Neste trabalho é analisada a medição de viscosidade de líquidos por ultrasom pelo método da reflexão de ondas de cisalhamento. O método baseiase na medição da magnitude e fase do coeficiente de reflexão quando as ondas de cisalhamento incidem na interface entre um sólido e o líquido testado. Foram analisados os conceitos teóricos do método da medição de viscosidade e desenvolvida a metodologia experimental a fim de evitar a influência indesejada de fatores externos, como a temperatura e a instabilidade da eletrônica, sobre a medição. Foram obtidos resultados com dois óleos alimentícios (azeite de oliva e óleo de milho) e quatro óleos automotivos do tipo SAE (40, 90, 140 e 250). Foi mostrado que para uma freqüência de operação baixa o suficiente para garantir comportamento Newtoniano do líquido, os valores de viscosidade têm excelente concordância numérica com os valores obtidos usando o viscosímetro rotacional, no caso dos óleos menos viscosos. Já no caso dos óleos mais viscosos, foram obtidos valores de viscosidade menores que os obtidos com viscosímetro rotacional, e o aumento no módulo elástico sugere um comportamento mais viscoelástico. Foi mostrado que o método de cálculo simplificado usado por alguns autores, que permite calcular a viscosidade a partir somente da magnitude do coeficiente de reflexão, não fornece os valores esperados de viscosidade. / This work deals with the ultrasonic measurement of liquids viscosity by means of the shear reflectance method. The method is based on the measurement of the magnitude and phase of the complex reflection coefficient of shear waves at a solidliquid sample interface. Basic concepts of the viscosity measurement method were analyzed and the experimental methodology was developed to avoid the undesired influence of external factors, such as temperature and electronic instability. Experimental results were obtained with two kinds of eatable oils (olive and corn oils) and four different automotive oils (SAE 40, 90, 140 e 250). For an operating frequency low enough to obtain Newtonian liquid behavior, as for less viscous liquids, it was shown that the viscosity results have good agreement with rotational viscometer measurements. In the case of more viscous liquids, the measured viscosity values were smaller than those obtained by the rotational viscometer, and the elastic modulus is increased, suggesting viscoelastic behavior. It is shown that a simplified model used by other authors, which obtains the viscosity without measuring the phase of the complex reflection coefficient, results in greater errors associated with the values obtained by the rotational viscometer.

Post-seismic deformation and glacial isostatic adjustment are two processes by which the Earth deforms viscoelastically. In both cases, the details of the deformation depend on the rheological structure of the Earth as well as the forcing, which is the earthquake and further movement on the fault in the case of post-seismic deformation, and the change in load on the surface of the Earth due to the redistribution of water and ice mass in the case of glacial isostatic adjustment. It is therefore possible to learn about the Earth's rheological structure and the processes' respective forcings from measurements of the deformation. In order to use measurements in this way, it is first necessary to have a method of forward modelling the processes, that is, calculating the deformation due to a given forcing and in an earth model with a given structure. Given this, a way of calculating derivatives of measurements of the deformation with respect to the parameters of interest is then desirable. In this dissertation, the adjoint method is used. This, for the first time, enables efficient calculation of continuous derivatives, which have many potential applications. Firstly, they can be used within a gradient-based optimisation method to find a model which minimises some data misfit function. The derivatives can also be used to quantify the uncertainty in such a model and hence to provide understanding of which parts of the model are well constrained. Finally, they enable construction of measurements which provide sensitivity to a particular part of the model space. In this dissertation, new methods for forward modelling both post-seismic deformation and glacial isostatic adjustment are presented. The adjoint method is also applied to both problems. Numerical examples are presented in spherically symmetric earth models and, in the case of glacial isostatic adjustment, models with laterally varying rheological structure. Such examples are used to illustrate the potential applications of the developments made within this dissertation.

Neste trabalho é analisada a medição de viscosidade de líquidos por ultrasom pelo método da reflexão de ondas de cisalhamento. O método baseiase na medição da magnitude e fase do coeficiente de reflexão quando as ondas de cisalhamento incidem na interface entre um sólido e o líquido testado. Foram analisados os conceitos teóricos do método da medição de viscosidade e desenvolvida a metodologia experimental a fim de evitar a influência indesejada de fatores externos, como a temperatura e a instabilidade da eletrônica, sobre a medição. Foram obtidos resultados com dois óleos alimentícios (azeite de oliva e óleo de milho) e quatro óleos automotivos do tipo SAE (40, 90, 140 e 250). Foi mostrado que para uma freqüência de operação baixa o suficiente para garantir comportamento Newtoniano do líquido, os valores de viscosidade têm excelente concordância numérica com os valores obtidos usando o viscosímetro rotacional, no caso dos óleos menos viscosos. Já no caso dos óleos mais viscosos, foram obtidos valores de viscosidade menores que os obtidos com viscosímetro rotacional, e o aumento no módulo elástico sugere um comportamento mais viscoelástico. Foi mostrado que o método de cálculo simplificado usado por alguns autores, que permite calcular a viscosidade a partir somente da magnitude do coeficiente de reflexão, não fornece os valores esperados de viscosidade. / This work deals with the ultrasonic measurement of liquids viscosity by means of the shear reflectance method. The method is based on the measurement of the magnitude and phase of the complex reflection coefficient of shear waves at a solidliquid sample interface. Basic concepts of the viscosity measurement method were analyzed and the experimental methodology was developed to avoid the undesired influence of external factors, such as temperature and electronic instability. Experimental results were obtained with two kinds of eatable oils (olive and corn oils) and four different automotive oils (SAE 40, 90, 140 e 250). For an operating frequency low enough to obtain Newtonian liquid behavior, as for less viscous liquids, it was shown that the viscosity results have good agreement with rotational viscometer measurements. In the case of more viscous liquids, the measured viscosity values were smaller than those obtained by the rotational viscometer, and the elastic modulus is increased, suggesting viscoelastic behavior. It is shown that a simplified model used by other authors, which obtains the viscosity without measuring the phase of the complex reflection coefficient, results in greater errors associated with the values obtained by the rotational viscometer.

One of the most costly diseases in the dairy industry is mastitis, which is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Mastitis influences the quality of milk and therefore reduces financial returns to both the farmer and the processor. Early detection of mastitis typically reduces treatment cost and a significant amount of research has been done in this field. Currently, the three major methods for mastitis detection are: • The Foss Analysis, which physically counts each cell and is performed off-site. • The Whiteside Test, which is based on a direct relationship between the number of the blood cells and the intensity of a gel formed between NaOH and cells. It was developed for on-site mastitis detection, but is no longer used routinely. • The California Mastitis Test (CMT), which can be done on-site, but is only a quantitative indication of the severity of the infection. The California Mastitis Test has previously been adapted to determine the somatic cell count (SCC) in infected milk by correlating viscosity to cell count. Although highly successful, some uncertainty exists regarding the rheology of the gel formed during the test as well as factors that may influence the accuracy of the test. In this thesis, studies were undertaken on the rheology of the gel formed during the California Mastitis Test in order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of gel formation and how various factors influence the rheology of the gel. Basic biochemistry and physico-chemistry of the gel has been reviewed and it was found that the CMT gel is a DNA/histone/surfactant complex, which forms when SDS is introduced into infected milk with elevated somatic cell counts. Based on literature and some initial experimentation it was found that the gel is a time- and sheardependent, non-Newtonian fluid. Since the reliability of the CMT hinges on the correlation between viscosity and SCC, this study investigated specific factors that may influence gelation, these were: iii • rheology • testing conditions, such as time delay prior to viscosity testing, shear rate and temperature • surfactant type and concentration • milk composition, including fat content, somatic cell count and protein content. It was found that when using capillary viscometry a linear relationship exists between the relative viscosity of the gel and the SCC. The surfactant concentration determines the slope of this linear relationship and it was found that at least 3% SDS is necessary for accurate results. Using more than 3% SDS resulted in more scatter in the data. It was also found that a linear relationship exists between the maximum apparent viscosity and SCC. Either capillary or Brookfield viscometry can be used, however, Brookfield viscometry was found to be more sensitive at the lower SCC range. It was found that the combination of surfactant concentration and SCC influenced the rheology of the gel. The lower the SCC the more SDS was required for gel formation. It was found that when using 1% SDS the critical SCC was 79 k cell/ml, while using 3% SDS this was lowered to 59 k cell/ml. It was found that above the critical SCC the gel is a non-Newtonian rheopectic fluid. Dependent on shear rate, the gel shows rheodestructive behaviour. With a delay time, the peak viscosity of the gel formed faster with longer delay times. However, more than 30 seconds delay had no additional influence on gel formation. It was found that the shear rate or spindle speed influences both the time to reach the peak viscosity as well as the magnitude of this maximum. Higher shear rates shortened the time to reach the maximum apparent viscosity as well as the maximum viscosity. This is likely due to physical breakdown of the gel which is accelerated due to increased shear. Different surfactants have different effects on raw milk. Both acetic acid and Triton- 114 were found to be ineffective as CMT reagents. Acetic acid only denatures proteins and the increased viscosity is due to the precipitation of casein. Triton-114 cannot lyse nuclei walls and therefore gel formation was prohibited due to no DNA/histone complexes being released. Mixing SDS with Triton-114 was found to be less effective than SDS alone either due to the nucleus not being lysed, or because iv of interaction effects between SDS and Triton-114, reducing the available SDS for gelation. Lastly it was concluded that protein and fat content only contributes to the viscosity of milk by changing the solids content of milk and neither of these affects gelation during the CMT. Also, temperature only has a small influence on the relative viscosity and this influence could be neglected if the CMT is done around room temperature.

Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Kausik Sarkar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

Optimal trade execution aims at balancing price impact and timing risk. With respect to the mathematical formulation of the optimization problem, we primarily focus on Mean Variance (MV) optimization, in which the two conflicting objectives are maximizing expected revenue (the flip side of trading impact) and minimizing variance of revenue (a measure of timing risk). We also consider the use of expected quadratic variation of the portfolio value process as an alternative measure of timing risk, which leads to Mean Quadratic Variation (MQV) optimization. We demonstrate that MV-optimal strategies are quite different from MQV-optimal strategies in many aspects. These differences are in stark contrast to the common belief that MQV-optimal strategies are similar to, or even the same as, MV-optimal strategies. These differences should be of interest to practitioners since we prove that the classic Almgren-Chriss strategies (industry standard) are MQV-optimal, in contrary to the common belief that they are MV-optimal. From a computational point of view, we extend theoretical results in the literature to prove that the mean variance efficient frontier computed using our method is indeed the complete Pareto-efficient frontier. First, we generalize the result in Li (2000) on the embedding technique and develop a post-processing algorithm that guarantees Pareto-optimality of numerically computed efficient frontier. Second, we extend the convergence result in Barles (1990) to viscosity solution of a system of nonlinear Hamilton Jacobi Bellman partial differential equations (HJB PDEs). On the numerical aspect, we combine the techniques of similarity reduction, non-standard interpolation, and careful grid construction to significantly improve the efficiency of our numerical methods for solving nonlinear HJB PDEs.

No description available.

Lubrication is the lifeblood of mechanical device during the operating conditions, so that the lubricating oil detection becomes one of an important modern technology. The operator can be as early as possible to know whether the abnormal wear occurs by detecting concentration of ferrous debris in the lubricating oil. Detecting the viscosity of lubricating oil can also allow the operator to monitor the deterioration degree of lubricating oil due to environmental factors, in order to ensure whether the lubricating oil losing its effectiveness. Our laboratory previously developed a prototype of integrated apparatus for detecting the concentration of ferrous debris and the viscosity of lubricant in a single process. This study focuses on improving this prototype, so that the apparatus possesses a LCD displayer and commercialization. The design of the integrated apparatus contains a sampling unit, a measurement unit of the ferrous debris concentration, a measurement unit of the viscosity, a data acquisition system, and LCD displayer panel. In measurement unit of the ferrous debris concentration, Hall IC is used as a sensor to measure the concentration of ferrous debris by detecting the change of magnetic flux density between the magnetic poles due to the stacking of ferrous debris. In the measurement unit of the viscosity of the lubricating oils, the piston is used to squeeze the oil into the tank to measure the viscosity by detecting the load. These two units are integrated into a measuring device, and there is no interference between the values measured by the Hall IC and the load cell. Finally, these two signals are fed to a personal computer for data analysis to obtain the concentration of ferrous debris and the viscosity of lubricant. Consequently, the operator can directly observe the measured results.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-101). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 110 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-59).