Abstract Introduction: Vietnam has one of the fastest growing HIV- epidemics in the world. In Vietnam the primary caregivers are the family. Aim:  The aim was to examine caregiver burden and need of support among family members of persons living with HIV [PLHIV] in Ho Chi Minh City, and also to investigate the differences in these matters between genders. Method:  A descriptive cross-sectional study with quantitative method was used. The study was carried out at the Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam where people living with HIV are treated. A convenience sample was used. Seventy one of 87 questionnaires were completed. Result: The largest groups reported “mild to moderate” (35%) and moderate to severe” (42%) caregiver burden. The caregivers felt that they should do more for their relative and a better job in caring for them. They also expressed that the financial situation added to the burden. The needs of support most requested were economic support, knowledge about caring, and mental support to cope. Concerning caregiver burden scale only one significant difference was found, male participants found it more embarrassing to have friends over than female participants. High caregiver burden was strongly associated with depression (p=0.00). Conclusion: High caregiver burden and feeling of depression was strongly associated. The caregivers of PLHIV are in need of different kinds of support to cope with their situation. Intervention including care plan should be given to caregivers to minimize risk of burden and depression and increase their quality of life. / Sammanfattning Introduktion: Vietnam har en av de snabbaste växande HIV-epidemierna i världen. De primära vårdgivarna vid sjukdom är familjemedlemmar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka känslan av vårdgivarbelastning hos familjemedlemmar till personer som lever med HIV när de vårdar sin anhörig och vilka stödinsatser de behöver. Vidare var syftet att se om några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor föreligger. Metod: En deskriptiv tvärsnitts studie med en kvantitativ metod användes. Studien genomfördes på Hospital of Tropical Diseases i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ett bekvämlighets urval användes. Sjuttioen av 87 enkäter var fullständigt ifyllda och användes för analys. Resultat:Den största delen av deltagarna upplevde ”mild till lindrig” (35%) och ”lindrig till svår” (42%) belastning. Familjevårdgivarna kände att de skulle vilja göra mer för sin anhörig och vårda dem på ett bättre sätt. De uttryckte också att den svåra ekonomiska situationen ökade belastningen. Stödinsatser som efterfrågades mest var ekonomiskt stöd, kunskap om hur man vårdar och mentalt stöd för att klara av situationen som vårdgivare. Gällande vårdgivarbelastning fanns en signifikant skillnad, män var mer generade än kvinnor när de hade besök av vänner. Hög vårdgivarbelastning var starkt associerad med känslan av depression (p=0.000). Slutsats: Hög vårdgivarbelastning och känslan av depression var starkt associerade. Vårdgivarna är i behov av stödinsatser av olika slag för att klara av sin situation. Åtgärder som inkluderar en omvårdnadsplan skulle kunna erbjudas till vårdgivarna för att minimera risken av vårdgivar- belastning, depression och öka deras livskvalité.

Thesis (D.Psych.)--Murdoch University, 2009. / Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-203)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis studies some of the major factors affecting relationship development between Vietnamese and North American business people, including: the different status of foreigners, the economic needs of the Vietnamese, the unsettled environment, the different conception of working relationships and the importance of face. The focus of the empirical research is the relationship development between Vietnamese and North American negotiators. A review of the Vietnamese culture and the pertinent literature led to the formulation and thesis of three hypotheses with respect to: the most important issue for the Vietnamese negotiator, the type of relationship wanted by the Vietnamese negotiator, and the impact of status differential on the relationship. Two principal research methods were used to test these hypotheses. First, a questionnaire was distributed to business people attending business classes at the University of Economics of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Second, a series of interviews was conducted with Vietnamese and North American business people living and working in Vietnam. The findings confirm that the Vietnamese emphasize the development of good working relationships with their negotiating counterparts. It should be noted, however, that the concept of a good working relationship is conceived differently than in North America. The second hypothesis is partially supported by the data; the Vietnamese negotiators seem to attach more importance to the evaluation of the trust of their partners, rather than to competitive or cooperative objectives. This is because the Vietnamese negotiators want to make sure they will not be in a situation in which they might lose face. This appears to be the main relationship objective of the Vietnamese negotiators. No conclusive evidence has been found to endorse the third hypothesis. Although status differential affects the behavior of Vietnamese negotiators, it does not affect the way they develop relationships with their North American partners. Possibly, the special status of North American business people, and the similar basis of all business interactions, have led the Vietnamese to have specific relationship objectives when negotiating with North Americans, whatever their status might be.

This thesis seeks to determine the nature and character of Canada's foreign policy towards Vietnam. / Dependent upon Southeast Asian stability for strategic resources, a merchandise surplus and the expansion of the American economy, Canada also benefitted directly through increased exports of staple goods, automotive parts and war material. / Ottawa's record on the International Control Commissions was characterized by partisan voting, complicity in the violation of the Geneva and Paris Agreements and the rationalization of Washington's strategy. / Canadian aid, dispensed only to Saigon, was a co-ordinated part of American pacification programs. / The purpose of Ottawa's policy was to ensure the permanent division of Vietnam while the ultimate intention and consequence was to legitimate the U.S. intervention. Underlying Ottawa's decision-making was Canada's integration into the world market system and the unequal, albeit voluntary, alliance between the economic elites of Canada and the United States.

This thesis examines Jane Fonda’s antiwar activism during the Vietnam War, focusing on the period from late 1969 through 1973. Her early activism was characterized by frequent protests against the war, speeches at antiwar rallies and college campuses, and involvement with the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. In 1971 Fonda organized an antiwar troupe, FTA, which performed antiwar songs and sketches to active-duty servicemen in America and Southeast Asia. Fonda’s notorious trip to North Vietnam is examined in detail, as are her comments in 1973 regarding American POWs. Negative reaction to Fonda’s activism is examined, and the myth of “Hanoi Jane” is traced from its wartime origins through its postwar evolution. The John Kerry-Jane Fonda photograph incident of 2004 is reviewed, and treated as a symptom of decades-long anti-Hanoi Jane ideas, rather than an isolated incident. Fonda’s gender, the media’s treatment of her at various stages, and her own missteps all receive consideration in determining where Jane Fonda ends and the myth of Hanoi Jane begins.

Introduction: Vietnam is said to be the country with the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia. HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are factors that affect the HIV-epidemic negatively. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination among Vietnamese adolescents. The aim was also to investigate the differences between genders, and between adolescents in an urban area versus a rural area in Ho Chi Minh City about these issues. Method: A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire containing four domains: 1. "Fear of transmission and disease", 2. "Association with shame, blame and judgment", 3. "Personal support of discriminatory actions or policies", 4. "Perceived community support of discriminatory actions or policies”. The study was carried out at two high schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A convenience sample was used. Out of the total number of 797 who filled in the questionnaire, 400 were used with 200 from each high school. Results: The majority had heard about HIV/AIDS and about a fifth knew someone living with HIV/AIDS. In domain 2 the majority (87.0 %) considered that people living with HIV/AIDS should be given treatment and care, only if they stop participating in immoral or illicit activities. More male than female adolescents, as well as more adolescents in urban area than rural area, agreed to this. In domain 4 more male than female adolescents in the urban area reported that people living with HIV/AIDS in this community face verbal abuse or teasing. In the same domain, more adolescents living in the urban area than those in the rural area reported that people living with HIV/AIDS in this community face neglect from their family and rejection from their peers. Conclusion: HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination exists among Vietnamese adolescents. The healthcare should be aware of this matter when providing health education to adolescents and planning intervention programs in order to prevent this issue. / Introduktion: Vietnam sägs vara landet med den snabbaste växande HIV-epidemin i Asien. HIV/AIDS-relaterad stigma och diskriminering är faktorer som påverkar HIV-epidemin negativt. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att undersöka HIV/AIDS-relaterad stigma och diskriminering bland vietnamesiska ungdomar. Syftet var också att undersöka skillnaderna mellan könen och mellan ungdomar i staden och på landsbygden i Ho Chi Minh City. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med en strukturerad enkät innehållande 4 domäner; 1. ”Rädsla för smittöverföring och sjukdom”, 2. "Association med skam, skuld och dom", 3. ”Personligt stöd till diskriminerande åtgärder eller principer”, 4. "Upplevelse av samhällets inverkan av diskriminerande åtgärder eller politik". Studien utfördes vid två gymnasieskolor i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ett bekvämligheturval användes. Av det totala antalet 797 elever som fyllde i enkäten, var det 400 som användes med 200 från vardera gymnasieskola. Resultat: Majoriteten av studenterna hade hört talas om HIV/AIDS och cirka en femtedel kände någon som lever med HIV/AIDS. I domän 2 ansåg majoriteten (87,0%) att de som lever med HIV/AIDS bör ges vård och behandling, bara om de slutar att delta i omoraliska eller olagliga aktiviteter. Fler manliga än kvinnliga ungdomar, samt fler ungdomar i staden än de på landsbygden, instämde i detta. I domän 4 trodde fler manliga än kvinnliga ungdomar i stadsområdet att människor som lever med HIV/AIDS utsätts för verbal misshandel eller blir retade. I samma domän rapporterade fler ungdomar som bor i staden än de på landsbygden att människor som lever med HIV/AIDS blir utsatta för vanvård av sina familjer och utstötta av sina kamrater. Slutsats: HIV/AIDS-relaterad stigma och diskriminering förekommer bland vietnamesiska ungdomar. Vården bör vara medveten om detta problem när de ger hälsoupplysning till ungdomar och planerar interventionsprogram för att förebygga problemet.

In the literature on product branding, significant attention has been paid to brand equity in the consumer context, but relatively little attention has been paid to the application of the concept of brand equity to the business-to-business context. Even less research has been conducted on the role of brand equity in the retailing context. Retailers are assumed to be irrelevant to the source of brand value for manufacturers, with the result that manufacturers do not target retailers to help them build strong brands. Therefore, there is potential for some channel conflict to occur between manufacturers and retailers. On the one hand, retailers may tend to focus on building their own, private brands to differentiate themselves from other retail competitors and to increase their power in relation to manufacturer brands. On the other hand, retailers also need to create a good image in the consumer marketplace by selling famous, manufacturer-branded products. In other words, retailers often have to sell famous brands even if they would prefer to sell other brands, or their own. Manufacturers therefore tend to focus on building strong brand associations in consumers’ minds, in order to control retailers’ power.There is an argument that traditional ways of thinking about brands, i.e. only from the consumer perspective, has produced ‘both an incomplete analysis of branding from an academic perspective and incomplete management of the brand from a company perspective’ (Webster 2000). The relationship between manufacturers and retailers should be viewed as a partnership instead of competition for consumer loyalty (Narus & Anderson 1986). Powerful consumer brands not only provide value to manufacturers and consumers, but they also offer many obvious benefits to retailers. These benefits include an established consumer demand; favourable consumer attitudes towards the branded product found in their store; a commitment from manufacturers to promote their products; and the credibility and image of the brand itself as an enhancement of the retailer’s own credibility and image(Webster 2000). Brand equity, therefore, needs to be investigated from the retailers’ perspective, in order to provide a more complete understanding of the role of branding in marketing strategies. This research attempts to bridge this gap by exploring the customer-based brand equity concept from the retailers’ perspective. It aims to explore how consumer-based brand equity theory translates to the retailer context, incorporating the key constructs of brand association, brand trust, brand loyalty, manufacturer support and the performance of the brand.The study was conducted in the context of the Vietnamese independent retail grocery sector. This context was chosen on the basis that there has been limited research conducted on branding in the Vietnamese context and due to the prominence of the independent grocery sector in the retail industry of Viet Nam. A survey questionnaire was developed based on the review of the relevant branding and retail literature and was administered to a sample of 400 independent grocery retailers in Ho Chi Minh City. This sample was drawn from a commercial mailing list of independent retailers. Selected retailers were contacted by phone and invited to participate in the research by completing the questionnaire during a face-to-face interview at their premises. They were asked to respond to the survey in relation to a major brand of soft drink sold within their product range. The soft drink product category was selected for this study due to it being one of the most common types of products sold by the independent retail sector in Viet Nam, which would ensure that all participants could easily share their opinions of the value of brands.Following a pilot study testing the survey instrument, the main data collection phase resulted in 355 completed and useable surveys being available for analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between the branding constructs of interest. The findings show that the theoretical model has fit with the data. Nine out of twelve hypotheses are supported to answers four research question.The finding indicates that brand equity plays an important role in the retailing context, and it is comprised of three dimensions - brand association, brand trust and brand loyalty. Brand association is reflected in the positive image of a brand in the retailer’s perception, related to their needs and wants. This leads to a positive feeling towards that brand, which is the trust a retailer holds in a manufacturer’s brand. As the result of a strong brand, retailers commit to a long-term business relationship with the brand’s manufacturer. Two of these three dimensions of retailer-based brand equity, (brand association and brand loyalty) are positively and significantly related to the brand’s performance at the retail outlet. Manufacturer support, including advertising, sales promotion and trade promotions has been confirmed by this study to be an antecedent of retailer-based brand equity. Moreover, this study indicated that there is a difference between the retailer-based brand equity model for local brands compared to international brands, in that brand association is the most important factor in retailer-based brand equity in the international brands model while brand loyalty is the most important factor in the local brands model.

In the literature on product branding, significant attention has been paid to brand equity in the consumer context, but relatively little attention has been paid to the application of the concept of brand equity to the business-to-business context. Even less research has been conducted on the role of brand equity in the retailing context. Retailers are assumed to be irrelevant to the source of brand value for manufacturers, with the result that manufacturers do not target retailers to help them build strong brands. Therefore, there is potential for some channel conflict to occur between manufacturers and retailers. On the one hand, retailers may tend to focus on building their own, private brands to differentiate themselves from other retail competitors and to increase their power in relation to manufacturer brands. On the other hand, retailers also need to create a good image in the consumer marketplace by selling famous, manufacturer-branded products. In other words, retailers often have to sell famous brands even if they would prefer to sell other brands, or their own. Manufacturers therefore tend to focus on building strong brand associations in consumers’ minds, in order to control retailers’ power.There is an argument that traditional ways of thinking about brands, i.e. only from the consumer perspective, has produced ‘both an incomplete analysis of branding from an academic perspective and incomplete management of the brand from a company perspective’ (Webster 2000). The relationship between manufacturers and retailers should be viewed as a partnership instead of competition for consumer loyalty (Narus & Anderson 1986). Powerful consumer brands not only provide value to manufacturers and consumers, but they also offer many obvious benefits to retailers. These benefits include an established consumer demand; favourable consumer attitudes towards the branded product found in their store; a commitment from manufacturers to promote their products; and the credibility and image of the brand itself as an enhancement of the retailer’s own credibility and image(Webster 2000). Brand equity, therefore, needs to be investigated from the retailers’ perspective, in order to provide a more complete understanding of the role of branding in marketing strategies. This research attempts to bridge this gap by exploring the customer-based brand equity concept from the retailers’ perspective. It aims to explore how consumer-based brand equity theory translates to the retailer context, incorporating the key constructs of brand association, brand trust, brand loyalty, manufacturer support and the performance of the brand.The study was conducted in the context of the Vietnamese independent retail grocery sector. This context was chosen on the basis that there has been limited research conducted on branding in the Vietnamese context and due to the prominence of the independent grocery sector in the retail industry of Viet Nam. A survey questionnaire was developed based on the review of the relevant branding and retail literature and was administered to a sample of 400 independent grocery retailers in Ho Chi Minh City. This sample was drawn from a commercial mailing list of independent retailers. Selected retailers were contacted by phone and invited to participate in the research by completing the questionnaire during a face-to-face interview at their premises. They were asked to respond to the survey in relation to a major brand of soft drink sold within their product range. The soft drink product category was selected for this study due to it being one of the most common types of products sold by the independent retail sector in Viet Nam, which would ensure that all participants could easily share their opinions of the value of brands.Following a pilot study testing the survey instrument, the main data collection phase resulted in 355 completed and useable surveys being available for analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between the branding constructs of interest. The findings show that the theoretical model has fit with the data. Nine out of twelve hypotheses are supported to answers four research question.The finding indicates that brand equity plays an important role in the retailing context, and it is comprised of three dimensions - brand association, brand trust and brand loyalty. Brand association is reflected in the positive image of a brand in the retailer’s perception, related to their needs and wants. This leads to a positive feeling towards that brand, which is the trust a retailer holds in a manufacturer’s brand. As the result of a strong brand, retailers commit to a long-term business relationship with the brand’s manufacturer. Two of these three dimensions of retailer-based brand equity, (brand association and brand loyalty) are positively and significantly related to the brand’s performance at the retail outlet. Manufacturer support, including advertising, sales promotion and trade promotions has been confirmed by this study to be an antecedent of retailer-based brand equity. Moreover, this study indicated that there is a difference between the retailer-based brand equity model for local brands compared to international brands, in that brand association is the most important factor in retailer-based brand equity in the international brands model while brand loyalty is the most important factor in the local brands model.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.