There is concern that the use of financial incentives might exert an undue influence on potential research participants; unable to resist the lure of a large financial incentive, an individual might enroll in a trial against his or her better judgment. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the concept of undue inducement, and determine if the use of incentives in research is really problematic in this way. I suggest that ‘undue inducement’ mislabels a different problem --inadequate comprehension by research participants-- and argue that a strong comprehension requirement is the solution to the real problem raised by the use of incentives to participate in research. I also consider objections to a strong comprehension requirement, and examine whether a strong comprehension requirement provides a solution to the problems of coercion and exploitation in clinical research trials in the same way that it solves the problem of undue inducement.

This thesis explores Aristotle's theories of habituation and voluntariness and their impact on his ability to attribute moral responsibility to agents. Ultimately, I conclude that Aristotle should drop his assertions that we are morally responsible for our states of character in order to accommodate a compatibilist view that will still allow him to attribute moral responsibility for action to agents.

The thesis analyzes the requirement-based childhood vaccination programs of Ontario, New Jersey and the recommendation-based programs of UK and Australia. It complicates the prima facie distinction between the requirement and recommendation-based programs by applying the common law requirement of the voluntariness of consent to the vaccination programs. In particular, the voluntariness light is shone on the nature of the “requirement” and “recommendation” to vaccinate distinction; exemptions from the requirement to vaccinate; the choice to refuse vaccination; and financial incentives to doctors and parents. The thesis concludes that on a spectrum of “most voluntary” to “least voluntary,” the aforementioned programs would be located close to each other in terms of actual, practical presence of voluntariness, demonstrating the complexity of the dichotomy between the requirement and recommendation-based vaccination programs.

In 1999 Sweden became the first country in the world to legalise the selling of sex by individuals, whilst making its purchase illegal. This is an approach that has been both highly praised and criticized. Using the qualitative text analysis method of framing, this study examines the debate surrounding Sweden’s prostitution policy. It focuses on the tension between the government’s use of goals and means in relation to its prostitution policy and the wider societal debate with its dichotomy of freedom of choice versus coercion. To do this, parliamentary and governmental bills and governmental communication during the 2010–2014 governmental term in office have been examined. Robert Nozick’s and Serena Olsaretti’s philosophical views on voluntariness, liberal and radical feminist theory, the normalization approach and the abolitionist perspective are all referenced. The main conclusion drawn is that Swedish governmental policy work largely disregards the freedom of choice/coercion debate in favour of developing current policy.

No description available.

The United States Constitution provides its citizens protection from unreasonable searches and seizures from government officials, including police officers, through the Fourth Amendment. This Amendment applies to searches that violate a reasonable expectation of privacy. However, the Fourth Amendment does not protect citizens when they consent to a search voluntarily. It is necessary to determine whether or not a search is voluntary by looking at a variety of factors. Although an infinite number of factors can be considered to make this determination, race of both the police officer and of the person being searched should be considered, due to societal factors and racial stereotypes leading to intimidation factors. Participants (N=575) read a vignette about a situation in which a bus passenger was asked to consent to a search. The races of the police officer and the passenger were manipulated in a vignette (White, Latino, Black). Participants then answered a series of questions about privacy expectations and consenting to the search. The results suggested that race of police officers and recipients of search requests affects how search requests perceive the search, indicating that voluntariness of consenting to a search may also have some basis in race.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, unique challenges for a multigenerational workforce (MW) using different types of current technology (CT), informational and noninformational, at an increasing rate have surfaced. Necessary considerations were made among companies using these types of CT that changed frequently and influenced employee efficiency (EE) and organizational productivity (OP), leading to an under-identified impact on management decisions. The problem addressed in this study was the difficulty management had in managing work tasks and activities when CT was used in a MW. Most of the Baby Boomer generation will be retiring over the next decade, thus compromising and leaving a major gap in skills, experience, and talent. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to study the effects of multigenerational cohorts (MC), gender (GEN), CT, experience (EXP), and voluntariness of use (VU) (independent variables [IVs]), among a MW and their impact on EE and OP (dependent variables [DVs]). Two research questions were used that focused on the relationship between the IVs and DVs. Positivism was used as the theoretical framework. A convenience sampling approach was used to select participants. The participants were full-time employees between 23 and 71 years of age in the continental United States. Multiple and stepwise regression analyses was used to investigate the relationship between the IVs and the DVs. Results showed that only IVs type of CT and VU had a significant effect on EE and OP. These findings may contribute to positive social change by helping organizations create comprehensive and explicit business models of efficiency and productivity among a MW.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, unique challenges for a multigenerational workforce (MW) using different types of current technology (CT), informational and noninformational, at an increasing rate have surfaced. Necessary considerations were made among companies using these types of CT that changed frequently and influenced employee efficiency (EE) and organizational productivity (OP), leading to an under-identified impact on management decisions. The problem addressed in this study was the difficulty management had in managing work tasks and activities when CT was used in a MW. Most of the Baby Boomer generation will be retiring over the next decade, thus compromising and leaving a major gap in skills, experience, and talent. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to study the effects of multigenerational cohorts (MC), gender (GEN), CT, experience (EXP), and voluntariness of use (VU) (independent variables [IVs]), among a MW and their impact on EE and OP (dependent variables [DVs]). Two research questions were used that focused on the relationship between the IVs and DVs. Positivism was used as the theoretical framework. A convenience sampling approach was used to select participants. The participants were full-time employees between 23 and 71 years of age in the continental United States. Multiple and stepwise regression analyses was used to investigate the relationship between the IVs and the DVs. Results showed that only IVs type of CT and VU had a significant effect on EE and OP. These findings may contribute to positive social change by helping organizations create comprehensive and explicit business models of efficiency and productivity among a MW.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att ur socialarbetarens perspektiv undersöka hur tvångsvård påverkar arbetet med missbrukare. Studien är komparativ och jämför arbetet med missbrukare på Åland som tillämpar finsk lagstiftning respektive Gotland som arbetar efter den svenska lagstiftningen. Metoden som använts är kvalitativ. Fyra socialarbetare med inriktning mot arbete med missbrukare har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har varit semistrukturerade med öppna frågor. Två socialarbetare har intervjuats från respektive land. Resultatet visar att de båda länderna har en klar syn på hur tvång och frivillighet skall användas i arbetet med missbrukare. På båda öarna finns möjlighet att använda tvång i arbetet med missbrukare men den åländska lagstiftningen är mer inriktad mot kortare akutvård än den svenska som är mer omfattande. Skillnaderna mellan Åland och Gotland är att man på Åland väljer att enbart arbeta med frivillighet trots att möjligheterna till tvångsvård av missbrukare finns. Resultatet visar att socialarbetarna i de båda länderna i huvudsak ställer sig positiva till det egna arbetet utifrån den egna lagstiftningen. Klientens kön har också betydelse för hur socialarbetarna bedömer klientens behov av insatser. Uppsatsförfattarna undersöker även hur socialarbetarens maktövertag påverkar möjligheten att tillmötesgå missbrukarnas egna önskemål vid val av insats. Resultatet visar att de svenska socialarbetarna är bundna av den svenska tvångsvårdslagstiftningen när rekvisiten för denna är uppfyllda och klienten inte går med på frivillig vård. På Åland är socialarbetarna mer fria att välja insats efter missbrukarnas önskemål.</p> / <p>The aim with this study is to; from within the perspective of the social worker examine how custodial care affects the work with addicts. The study is comparative and compares the work with addicts on Åland that administers Finish legislation to Gotland that works by the Swedish legislation. The method employed is qualitative. Four social workers aligned towards working with addicts have been interviewed. The interviews have been semi-structured with open questions. Two social workers from each country have been interviewed. The result shows that both countries have a clear view on how coercion and voluntariness should be employed in the work with addicts. On both islands there are possibilities to exert coercion in the work with addicts, although the Ålandic legislation is bent more on short-timed emergency care than the more extensive Swedish one. The difference between Åland and Gotland is that they on Åland choose only to work with voluntariness, even though the possibility for custodial care exists. The result shows that the social workers in both countries essentially are favourable to their own work within the parameters of their own legislation. The gender of the client also has an impact on how the social workers evaluate the client's need for intervention. The authors also examine how the social worker's seizure of power affects the opportunity to meet the desires of the addicts in the choosing of an intervention. The result shows that the Swedish social workers are bound by the Swedish custodial care-legislation when its prerequisites are met and the client is unwilling to submit to ultroneous care. On Åland the social workers are freer to choose intervention in accordance to the addict's desires.</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att ur socialarbetarens perspektiv undersöka hur tvångsvård påverkar arbetet med missbrukare. Studien är komparativ och jämför arbetet med missbrukare på Åland som tillämpar finsk lagstiftning respektive Gotland som arbetar efter den svenska lagstiftningen. Metoden som använts är kvalitativ. Fyra socialarbetare med inriktning mot arbete med missbrukare har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har varit semistrukturerade med öppna frågor. Två socialarbetare har intervjuats från respektive land. Resultatet visar att de båda länderna har en klar syn på hur tvång och frivillighet skall användas i arbetet med missbrukare. På båda öarna finns möjlighet att använda tvång i arbetet med missbrukare men den åländska lagstiftningen är mer inriktad mot kortare akutvård än den svenska som är mer omfattande. Skillnaderna mellan Åland och Gotland är att man på Åland väljer att enbart arbeta med frivillighet trots att möjligheterna till tvångsvård av missbrukare finns. Resultatet visar att socialarbetarna i de båda länderna i huvudsak ställer sig positiva till det egna arbetet utifrån den egna lagstiftningen. Klientens kön har också betydelse för hur socialarbetarna bedömer klientens behov av insatser. Uppsatsförfattarna undersöker även hur socialarbetarens maktövertag påverkar möjligheten att tillmötesgå missbrukarnas egna önskemål vid val av insats. Resultatet visar att de svenska socialarbetarna är bundna av den svenska tvångsvårdslagstiftningen när rekvisiten för denna är uppfyllda och klienten inte går med på frivillig vård. På Åland är socialarbetarna mer fria att välja insats efter missbrukarnas önskemål. / The aim with this study is to; from within the perspective of the social worker examine how custodial care affects the work with addicts. The study is comparative and compares the work with addicts on Åland that administers Finish legislation to Gotland that works by the Swedish legislation. The method employed is qualitative. Four social workers aligned towards working with addicts have been interviewed. The interviews have been semi-structured with open questions. Two social workers from each country have been interviewed. The result shows that both countries have a clear view on how coercion and voluntariness should be employed in the work with addicts. On both islands there are possibilities to exert coercion in the work with addicts, although the Ålandic legislation is bent more on short-timed emergency care than the more extensive Swedish one. The difference between Åland and Gotland is that they on Åland choose only to work with voluntariness, even though the possibility for custodial care exists. The result shows that the social workers in both countries essentially are favourable to their own work within the parameters of their own legislation. The gender of the client also has an impact on how the social workers evaluate the client's need for intervention. The authors also examine how the social worker's seizure of power affects the opportunity to meet the desires of the addicts in the choosing of an intervention. The result shows that the Swedish social workers are bound by the Swedish custodial care-legislation when its prerequisites are met and the client is unwilling to submit to ultroneous care. On Åland the social workers are freer to choose intervention in accordance to the addict's desires.