The thesis analyzes the requirement-based childhood vaccination programs of Ontario, New Jersey and the recommendation-based programs of UK and Australia. It complicates the prima facie distinction between the requirement and recommendation-based programs by applying the common law requirement of the voluntariness of consent to the vaccination programs. In particular, the voluntariness light is shone on the nature of the “requirement” and “recommendation” to vaccinate distinction; exemptions from the requirement to vaccinate; the choice to refuse vaccination; and financial incentives to doctors and parents. The thesis concludes that on a spectrum of “most voluntary” to “least voluntary,” the aforementioned programs would be located close to each other in terms of actual, practical presence of voluntariness, demonstrating the complexity of the dichotomy between the requirement and recommendation-based vaccination programs.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1991.

Thesis advisor: Penelope Ismay / This dissertation explores medical professionalization, public health, and vaccination in England, India, and Jamaica in the nineteenth century. England was the site of the most sustained anti-vaccination agitation of any British possession in the second half of the nineteenth century. Yet by the early twentieth century, the medical profession was a trusted authority and vaccination enjoyed wide public support. In India and Jamaica, we find the opposite. India and Jamaica did not have organized resistance to vaccination on the scale of England, yet vaccination and public health floundered in both areas. In England and the Empire, doctors had a trust problem. New technology and expanding health legislation sparked backlash against the medical community. How doctors responded to that backlash shaped public health and influenced medical authority into the twentieth century. By analyzing the role of trust in the process of medical professionalization in a comparative framework, my dissertation allows us to analyze how medical authority is created and functions in society. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Forskning om stickrädda barn i elevhälsovården bedöms som otillräcklig, men betydelsefull då många vaccinationer sker i skolan. Syftet var att undersöka flickors upplevelser kring HPV- vaccination i elevhälsovården. Uppsatsstudien hade en mixad metod design och studien var baserad på enkätsvar från 14 flickor i årskurs fem och sex. Det kvantitativa resultatet visade att hälften av flickorna skattade sig som rädda i samband med HPV-vaccination och av dem skattade sig 42 % som livrädda. Upplevd smärta och rädslan för eventuell smärta var de faktorer flickorna uppgav skapade rädsla. Att ha en förälder och/eller en kompis med sig vid vaccinationen var enligt flickorna de viktigaste strategierna för att kunna minska deras rädsla. Det fanns en positiv korrelation mellan flickornas skattade rädsla och hur de upplevde att de inte kunde koncentrera sig på skolarbetet under hela veckan innan vaccination (r2=0,761; p=0,002). Det kvalitativa resultatet visade att flickorna upplevde starka fysiska och psykiska reaktioner såsom gråt, illamående, panik och stress, orsakade av rädsla inför, under och efter vaccinationen. Då elevhälsvårdens övergripande mål handlar om att förebygga både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa för barn och ungdomar är det viktigt att belysa problematiken med stickrädsla. Sammanfattningsvis behövs vidare forskning genomföras. Detta för att bättre kunna förstå hur omfattande stickrädsla är bland skolelever och för att sätta elevernas perspektiv i fokus. / Research on children with fear of needles in the student health service is estimated as inadequate but important because many vaccinations take place at school. The aim was to examine girls’ experiences of HPV-vaccination in student health services. The study had mixed method design and the study was based on survey responses from 14 girls in the fifth and sixth grade. The quantitative results showed that half of the girls estimated themselves as frightened during HPV-vaccination, and 42 % rated themselves as terrified. The percieved pain and fear of eventuall pain were the factors in the girls' experiences of HPV- vaccination that caused fear. Having a parent and/or a friend present as support are the two most common strategies for reducing the fear during the HPV-vaccination, according to the girls. There was a positive correlation between the girls' estimated fear and their percieved ability to not be able to concentrate on schoolwork during the week prior to vaccination (r2= 0.761; p = 0.002). The qualitative results showed that before, during and after vaccination, strong physical and psychological reactions such as crying, nausea, panic and stress were caused by fear. The student health services overall goal is about preventing both physical and mental health of children and adolescents and therefor it is important to highlight the problem of fear of needles. Further research is therefor needed to better understand the extent of fear of needles among schoolchildren and focus on their perspective.

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