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Because of the HIV– and Aids pandemic, a paradigm shift is currently noticed in the traditional role expectation of educators. Except for didactical education, they are also confronted with professional and personal demands on a daily basis. These changes in professional and personal roles are often traumatic and sufficient coping skills as well as support, seems to be limited. The REds–program (resilient educators) was developed for this reason - to empower educators to cope more resiliently with these demands. This study was conducted in order to determine if this program is effective in the empowerment of educators. Two articles follow, from which the first one examines and explores the content, nature and extent of the program. The evaluation of the REds–program follows in the second article. Findings suggest that there were participants that were empowered in the long run and direct feedback from participants confirm that they found the program to be valuable on professional and personal areas. / Thesis (M.A. (MW.))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Hoofstuk 1 benadruk die sentrale en skerpsinnig-wyse sleutelposisie van eskatologiese hoop en getuienis daarvan in die lewens van gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers. 'n Eksegetiese studie van Johannes 9:1-8, Lukas 5:12-15, Job 1:6-22; 2:3-13, Genesis 2:1617, Romeine 5:2-5; 6:5-11; 8:18-25, 1 Petrus 1:3-9 en Matteus 28:19-20 is die studiekern van Hoofstuk 2. Siekte (blindheid, melaatsheid), Iyding en pyn (Job), dood van die mensdom (Adam en Eva) en die retrovitale dood van Jesus Christus, hoop en getuienis is nagevors en ontleed. Vergelykings met huidige tendense waar MIV/VIGS 'n gestigmatiseerde terminale siekte is, word getref. Die basis van hoop op die ewige lewe in die volle teenwoordigheid van God Almagtig, is die beloftes en oorweldigende liefde van die lewende God. Getuienis van hierdie standhoudende en lewende hoop is die Groot Opdrag aan die dissipels van Christus in Matteus 28:19-20, en daarom aan alle gelowiges tot die wederkoms (advent) van Christus. Hoofstuk 3 stel die bydrae vas van die metateorieë van die mediese -, kommunikasiewetenskappe en Psigologie as komplementerende ervaringvelde. Die mediese en sosiale omstandighede van die gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers toon 'n uiters negatiewe situasie, wat onder meer bestuurbaar gemaak word deur die sogenaamde "signature strengths" van die Positiewe Psigologie. Op 'n veel hoer vlak is spirituele gesondheid en heling, as die vrug van die Hel/lge Gees, van kardinale belang vir die ewige lewe. Hierdie metateorieë bevestig die waarhede rakende die Groot Geneesheer soos in Hoofstuk 2 aangedui, en voorsien verder verhelderende perspektiewe op 'n nuwe prakties-teologiese teorie. Empiriese navorsing aan die hand van 'n kwalitatiewe studie by die gesondheidsentrum van 'n voorstedelike motorvervaardigingaanleg, word in Hoofstuk 4 onderneem. In twee groeponderhoude met multi-veranderlikes per deelnemer (gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers en 'n kontrolegroep van mediese personeel/gesondheidwerkers), is vasgestel dat die MIV/VIGS Iyers versterkende geestelike krag van hul eskatologiese hoop vir die ewige lewe saam met God, ervaar. Pastorale behoeftes sluit gebed, vertroosting en koinonia/"fellowship" in. Hoofstuk 5 stel praktiese riglyne voor tot kerugmatiese -, liturgiese -, koinoniale -en diakoniale getuienis oor hoop. Versoening met God deur die "retrovitale" liefde/dade van Jesus Christus se dood as die spil-as wat radikaal-Skriftuurlike denke/lewe inisieer (in teenstelling met die "retrovirale" vermoë van die MI-virus waar die "kwaad" vermenigvuldig), word in die riglyne aangemoedig. Getuienis oor hoop aan ander is die "geskenk van die Lewe”. Die slotsom waartoe gekom word, is dat die gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyer tot in die vierde fase van die siekte, oor haar/sy hoop kan getuig. Praktiese riglyne hiertoe moedig die gelowige met enige terminale siekte of in elk geval, aan om met 'n lewe van aanbidding oor hierdie hoop te getuig en s6 die lewende God te eer. / Chapter 1 emphasizes the central and perspicacious position of eschatological hope and witnessing thereof, in the lives of the believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers. An exegetical study of John 9:1-8, Luke 5:12-15 Job 1:6-22; 2:3-13, Genesis 2:16-17, Romans 5:2-5; 6:511; 8:18-25, 1 Peter 1 :3-9 and Matthew 28: 19-20 is conducted in Chapter 2. Illnesses (blindness, leprosy), suffering and pain (Job), death of mankind (Adam and Eve) and the retrovital death of Jesus Christ, hope and witnessing are researched and analysed. Comparisons with life today where HIV/AIDS is a stigmatised terminal illness, are weighed. Hope for eternal life in the full presence and reign of God Almighty, is based on the promises and overwhelming love of the living God. Witnessing of this vivacious and living hope is imperative to the disciples of Christ in Matthew 28: 19-20, and therefore to all believers until the advent of Christ. Chapter 3 establishes the contribution of meta theories of complementary and entwined sciences, such as health and medicine, communications and the positive psychology. The medical and social circumstances of the believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers revealed an extremely grave situation, which is manageable with inter alia positive "signature strengths". On a much higher plain, spiritual health and healing as the fruit of the Spirit, is of cardinal importance for eternal life. These theories only confirm the truths about the Great Healer as stated in Chapter 2 and provide enlightening perspectives for a new practical theological theory. Empirical research via a qualitative study at the health centre of an urban vehicle manufacturing plant, is conducted in Chapter 4. Two group interviews with multi-variables per participant (believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers and a control group of health workers), have established that the HIV/AIDS sufferers are spiritually enormously strengthened by their eschatological hope for eternal life with God, without this earthly suffering. Pastoral needs include prayer, comfort and koinonia/fellowship. Chapter 5 suggests practical guidelines in terms of witnessing hope by means of cherugmatical, liturgical, koinonial and diaconial communication. The image of the 'retrovital' Lord Jesus Christ as the pivotal change that paths the way to radical Biblical thinking/living (in comparison with the "retroviral" ability of the. HI-virus which multiplies the "evil"), is encouraged. The final conclusion is that a believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferer is able to witness hope for eternal life until the fourth phase of the terminal illness. Practical guidelines hereto may encourage the believer of any terminal illness or in any case, to witness hope with a life of worship and thus honour the living God. / Thesis (M.A. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Because of the HIV– and Aids pandemic, a paradigm shift is currently noticed in the traditional role expectation of educators. Except for didactical education, they are also confronted with professional and personal demands on a daily basis. These changes in professional and personal roles are often traumatic and sufficient coping skills as well as support, seems to be limited. The REds–program (resilient educators) was developed for this reason - to empower educators to cope more resiliently with these demands. This study was conducted in order to determine if this program is effective in the empowerment of educators. Two articles follow, from which the first one examines and explores the content, nature and extent of the program. The evaluation of the REds–program follows in the second article. Findings suggest that there were participants that were empowered in the long run and direct feedback from participants confirm that they found the program to be valuable on professional and personal areas. / Thesis (M.A. (MW.))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Hoofstuk 1 benadruk die sentrale en skerpsinnig-wyse sleutelposisie van eskatologiese hoop en getuienis daarvan in die lewens van gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers. 'n Eksegetiese studie van Johannes 9:1-8, Lukas 5:12-15, Job 1:6-22; 2:3-13, Genesis 2:1617, Romeine 5:2-5; 6:5-11; 8:18-25, 1 Petrus 1:3-9 en Matteus 28:19-20 is die studiekern van Hoofstuk 2. Siekte (blindheid, melaatsheid), Iyding en pyn (Job), dood van die mensdom (Adam en Eva) en die retrovitale dood van Jesus Christus, hoop en getuienis is nagevors en ontleed. Vergelykings met huidige tendense waar MIV/VIGS 'n gestigmatiseerde terminale siekte is, word getref. Die basis van hoop op die ewige lewe in die volle teenwoordigheid van God Almagtig, is die beloftes en oorweldigende liefde van die lewende God. Getuienis van hierdie standhoudende en lewende hoop is die Groot Opdrag aan die dissipels van Christus in Matteus 28:19-20, en daarom aan alle gelowiges tot die wederkoms (advent) van Christus. Hoofstuk 3 stel die bydrae vas van die metateorieë van die mediese -, kommunikasiewetenskappe en Psigologie as komplementerende ervaringvelde. Die mediese en sosiale omstandighede van die gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers toon 'n uiters negatiewe situasie, wat onder meer bestuurbaar gemaak word deur die sogenaamde "signature strengths" van die Positiewe Psigologie. Op 'n veel hoer vlak is spirituele gesondheid en heling, as die vrug van die Hel/lge Gees, van kardinale belang vir die ewige lewe. Hierdie metateorieë bevestig die waarhede rakende die Groot Geneesheer soos in Hoofstuk 2 aangedui, en voorsien verder verhelderende perspektiewe op 'n nuwe prakties-teologiese teorie. Empiriese navorsing aan die hand van 'n kwalitatiewe studie by die gesondheidsentrum van 'n voorstedelike motorvervaardigingaanleg, word in Hoofstuk 4 onderneem. In twee groeponderhoude met multi-veranderlikes per deelnemer (gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyers en 'n kontrolegroep van mediese personeel/gesondheidwerkers), is vasgestel dat die MIV/VIGS Iyers versterkende geestelike krag van hul eskatologiese hoop vir die ewige lewe saam met God, ervaar. Pastorale behoeftes sluit gebed, vertroosting en koinonia/"fellowship" in. Hoofstuk 5 stel praktiese riglyne voor tot kerugmatiese -, liturgiese -, koinoniale -en diakoniale getuienis oor hoop. Versoening met God deur die "retrovitale" liefde/dade van Jesus Christus se dood as die spil-as wat radikaal-Skriftuurlike denke/lewe inisieer (in teenstelling met die "retrovirale" vermoë van die MI-virus waar die "kwaad" vermenigvuldig), word in die riglyne aangemoedig. Getuienis oor hoop aan ander is die "geskenk van die Lewe”. Die slotsom waartoe gekom word, is dat die gelowige terminale MIV/VIGS Iyer tot in die vierde fase van die siekte, oor haar/sy hoop kan getuig. Praktiese riglyne hiertoe moedig die gelowige met enige terminale siekte of in elk geval, aan om met 'n lewe van aanbidding oor hierdie hoop te getuig en s6 die lewende God te eer. / Chapter 1 emphasizes the central and perspicacious position of eschatological hope and witnessing thereof, in the lives of the believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers. An exegetical study of John 9:1-8, Luke 5:12-15 Job 1:6-22; 2:3-13, Genesis 2:16-17, Romans 5:2-5; 6:511; 8:18-25, 1 Peter 1 :3-9 and Matthew 28: 19-20 is conducted in Chapter 2. Illnesses (blindness, leprosy), suffering and pain (Job), death of mankind (Adam and Eve) and the retrovital death of Jesus Christ, hope and witnessing are researched and analysed. Comparisons with life today where HIV/AIDS is a stigmatised terminal illness, are weighed. Hope for eternal life in the full presence and reign of God Almighty, is based on the promises and overwhelming love of the living God. Witnessing of this vivacious and living hope is imperative to the disciples of Christ in Matthew 28: 19-20, and therefore to all believers until the advent of Christ. Chapter 3 establishes the contribution of meta theories of complementary and entwined sciences, such as health and medicine, communications and the positive psychology. The medical and social circumstances of the believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers revealed an extremely grave situation, which is manageable with inter alia positive "signature strengths". On a much higher plain, spiritual health and healing as the fruit of the Spirit, is of cardinal importance for eternal life. These theories only confirm the truths about the Great Healer as stated in Chapter 2 and provide enlightening perspectives for a new practical theological theory. Empirical research via a qualitative study at the health centre of an urban vehicle manufacturing plant, is conducted in Chapter 4. Two group interviews with multi-variables per participant (believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferers and a control group of health workers), have established that the HIV/AIDS sufferers are spiritually enormously strengthened by their eschatological hope for eternal life with God, without this earthly suffering. Pastoral needs include prayer, comfort and koinonia/fellowship. Chapter 5 suggests practical guidelines in terms of witnessing hope by means of cherugmatical, liturgical, koinonial and diaconial communication. The image of the 'retrovital' Lord Jesus Christ as the pivotal change that paths the way to radical Biblical thinking/living (in comparison with the "retroviral" ability of the. HI-virus which multiplies the "evil"), is encouraged. The final conclusion is that a believing terminal HIV/AIDS sufferer is able to witness hope for eternal life until the fourth phase of the terminal illness. Practical guidelines hereto may encourage the believer of any terminal illness or in any case, to witness hope with a life of worship and thus honour the living God. / Thesis (M.A. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Genetic information must be protected, maintained and copied from cell to daughter cells, from generation to generation. In plants, most of the cells contain complete genetic information, and many of these cells can regenerate to a whole new plant. Such a feature leads to the need for precise control of which genes will be active and which not because in growth and differentiation, only the activity of specific genes for the individual cells, tissues, organs are required. One of the mechanisms controlling the gene activity is RNA interference (RNAi), which down- regulates or blocks the expression of specific genes at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. The crucial part of the RNAi is guiding the RNAi machinery to the target. It is mediated via sequence complementarity of the target with a small RNA (sRNA), which is diced from a double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursor. The molecular mechanism of dsRNA and sRNA formation and also the target origin predestinates the subsequent silencing pathway. In transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), the gene expression is regulated through chromatin epigenetic modifications. One of the epigenetic marks is cytosine methylation, which is established mainly by RNA-directed DNA-methylation (RdDM) pathway. Although the protein machinery was relatively...

The current study focuses on the vascular cambium and the reiterative formation of phloem fiber bundles in cotton stems. The role of the TDIF-PXY-WOX pathway was examined in regulating cambial activity and the differentiation of phloem fibers. A study was conducted to identify and characterize the cotton WOX family genes, focusing on WOX4 and WOX14, aiming to identify and analyze their phylogenetic relationships, tissue-specific expression profiles, functional roles, and metabolic consequences. Through a sequence analysis of the Gossypium hirsutum genome, 42 cotton loci were identified as WOX family members. GhWOX4 exhibited a close homology to 7 loci, while GhWOX14 displayed homology with 8 loci. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed prominent expression patterns of GhWOX4 and GhWOX14 in cotton internodes and roots, suggesting their involvement in vascular tissue development. Functional studies utilizing VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) demonstrated that the knockdown of GhWOX4 and GhWOX14 resulted in a significant reduction in stem diameter and bast fiber production. This result suggests that secondary phloem fiber development is regulated by GhWOX4 and GhWOX14 genes in cotton. Additionally, the metabolic profiling of VIGS plants revealed significant alterations in amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, with implications for primary metabolic pathways. These findings suggest that GhWOX4 and GhWOX14 play pivotal roles in cotton plant development, including vascular tissue growth and phloem fiber production, and metabolic regulation.

Antiretroviral drugs are successful in controlling HIV/AIDS and reducing disease progression. Antiretroviral regimens are stopped in up to 25% of all patients during their initial treatment therapy as a result of adverse drug effects, failing treatment and nonadherence within the initial eight months of treatment (Sharma et al., 2007: 235). A pharmacovigilance surveillance system makes it possible for physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare providers to report suspected ADRs. The purpose of this system is to operate as a guide in identification of new ADRs and predisposing risk factors to known ADRs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and documentation of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the private and public antiretroviral clinics in Maseru district, with special reference to zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF) - based regimens. The empirical investigation was divided into two phases. The first phase was a cross-sectional quantitative retrospective drug utilisation review study which focused on the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in patients taking zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF). The second phase, a survey in a form of questionnaires for the health professionals. Drug utilisation review: The sample size of patients was 300. Of the 44 patients who experience ADRs, 72.73% (n = 32) were female and 27.27% (n = 12) were male. A greater number of patients who experienced ADRs were females with 43.18% (n = 19) presenting with skin rash, 27.27% (n = 12) with nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) with diarrhoea. In male patients, 2.27% (n = 1) had peripheral neuropathy, 18.18% (n = 8) skin rash, 2.27% (n = 1) Fanconi syndrome, 2.27% (n = 1) nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) diarrhoea. Patients whose ART regimen changed due to ADRs were five. 60% (n = 3) of the patients were females and 40% (n = 2) were males. There was an estimated increase of 0.0025 cell/mm³, 0.0026 cell/mm³, 0.0024 cell/mm³, 0.0025 cell/mm³, and of 0.0019 cell/mm³ in CD4 cell count per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. An estimated increase of 0.00021 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, 0.00018 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, and of 0.00020 g/dL in Hb profile per day occurred according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000062%, 0.000046%, 0.000068%, 0.000062%, and of 0.00017% in neutrophil count according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs per day, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000044 IU/L, 0.000043 IU/L, 0.000046 IU/L, and of 0.000028 IU/L in ALT according to sex, age group, weight group, and initial ART regimen per day, respectively. An estimated decrease of 0.000013 IU/L in ALT according to ADRs per day also occurred. There was an estimated decrease of 0.00038 μmol/L, 0.00039 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, and of 0.00028 μmol/L in serum creatinine per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated decline of 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00022 mmol/L, 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00024 mmol/L, and of 0.00015 mmol/L per day in urea according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. Health professional’s questionnaire: 49 health professionals responded to the questionnaire. 100% (n= 49) of the participants showed that they did not use the yellow card scheme to report ADRs. 34.65% (n = 17) use the individual case safety reports. 57.14% (n = 28) used the structured databases to report ADRs. 85.71% (n = 42) documented in the patient bukana, and 6.12% (n = 3) used the HIV/AIDS ART card to document ADRs occurrence. 91.84% (n = 45) of the health professionals never filled the ADR reporting form in their working environment. In conclusion, adverse drug reactions occurring in a hospital or healthcare facility should be recorded and reported by the medical practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and the pharmacy technicians. Therefore, it is important to assess the continuous evaluation of the benefits and harm of medicines which will help in achieving the ultimate goal of making safer and more effective treatment available for patients. As well as to help the health professionals to participate in the very important process of continuous surveillance of safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products used in clinical practice. / MPham (Pharmacy Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Master of Science / Department of Entomology / C. Michael Smith / The Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) is a serious pest of world cereal grain crops, primarily barley and wheat. A phenotypic characteristic of D. noxia feeding, leaf rolling, creates a leaf pseudo gall which protects aphids, making it difficult to treat infested plants with insecticides or biological control agents. Therefore, the use of D. noxia-resistant crops is a desirable aphid management tactic. Because of the development of virulent D. noxia biotypes, the identification of new sources of barley and wheat resistance is necessary. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) utilizes the plant defense system to silence viruses in inoculated plants. The accumulation of virus RNA in plants triggers the defense system to silence sequences homologous to the introduced virus and sequences of interest from a plant are inserted into the virus and silenced along with the virus. The VIGS method was tested to determine the ability of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) to serve as a VIGS vector in wheat plants containing the Dnx gene for resistance to D. noxia. Dnx leaves with silenced BSMV virus yielded D. noxia populations that were significantly no different from populations produced on healthy Dnx leaves. Thus, BSMV silencing does not interfere with Dnx resistance. Several different methods were examined to determine how best to confine aphids to the silenced leaf, and a modified plastic straw cage was chosen as the optimum cage type. Microarray and gene expression data were analyzed to select two NBS-LRR type disease resistance protein genes - TaAffx.104814.1.S1_at and TaAffx.28897.1.S1 - (NBS-LRR1 and NBSLRR2), in order to assess their role in Dnx resistance. NBS-LRR1 and NBSLRR2 were silenced by inoculating leaves of Dnx plants with barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) containing sequences of each gene. Controls included Dnx and Dn0 plants inoculated with BSMV and non-BSMV inoculated plants. Aphids were allowed to feed on control and treatment plants to assess aphid population and mean weight of aphids surviving at the end of the experiment. There were no differences among treatments based on aphid population, but there were significant differences the mean weights of aphids reared on several different treatments.

Antiretroviral drugs are successful in controlling HIV/AIDS and reducing disease progression. Antiretroviral regimens are stopped in up to 25% of all patients during their initial treatment therapy as a result of adverse drug effects, failing treatment and nonadherence within the initial eight months of treatment (Sharma et al., 2007: 235). A pharmacovigilance surveillance system makes it possible for physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare providers to report suspected ADRs. The purpose of this system is to operate as a guide in identification of new ADRs and predisposing risk factors to known ADRs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and documentation of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the private and public antiretroviral clinics in Maseru district, with special reference to zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF) - based regimens. The empirical investigation was divided into two phases. The first phase was a cross-sectional quantitative retrospective drug utilisation review study which focused on the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in patients taking zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF). The second phase, a survey in a form of questionnaires for the health professionals. Drug utilisation review: The sample size of patients was 300. Of the 44 patients who experience ADRs, 72.73% (n = 32) were female and 27.27% (n = 12) were male. A greater number of patients who experienced ADRs were females with 43.18% (n = 19) presenting with skin rash, 27.27% (n = 12) with nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) with diarrhoea. In male patients, 2.27% (n = 1) had peripheral neuropathy, 18.18% (n = 8) skin rash, 2.27% (n = 1) Fanconi syndrome, 2.27% (n = 1) nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) diarrhoea. Patients whose ART regimen changed due to ADRs were five. 60% (n = 3) of the patients were females and 40% (n = 2) were males. There was an estimated increase of 0.0025 cell/mm³, 0.0026 cell/mm³, 0.0024 cell/mm³, 0.0025 cell/mm³, and of 0.0019 cell/mm³ in CD4 cell count per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. An estimated increase of 0.00021 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, 0.00018 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, and of 0.00020 g/dL in Hb profile per day occurred according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000062%, 0.000046%, 0.000068%, 0.000062%, and of 0.00017% in neutrophil count according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs per day, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000044 IU/L, 0.000043 IU/L, 0.000046 IU/L, and of 0.000028 IU/L in ALT according to sex, age group, weight group, and initial ART regimen per day, respectively. An estimated decrease of 0.000013 IU/L in ALT according to ADRs per day also occurred. There was an estimated decrease of 0.00038 μmol/L, 0.00039 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, and of 0.00028 μmol/L in serum creatinine per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated decline of 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00022 mmol/L, 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00024 mmol/L, and of 0.00015 mmol/L per day in urea according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. Health professional’s questionnaire: 49 health professionals responded to the questionnaire. 100% (n= 49) of the participants showed that they did not use the yellow card scheme to report ADRs. 34.65% (n = 17) use the individual case safety reports. 57.14% (n = 28) used the structured databases to report ADRs. 85.71% (n = 42) documented in the patient bukana, and 6.12% (n = 3) used the HIV/AIDS ART card to document ADRs occurrence. 91.84% (n = 45) of the health professionals never filled the ADR reporting form in their working environment. In conclusion, adverse drug reactions occurring in a hospital or healthcare facility should be recorded and reported by the medical practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and the pharmacy technicians. Therefore, it is important to assess the continuous evaluation of the benefits and harm of medicines which will help in achieving the ultimate goal of making safer and more effective treatment available for patients. As well as to help the health professionals to participate in the very important process of continuous surveillance of safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products used in clinical practice. / MPham (Pharmacy Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014