This thesis examines the bee, the plant and the human communities in the submerged Melaleuca forests of southern Vietnam. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the taxonomy and evolution of the genus Apis (honey bees), the research area and the general objectives of the thesis. Chapter 2 deals with biology of the Asian giant honey bee, Apis dorsata Fabricius and presents new data on the sizes and ratios of the drone and worker cells; the weight of the queen, drone and worker; and the egg production of A. dorsata queens. Chapter 3 demonstrates that properties of nest sites; such as the diameter, slope, length of the nest site, remnants of beeswax from the previous colony, and the size of the open space in front of the nest site, are criteria in the selection of nest sites by A. dorsata colonies. Chapter 4 discusses the floral relations of A. dorsata and other insect visitors in the forest. Three types of partitioning within and among plants and insects in the Melaleuca forest are found. These are the partitioning of visitors by Melaleuca cajuputi and Nypa fruticans flowers, the partitioning of visitation time by the two sympatric honey bee species, A. dorsata and A. florea, and the partitioning of visitation time on Melaleuca and Nypa flowers by either honey bee species. Results of Chapter 5 show that there is temporal partitioning of flower sources among the sympatric Asian honey bee species (A. dorsata, A. cerana and A. florea); however, there is a competition of flowers between the European bee (A. mellifera) and the Asian bee species. Chapter 6 discusses the important role of A. dorsata rafter beekeeping in forest protection, the conflicts between the beekeepers and new forest holders, and the economic efficiency of A. dorsata rafter beekeeping in comparison with those of A. mellifera and A. cerana beekeeping systems. Finally, Chapter 7 gives general conclusions of the thesis and recommendations for further study.

No description available.

No description available.

There is a dominant theoretical perception that squatter settlements in cities of most developing countries result from the mass migration of the poor, rural population to urban areas where they mostly end up squatting. Many observers believe most squatters to be new, rural to urban migrants who fail to earn enough to support themselves - especially within urban legal or formal housing markets. Such a belief also often prompts government authorities to take firm action against squatter settlers. The action is often forceful and cruel, like squatter demolition and eviction, and can even extend to governments restricting movement from rural to urban areas through their migration policies. The aim of this study is to test the above conceptual views through an examination of squatter settlements in Phnom Penh city. It is based on the two hypotheses that the main reason for squatting is for reasons other than searching for cheaper accommodation; and secondly that most squatters are not poor, new, rural to urban migrants. In other words, there is no relationship between squatting and the status of squatters' migration and level of wealth. Unlike the dominant theoretical views mentioned earlier, the findings of this study shows that in the case of squatter settlements in Phnom Penh city most squatters are long-term and not necessarily the poorest residents compared to slum dwellers and even the rest of the urban population. Thus, new rural-Phnom Penh migrants are not the main cause of the existence and growth of the city's squatter settlements. It further shows that most squatters are only the indirect squatters (rented tenants and buyers), which implies that squatter landlords invade the land for mere commercial purposes rather than in a search for cheaper accommodation. The study therefore suggests that the widely criticised government policies of demolition and eviction hardly touch the problems and only have effect on the indirect squatters. The direct squatters or land invaders, however, enjoy almost immunity of prosecution by land owners and the government and even if there is squatter evacuation programme, they do not suffer from such legal action since they have already made enough profits from selling and renting properties to the second squatter settlers (or indirect squatters).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-97). / ix, 97 leaves, bound 29 cm

Doctor of Philosophy / This work draws on the insights of an anthropology of transnationalism to explore an emergent field of translocal connections, practices and identifications between reformed Vietnam and the post-1975 Vietnamese diaspora in the West. In the post Cold War period, it is argued, we have witnessed a collapse of the geopolitics of exile that once divided diaspora and homeland. In this context, it is not appropriate for Vietnamese migration studies to speak of "two" discrete national and diasporic Vietnamese communities. Rather, the discipline is required to come to terms (theoretically and empirically) with a complex and contradictory field of transnational social relationships through which diaspora and homeland are co-constituted. The thesis charts this field via the study of phenomena such as: the explosion of mobility between Vietnam and diaspora· the emergence of a transnational Vietnamese language commercial music culture; the constitution of translocal Vietnamese urban spaces in the host nations; the enabling of symbolic and market citizenship in a Vietnamese "transnation"; and the flow of overseas Vietnamese "grey" and "green" matter (cultural and material capital) back into Vietnam. Exile and fleturn shows how the state in Vietnam, and elites in the diaspora, have responded to the advent of transnational flows between homeland and diasporic sites by authoring both traditional, border-enforcing and novel, borderexpanding strategies of imagining and governing the "national" community. It argues that overseas Vietnamese have made sense of their own transits to and engagements with Vietnam through a logic of' transnational exilic space" that variously resists and accommodates the claims of capital, the state and diasporic belonging.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met een samenvatting in het Vietnamees en Nederlands.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2007