Dans cette thèse, nous étudions plusieurs aspects de la radiation de Hawking en présence de violations de l'invariance locale de Lorentz. Ces violations sont introduites par une modification de la relation de dispersion, devenant non-linéaire aux courtes longueurs d'onde. Les principales motivations de ces travaux ont une double origine. Il y a d'une part le développement en matière condensée de trous noirs analogues, ou l'écoulement d'un fluide est perçu comme une métrique d'espace-temps pour les ondes de perturbations et ou la radiation de Hawking pourrait être détectée expérimentalement. D'autre part, il se pourrait que des effets de gravité quantique puissent être modélisés par une modification de la relation de dispersion. En premier lieu, nous avons obtenu des caractérisations précises des conditions nécessaires au maintien de l'effet Hawking en présence de violation de l'invariance de Lorentz. De plus, nous avons étudié l'apparition d'une onde macroscopique de fréquence nulle, dans des écoulements de type trous blancs et également pour des champs massifs. Une autre partie de ce travail a consisté à analyser une instabilité engendrée par les effets dispersifs, ou la radiation de Hawking est auto-amplifiée, générant ainsi un flux sortant exponentiellement croissant dans le temps.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T12:14:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2895129 bytes, checksum: 572a06d99b50bb3cd9314e80d1c5b3c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2895129 bytes, checksum: 572a06d99b50bb3cd9314e80d1c5b3c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this dissertation, we study the possibility of violation of the Lorentz invariance taking into account some terms of the standard extended model, more specifically, the part of this model that deals with the extended quantum electrodynamics. We perform quantum corrections in the fermionic sector of the usual quantum electrodynamics added with terms that violate the Lorentz symmetries and in two different configurations. First, the coefficient added and that causes the Lorentz symmetry breaking is introduced th­rough the constant pseudo-tensor Ic juvAp And we treat the constant electric and magnetic fields, that is, we do not evaluate as external leg between the coupling of the photon and fermions, evaluating the field FAp Without opening in term of the gauge field. In the second case, we investigated the operators governed by the coefficient of interaction FAp open in term of the gauge field. In the second case, we investigated the mixed contribu­tion of the minimum and non-minimum coupling. We immediately know that for each coupling evaluated will have their respective vertices. For both cases, we calculate the quantum corrections in a loop. In the first case, the theory with the coefficient Ic juvAp and field FAp without being opened at the end of the gauge field AP, The contribution of a loop and we calculate the counter-ter, having a CPT-par characteristic, which will be useful to be introduced in action to eliminate divergences. In the second case, we examined the contribution of a loop, considering the mixture of minimum and non-minimum coupling, that is, and and and an external one AP, having a CPT-par characteristic, One related to the non-minimum coupling and another to the minimum, respectively and verifying the vertex correction also having the contribution of its counter-term. / Nesta dissertagao, estudamos a possibilidade de violagao da invariancia de Lorentz le­vando em conta alguns termos do modelo padrao estendido, mais especificamente da parte do modelo que trata da eletrodinamica quantica estendida. Realizamos corregoes quanticas no setor fermiOnico da eletrodinamica quantica usual adicionada de termos que violam as simetrias de Lorentz e em duas configuragoes diferentes. Primeiramente, o co­eficiente adicionado e que ocasiona a quebra de simetria de Lorentz é introduzida atraves do pseudo-tensor constante is juvAp e tratamos os campos eletricos e magneticos constantes, ou seja, nao avaliamos como perna externas entre o acoplamento do fOton e fermions, avaliando o campo FAp sem abrir em termo do campo de gauge. No segundo caso, investi­gamos a contribuigao mista do acoplamento minim° e nao-minimo. De imediato sabemos que para cada acoplamento avaliado tera seus respectivo vertices. Para os dois casos, cal­culamos as corregoes quanticas em um lago. No primeiro caso, a teoria com o coeficiente I c juvAp e campo FAp sem ser aberto em termo do campo de gauge AP, a contribuigao de um lago e calculamos a pega de polo, tendo uma caracteristica CPT-par, que sera iltil para ser introduzida na agao para eliminar as divergencias. No segundo caso, nos examinamos a contribuigao de um lago, considerando a mistura dos acoplamento minimo e nao-minimo, ou seja, um Fill, e um externo AP, tendo como caracteristica CPT-impar um relacionado ao acoplamento nao-minimo e outro ao minimo, respectivamente e verificando a corregao de vertice tendo tambem a contribuigao do seu contra termo.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions plusieurs aspects de la radiation de Hawking en présence de violations de l'invariance locale de Lorentz. Ces violations sont introduites par une modification de la relation de dispersion, devenant non-linéaire aux courtes longueurs d’onde. Les principales motivations de ces travaux ont une double origine. Il y a d’une part le développement en matière condensée de trous noirs analogues, ou l’écoulement d’un fluide est perçu comme une métrique d’espace-temps pour les ondes de perturbations et ou la radiation de Hawking pourrait être détectée expérimentalement. D’autre part, il se pourrait que des effets de gravité quantique puissent être modélisés par une modification de la relation de dispersion. En premier lieu, nous avons obtenu des caractérisations précises des conditions nécessaires au maintien de l’effet Hawking en présence de violation de l’invariance de Lorentz. De plus, nous avons étudié l’apparition d’une onde macroscopique de fréquence nulle, dans des écoulements de type trous blancs et également pour des champs massifs. Une autre partie de ce travail a consisté à analyser une instabilité engendrée par les effets dispersifs, ou la radiation de Hawking est auto-amplifiée, générant ainsi un flux sortant exponentiellement croissant dans le temps. / In this thesis, we study several features of Hawking radiation in the presence of ultraviolet Lorentz violations. These violations are implemented by a modified dispersion relation that becomes nonlinear at short wavelengths. The motivations of this work arise on the one hand from the developing field of analog gravity, where we aim at measuring the Hawking effect in fluid flows that mimic black hole space-times, and on the other hand from the possibility that quantum gravity effects might be approximately modeled by a modified dispersion relation. We develop several studies on various aspects of the prob- lem. First we obtain precise characterizations about the deviations from the Hawking result of black hole radiation, which are induced by dispersion. Second, we study the emergence, both in white hole flows or for massive fields, of a macroscopic standing wave, spontaneously produced from the Hawking effect, and known as ‘undulation’. Third, we describe in detail an instability named black hole laser, which arises in the presence of two horizons, where Hawking radiation is self-amplified and induces an exponentially growing in time emitted flux.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Roldão da Rocha Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2017. / A classificação de espinores de Lounesto é uma ferramenta importante na física fundamental, pois explicita a plêiade de tipos de espinores que vão além daqueles usados na teoria quântica de campos (TQC). Nesse trabalho, mostramos como a classificação surge em dois tópicos: primeiro mostramos que os bilineares covariantes surgem naturalmente na equção de movimento para um campo fermiônico num fundo do tipo Riemann-Cartan (com dinâmica gravitacional f(R)) e identificamos um espinor singular (um ag-dipole) como sendo solução do modelo apresentado. Esta é a primeira solução ag-dipole encontrada na literatura. Investigamos o comportamento dos bilineares covariantes dentro do contextificação dos espinores, de acordo com seus bilineares covariantes, a cenarios com quebra de simetria de Lorentz. Finalmente, provamos que espinores singulares do tipo agpole são menos suscetíveis a efeitos de violação de Lorentz. / The Lounesto spinor classifcation is an important tool in fundamental physics, because it makes explicit the pleiade of spinors types, beyond the used in quantum field theory (QFT). In this work, we show how the classification emerges in two topics: first we show that the bilinear covariants arise naturally in the equation of motion for a fermionic field in a Riemann-Cartan background (with gravitational dynamics f(R)) and we identify a singular espinor field (a ag-dipole one) as a solution of the presented model. This is the first solution ag-dipole founded in the literature. We investigated the behavior of the bilinear covariants in the context of the called standard model extension of Colladay and Kostelecky and we present examples of transformations that violate the Lorentz symmetry, providing an extension of spinors classificaiton, according to bilinear covariants, to scenarios with broken Lorentz symmetry. Finally, we proved that singular spinors of type agpole are less susceptible to efects of Lorentz violation.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T13:25:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1173515 bytes, checksum: 6b27e3426deb9a7c32c8aa5b029cc0a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T13:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1173515 bytes, checksum: 6b27e3426deb9a7c32c8aa5b029cc0a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Here we describe the superconductivity and the Kondo effect through domain wall solutions. We introduced the temperature in the models by making an analogy between the domain walls type solutions with internal structures and Rindler obsevers. By making the introduction of temperature and a gauge field into the model we obtain the superconducting domain walls and the superconductivity they describe. When we consider a model that allows the violation of Lorentz symmetry is possible to describe the effect of impurities on the domain walls with which we describe the Kondo effect in superconductors. Our results are in agreement with the results obtained from research into holographic superconductors. / Neste trabalho descrevemos a supercondutividade e o efeito Kondo atraves de solugoes de paredes de dominio. Introduzimos a temperatura nos modelos fazendo uma analogia entre as solugoes do tipo paredes de dominio corn estruturas internas e os observadores de Rindler. Ao fazermos a introducao de temperatura e de urn campo de gauge no modelo obtemos paredes de dominios supercondutoras e corn elan descrevemos a supercondutividade. Ao considerarmos um modelo que permite a violado da simetria de Lorentz é possivel descrever o efeito de impurezas nas paredes de dominios, corn as quais descrevemos o efeito Kondo ern supercondutores. Nossos resultados estao de acordo com os resultados obtidos nas pesquisas sobre supercondutores holograficos.

The effective action of Euler Heisenberg describes the nonlinear dynamics of electromagnetic fields in vacuum. Such action takes into account the polarization in a vacuum for a bond, in addition to describing also the photon propagation through arbitrary electromagnetic fields that vary slowly. So, since its discovery, the effective action of Euler Heisenberg has been studied in various contexts, such as the scattering of light by light, pair production in a vacuum, Division of photons, birefringence in vacuum, effective action in gravity and string theory, among others. In this work we performed a study on the Lorentz transformations of observer and grains, showing that, in the presence of a field, the revolutions and changes of speed (boost) break the equivalence between these two transformations (Observer and particle). We studied also the violation of Lorentz invariance by consideration of some terms related to the extended standard model, with a focus on quantum electrodynamics extended. We carry out a Perturbative calculation in the cμν coefficient, a coefficient of this responsible for violation of Lorentz symmetry of particle, however impose rotational invariance. From the results of this calculation, we can retrieve the Perturbative result to the effect of the Division of photons in a vacuum, as well as the effective action of Euler Heisenberg with Lorentz violation, the linear coefficient c00. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A ação efetiva de Euler-Heisenberg descreve a dinâmica não linear de campos eletromagnéticos no vácuo. Tal ação leva em conta a polarização no vácuo para um laço, além de descrever também a propagação de fótons através de campos eletromagnéticos arbitrários que variam lentamente. Então, desde a sua descoberta, a ação efetiva de Euler-Heisenberg tem sido estudada em vários contextos, tais como o espalhamento da luz pela luz, produção de pares no vácuo, divisão de fótons, birrefringência no vácuo, ação efetiva em gravidade e teoria de cordas, dentre outros. Neste trabalho realizamos inicialmente um estudo sobre as transformações de Lorentz de observador e de partícula, mostrando que, na presença de um campo de fundo, as rotações e mudanças de velocidade (boost) quebram a equivalência entre essas duas transformações (observador e partícula). Estudamos também a violação da invariância de Lorentz através da consideração de alguns termos referentes ao modelo padrão estendido, com foco na eletrodinâmica quântica estendida. Efetuamos um cálculo não perturbativo no coeficiente cμν , coeficiente este responsável pela violação da simetria de Lorentz de partícula, no entanto impomos invariância rotacional. A partir dos resultados desse cálculo, conseguimos recuperar o resultado perturbativo para o efeito da divisão de fótons no vácuo, assim como a ação efetiva de Euler-Heisenberg com violação de Lorentz, linear no coeficiente c00.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse étudient la vitesse des neutrinos mesurée par l’expérience OPERA sur le faisceau CNGS au CERN. Divers modèles théoriques de gravité quantique et d’extra-dimensions prévoient des effets importants sur la violation de la conservation de Lorentz qui serait observable par la mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos. L’expérience MINOS a publié en 2007 une mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos muoniques sur une distance de 730 km avec un écart par rapport à celui de la lumière de 126 ns avec une erreur statistique de 32 ns et une erreur systématique de 64 ns. L’expérience OPERA détecte également des neutrinos muoniques ayant parcourut 730 km avec une sensibilité significativement meilleure que MINOS grâce à une statistique plus élevée due à l’énergie plus élevée du faisceau et à le système de synchronisation entre OPERA et le faisceau CNGS beaucoup plus sophistiquée et modifié dans le but de réduire l’erreur systématique. Ce système est composé par des horloges au césium et de récepteurs GPS spéciaux fonctionnant en common view mode. Le tout permet un time transfer entre les deux sites précis à l’ordre de 1 ns. Un système d’échantillonnage à 1 GHz (fast waveform digitizer) capable de reconstruire la distribution temporelle des protons envoyés sur la cible du CNGS a été intégré au système existant de mesure du faisceau CNGS. Le résultat consiste en la mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos produits artificiellement avec la précision la plus élevée jamais atteinte: le temps de vol des neutrinos a été déterminé avec une incertitude statistique d’environ 10 ns et une incertitude systématique plus petite de 20 ns. / The thesis concerns the measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam. There are different theoretical models that allow for Lorentz violating effects which can be investigated with measurements on terrestrial neutrino beams. The MINOS experiment published in 2007 a measure on the muon neutrinos over a distance of 730 km finding a deviation with respect to the expected time of flight of 126 ns with a statistical error of 32 ns and a systematic error of 64 ns. The OPERA experiment observes as well muon neutrinos 730 km away from the source, with a sensitivity significantly better than MINOS thanks to the higher number of interactions in the detector due to the higher energy beam and the much more sophisticated timing system explicitly upgraded in view of the neutrino velocity measurement. This system is composed by atomic cesium clocks and GPS receivers operating in “common view mode”. Thanks to this system a time-transfer between the two sites with a precision at the level of 1 ns is possible. Moreover, a Fast Waveform Digitizer was installed along the proton beam line at CERN in order to measure the internal time structure of the proton pulses that are sent to the CNGS target. The result on the neutrino velocity is the most precise measurement so far with terrestrial neutrino beams: the neutrino time of flight was determined with a statistical uncertainty of about 10 ns and a systematic uncertainty smaller than 20 ns.