite fauna (Acari: Oribatida) of Vietnam is diversified, and has high specialization. It is diverse by the number of superfamilies, families, genera and species recorded. However, the number of genera per family, as well as the number of species and subspecies per genus, is not high. 43.75% and 37.50% of the total 64 families and subfamilies consist of one and of 2-3 genera, respectively. The only one family Oppiidae Grandjean, 1954 consists of 23 genera. The majority of the genera, 68.10% of the total, are represented by one species. The only two genera are represented by more than 10 species, namely Galumna Heyden, 1826 and Pergalumna Grandjean, 1936, with 13 and 11 species, respectively. The main zoogeographical characteristics of the oribatid mite fauna of Vietnam are the Oriental species, representing 60.30% of the total number. It also includes the elements of the Palaearctic – Oriental (12.2%), the Cosmopolitan (10.6%), the Afrotropical (Ethiopical) – Oriental (6.9%), the Australian – Oriental (5.0%), the Neotropical – Oriental (3.8%), the Nearctic – Oriental (0.9%), and the Pacific - Oriental (0.3%). / Để đánh giá cấu trúc phân loại và đặc điểm địa động vật của khu hệ ve giáp Việt Nam (Acari: Oribatida), trên cơ sở mẫu vật nghiên cứu thu từ toàn lãnh thổ quốc gia, công trình đã tổng hợp và phân tích các kết quả nghiên cứu về ve giáp trong giai đoạn 1980-2013. Khu hệ động vật ve giáp Việt Nam có tính chuyên biệt cao, và rất đa dạng về số lượng họ, giống và loài xác định được. Tuy nhiên số lượng giống trong 1 họ, cũng như số lượng loài trong 1 giống lại không cao. 43,75% và 37,50% của 64 họ và phân họ, tương ứng chỉ xác định được có 2 và 3 giống. Duy nhất có họ Oppiidae Grandjean, 1954 ghi nhận được 23 giống. 68,10% tổng số giống, chỉ xác định được 1 loài. Duy nhất có 2 giống ghi nhận được hơn 10 loài, là Galumna Heyden, 1826 và Pergalumna Grandjean, 1936, tương ứng có 13 và 11 loài. Đặc điểm địa động vật cơ bản của khu hệ ve giáp Việt Nam là tính chất Đông phương (Oriental), với 60,30% tổng số loài xác định được. Tính chất địa động vật của nó còn bao gồm các yếu tố sau: Cổ bắc - Đông phương (Palaearctic-Oriental, 12,2% tổng số loài xác định được), Toàn cầu (Cosmopolite, 10,6%), Nhiệt đới Phi châu - Đông phương (Afrotropical (Ethiopical)-Oriental, 6,9%), Úc châu - Đông phương (Australian-Oriental, 5,0%), Tân nhiệt đới - Đông phương (Neotropical-Oriental, 3.8%), Vùng cực - Đông phương (Nearctic-Oriental, 0.9%), và Thái Bình Dương - Đông phương (Pacific-Oriental, 0,3%).

The freshwater crab fauna of Vietnam has a high diversity and endemism, 49 species have been recorded and 42 of them are only known from this country. In addition, many species are undescribed or undiscovered while at least 10% of known species are facing extinction. Water pollution, urban, industrial and agricultural development, habitat loss and fragmentation, deforestation and overexploitation are the main threats to this fauna. The first conservation recommendation is keeping rain forest tracts large enough to maintain habitat and water quality for long-term survival of these crabs. More research on taxonomy, distribution, population dynamics, main pressures, conservation status are needed in order to assess conservation status and create efficient conservation actions for freshwater crabs in Vietnam. / Khu hệ cua nước ngọt ở Việt Nam có mức độ đa dạng và đặc hữu cao với 49 loài đã được ghi nhận, trong đó có tới 42 loài chỉ được biết đến ở Việt Nam. Ngoài ra, nhiều loài cua nước ngọt còn chưa được mô tả hay chưa được khám phá, trong khi có tới 10% trong tổng số loài đã biết đang phải đối mặt với nguy cơ tuyệt chủng. Ô nhiễm môi trường nước, đô thị hóa, phát triển công nghiệp và nông nghiệp, nơi sống bị phân mảnh và mất, phá rừng cùng với khai thác quá mức là những mối đe dọa chính đối với khu hệ này. Công tác bảo tồn trước hết phải giữ cho diện tích rừng đủ lớn để duy trì chất lượng môi trường sống cho sự tồn tại lâu dài của các loài cua này. Các nghiên cứu về phân loại học, phân bố, động lực quần thể là rất cần thiết để đánh giá tình trạng bảo tồn và đưa ra những hành động bảo tồn hiệu quả cho các loài cua nước ngọt ở Việt Nam.

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This master's thesis deals with the development and implementation of counterinsurgency warfare by the military and government of the United States during the Vietnam War. The main point of this work revolves around the fact that the United States did not develop a successful and comprehensive counterinsurgency doctrine during this period. However, certain counterinsurgency units and programs were developed that did achieve success in deterring the guerrilla war waged by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army. The Phoenix Program and especially the Civilian Irregular Defense Group Program, which was developed and operated by the U.S. Army Special Forces, proved that counterinsurgency warfare could be waged successfully against an elusive foe. As the Vietnam War escalated, the United States relied upon the technology, the mobility, and the firepower of America's conventional military to try and destroy an unconventional enemy. This reliance upon conventional military strategies and tactics eventually led to the withdrawal of American troops and the defeat of the Republic of Vietnam by the communist forces of North Vietnam. I believe that the United States and the Republic of Vietnam could have prevented a communist victory through the proper development of counterinsurgency warfare doctrine. This doctrine would include a combination of counterinsurgency tactics and strategies I social reform, economic assistance, military training, and political stability. The United States learned many valuable lessons in Vietnam, including the importance of maintaining specialized units that could be used to fight a limited war against a dedicated enemy with a political agenda. Warfare has never been an exact science, and a nation must be prepared to deal with any contingency. / Master of Arts